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Two new phenolic compounds, methyl 2-hydroxy-4-methoxy-6-(2-oxopentyl)-benzoate (1) and 4-methoxy-6-pentyl-1,2-dihydroxybenzene (2), together with two known phenolic derivatives, were isolated from the Antarctic lichen Pertusaria dactylina (Pertusariaceae). The structures of the new compounds were determined by 1D and 2D NMR and HR-MS experiments, as well as by comparison of their data with the published values.

Oset, Magdalena (2021): On the identity of some taxa of Pertusaria (lichens) described by C.F.E. Erichsen. Phytotaxa 497 (2): 165-171, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.497.2.9, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.497.2.9

Pertusaria jurana var. confluens Erichsen (1935 [1936]: 678) Type:���[Switzerland] SCHWEIZ, Jura, Neuenburg, an Wegulmen bei Buttes, 800 m., 03.10.1928, leg. E. Frey (367) (holotype HBG!). Figure 3. The thallus of the type specimen of Pertusaria jurana var. confluens in HBG is quite thick, whitish-grey and sorediate, with a whitish to brownish prothallus. Soralia are grey-whitish, abundant, orbicular to irregular, discrete, and separated from each other (see Sipman 2006) (Figure 3). The presence of variolaric acid has been detected by TLC. The type specimen Pertusaria jurana var. confluens is morphologically and chemically concordant with Ochrolechia turneri (Smith 1801: 857) Hasselrot (1945: 130) (Kukwa 2011). Therefore it should be treated as a synonym of the latter name (Turland et al. 2018). According to Kukwa (2011) there are two other corticolous and sorediate Ochrolechia species with variolaric acid, O. alboflavescens (Wulfen, in Jacquin 1791 [1789]: 111) Zahlbruckner (1927 [1926]: 94) and O. microstictoides R��s��nen (1936: 226), which resemble O. turneri. Ochrolechia albofavescens has often well-separated soralia, like O. turneri, but it contains in addition to variolaric acid also fatty acids, lichesterinic and protolichesterinic acids. Ochrolechia microstictoides is very variable in thallus morphology, but in general its soralia are irregular and often confluent, but can be distinguished by the presence of lichesterinic acid, which is produced in addition to variolaric acid (Kukwa 2011). Another species which may produce variolaric acid is Varicellaria hemisphaerica (Fl��rke 1815: 6) I. Schmitt & Lumbsch in Schmitt et al. (2012: 29). The species is characterized by the pale bluish-grey tinged thallus with an often broad white margin and conspicuous, paler or concolorous, convex soralia. It can be, however, easily differentiated by the presence of lecanoric acid giving C+ carmine red reaction of soralia (T��nsberg 1992; Chambers et al. 2009; Schmitt et al. 2012)., Published as part of Oset, Magdalena, 2021, On the identity of some taxa of Pertusaria (lichens) described by C. F. E. Erichsen, pp. 165-171 in Phytotaxa 497 (2) on page 169, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.497.2.9, http://zenodo.org/record/5423923, {"references":["Erichsen, C. F. E. (1935 [1936]) Pertusariacae. In: Zahlbruckner, A. (ed.) Dr. L. Rabenhorsts Kryptogamenflora von Deutchland, Osterreich und der Schweiz. Leipzig, Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft. 9 (5) [1]: 321 - 701.","Erichsen, C. F. E. (1936) Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Flechtengattung Pertusaria. Feddes Repertorium 41: 77 - 101. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / fedr. 19360410105","Sipman, H. J. M. (2006) Compiled identification key to the genus Pertusaria and some confusable taxa in Europe and the Mediterranean. Botanischer Garten und Botanisches Museum Berlin-Dahlem, Freie Universitat Berlin.","Smith, J. E. (1801) English Botany, or Coloured Figures of British Plants with their Essential Characters, Synonymes and Places of Growth; to which will be added occasional remarks by James Edward Smith. The figures by James Sowerby. Vol. 12. London, Taylor & Co, pp. 793 - 864.","Hasselrot, T. E. (1945) Fynd av sallsynta eller forbisedda lavar i Vastergotland. Svensk Botanisk Tidskriften 39: 125 - 136.","Kukwa, M. (2011) The lichen genus Ochrolechia in Europe. Fundacja Rozwoju Uniwersytetu Gdaniskiego, Gdansk, 309 pp.","Turland, N. J., Wiersema, J. H., Barrie, F. R., Greuter, W., Hawksworth, D. L., Herendeen, P. S., Knapp, S., Kusber, W. - H., Li, D. - Z., Marhold, K., May, T. W., McNeill, J., Monro, A. M., Prado, J., Price, M. J. & Smith, G. F. (Eds.) (2018) International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Shenzhen Code) adopted by the Nineteenth International Botanical Congress Shenzhen, China, July 2017. Regnum Vegetabile 159. Glashutten: Koeltz Botanical Books. https: // doi. org / 10.12705 / Code. 2018","Jacquin, N. J. (1791 [1789]) Collectanea ad Botanicam, Chemiam et historiam naturalem spectantia, cum tab. aen. Vol. III. Vienna.","Zahlbruckner, A. (1927 [1926]) Beitrage zur Flechtenflora Niederosterreichs. VIII. Verhandlungen der Zoologisch-Botanischen Gesellschaft in O ¨ sterreich 76: 76 - 101.","Rasanen, V. (1936) Lichenes Fenniae Exsiccati a Museo Botanico Universitati Helsingiensis editi. Schedae ad fasciculos IV - VII (nr. 151 - 350). Helsinki, Botanical Museum of University of Helsinki.","Florke, H. G. (1815) Deutsche Lichenen 2: 6 (no. 29). Berlin.","Schmitt, I., Otte, J., Parnmen, S., Lucking, R., Lumbsch, H. T. (2012) A new circumscription of the genus Varicellaria (Pertusariales, Ascomycota). MycoKeys 4: 23 - 36. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / mycokeys. 4.3545","Tonsberg, T. (1992) The sorediate and isidiate, corticolous, crustose lichens in Norway. Sommerfeltia 14: 1 - 331.","Chambers, S. P., Gilbert, O. L., James, P. W., Aptroot, A. & Purvis, O. W. (2009) Pertusaria DC. (1805). In: Smith, C. W., Aptroot, A., Coppins, B. J., Fletcher, A., Gilbert, O. L., James, P. W. & Wolseley, P. A. (Eds.) The Lichens of Great Britain and Ireland. British Lichen Society, the Natural History Museum, London, pp. 673 - 687."]}

Pertusaria inopinata Erichsen (1936: 99) Type:���[GERMANY, Schleswig-Holstein] Bramsted, erratische Bl��cke bei Bim��hlen, auf einer Weide, 27.05.1915, leg. Erichsen (lectotype HBG ���designated here, Mycobank MB 10000452). Figure 1. The type specimen of Pertusaria inopinata is characterized by a hardly rimose, dark grey to olive-greenish, not areolated thallus, with numerous irregular, rounded, 0.2���0.3 mm wide, grey-whitish to olive-greenish soralia (Figure 1). According to Erichsen (1936) the thallus reacts P+ yellow, K+ yellow, C���and I���. Norstictic acid and traces of lecanoric and gyrophoric acids were detected by own chemical analyses. This name was reported from Denmark (S��chting & Alstrup 2002), Germany (Erichsen 1936) and Poland (Alstrup & Olech 1992). The type of Pertusaria inopinata is morphologically and chemically concordant with Lepra excludens (Nylander 1885: 296) Hafellner, in Hafellner & T��rk (2016: 172) (syn. Pertusaria excludens Nyl.). Therefore P. inopinata should be considered as a synonym of L. excludens. During herbarium studies three original specimen of P. inopinata were found in HBG, one collected by Erichsen and annotated as ���Typus��� consists of two pieces of stone with the same thallus (Figure 1). The other two were cited in the protologue, but collected by Lettau and Schade. All samples studied correspond in morphological and anatomical characters with the description provided by Erichsen (1936). The chemistry of the type specimen annotated as ���typus��� and other samples were checked by P. James and norstictic acid and traces of lecanoric and gyrophoric acid were detected (Hanko 1983). The presence of these secondary metabolites is confirmed by own research. Hanko (1983) cited as a ���typus��� the specimen collected by Schade (��� DDR. Sachsen: Leusitzer Niederung 7.1936, Schade, HBG-1213���), but the data presented by Hanko (1983: 201) do not match those given in the protologue by Erichsen (1936: 99), therefore, his typification cannot be considered effective, and consequently, a new lectotype of P. inopinata is designated (Turland et al. 2018). Syntypes of P.inopinata examined. [Germany] Th��ringen: Manebach im Th��ringer Wald, auf Porphyrsteinchen eines begrasten Waldweges, 750 m, leg. G. Lettau (HBG). [Sachsen] Krs. Bischofswerder, Oberputzkau, 325 m, 29.12.1936, leg. G. Schade (HBG)., Published as part of Oset, Magdalena, 2021, On the identity of some taxa of Pertusaria (lichens) described by C. F. E. Erichsen, pp. 165-171 in Phytotaxa 497 (2) on pages 166-167, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.497.2.9, http://zenodo.org/record/5423923, {"references":["Erichsen, C. F. E. (1936) Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Flechtengattung Pertusaria. Feddes Repertorium 41: 77 - 101. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / fedr. 19360410105","Sochting, U. & Alstrup, V. (2002) Danish lichen checklist. Ver. 2. Botanical Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen.","Alstrup, V. & Olech, M. (1992) Checklist of the lichens of the Tatra National Park, Poland. Zeszyty Naukowe Uniwersytetu Jagiellonskiego, Prace botaniczne 24: 185 - 206.","Nylander, W. (1885) Addenda nova ad Lichenographiam europaeam. Contin. XLIV. Flora 68 (15): 295 - 301.","Hafellner, J. & Turk, R. (2016) Die lichenisierten Pilze Osterreichs-eine neue Checkliste der bisher nachgewiesenen Taxa mit Angaben zur Verbreitung und Substratokologie. Stapfia 104 (1): 1 - 216.","Hanko, B. (1983) Die Chemotypen der Flechtengattung Pertusaria in Europa. Bibliotheca Lichenologic 19: 1 - 297.","Turland, N. J., Wiersema, J. H., Barrie, F. R., Greuter, W., Hawksworth, D. L., Herendeen, P. S., Knapp, S., Kusber, W. - H., Li, D. - Z., Marhold, K., May, T. W., McNeill, J., Monro, A. M., Prado, J., Price, M. J. & Smith, G. F. (Eds.) (2018) International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Shenzhen Code) adopted by the Nineteenth International Botanical Congress Shenzhen, China, July 2017. Regnum Vegetabile 159. Glashutten: Koeltz Botanical Books. https: // doi. org / 10.12705 / Code. 2018"]}

A new chlorinated phenolic compound, methyl-3-chloro-2-hydroxy-4-methoxy-6-pentylbenzoate (1) and 4 known compounds (2-5) were isolated from the Antarctic lichen, Pertusaria dactylina ( Pertusariaceae). The structure of the new compound was determined by means of One-dimensional and two dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (1D and 2D NMR) and high-resolution fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry (HRFABMS) experiments. The antimicrobial activities of compounds 1 to 5 against Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans were evaluated. The results showed that compound 1 exhibited a weak inhibitory effect against C. albicans with an IC50 value of 67 ± 7 μg/mL.

The first account of the lichen genus Pertusaria (Pertusariaceae) on the island of Rarotonga (Cook Islands) is given. A total of 8 taxa are recorded, of which 5 are new to science viz: Pertusaria atroguttata, P. homilocarpa, P. megacarpa, P. rarotongensis and P. rarotongensis var. stictica. A key to the species is provided.

Two new species, Pertusaria marcellii and P. saxatilis are reported from Brazil and the new combination Pertusaria ferax (Müll.Arg.) A.W.Archer & Elix is made.

Four new species, Pertusaria ambigua, P. humilis, P. queenslandica and P. submalvinae, are reported from Australia and two new species, Pertusaria allosorodes and P. wirthii, are reported from New Zealand.

The new species Pertusaria elizabethae is reported from Brazil. The chemistry and morphology of this species are discussed.

Two species of Pertusariaceae are here described as new to science, based on material collected from Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, western China. Pertusaria tibetensis Z.S. Sun has broad lecanorate verrucae, pinkish pruinose discs, 1-spored asci and the presence of norstictic acid. Pertusaria beishanensis Z.S. Sun has broad lecanorate verrucae, black pruinose discs, 2-spored asci and the presence of planaic acid.

Pertusaria aceroae and Pertusaria calderae from the Canary Islands are described as new to science. A description of each species is given together with notes on their chemistry, distribution, ecology and taxonomy. Related lichen taxa are discussed.

Pertusaria parapycnothelia is described as new to science. The species is characterized by asci with 3 ascospores and the presence of 2'-O-methylperlatolic acid.

%The new saxicolous species P. clercii Messuti & A. W. Archer is described. The following two taxa are reported for the first time from Africa: P. petrophyes C. Knight and P. subventosa var. deficiens A. W. Archer & Elix. A brief description of each species is given together with notes on their chemistry, distribution, ecology and taxonomy.

Eight species of the lichen genus Pertusaria (Pertusariaceae) are reported from the Juan Fernández Archipelago (Chile). Pertusaria fernandeziana is described as a new species and two species, Pertusaria phlyctaenula Nyl. and Pertusaria dehiscens Müll. Arg., are recorded for the first time from the archipelago. Range extensions of the known distribution within the archipelago are reported for Pertusaria hadrocarpa Zahlbr., Pertusaria melanospora Nyl., Pertusaria pachythallina (Räsänen) Messuti, Pertusaria papillulata Nyl., and Pertusaria velata (Turner) Nyl. Pertusaria polycarpa Kremp. var. monospora Zahlbr. is reduced to synonymy with Pertusaria papillulata and Pertusaria chilena Zahlbr. is synonymized with Pertusaria velata. A diagnostic key, descriptions, and illustrations of the species are presented with data on their habitat ecology and distribution.

The saxicolous species, Pertusaria weii Q. Ren (Pertusariaceae, Ascomycota) from China, is described as new to science. Diagnostic characters for the new species are a brownish, marginally unzoned thallus; numerous, solitary and lecanorate verrucae with heavily pruinose discs that are black; a strongly K+ violet epithecial reaction; 1-spored cylindrical asci with single, smooth-walled, untrimmed and ovoid spores; and, the presence of stictic acid. It grows on calcareous rock and is known only from the Tianshan Mountains in Western China.

A new corticolous species belonging to the lichen family Pertusariaceae, Pertusaria grassiae Messuti & A.W. Archer, is described from Tucumán Province, Argentina. It is characterized by disciform apothecia covered by a white to greyish white pruina, single-spored asci, ellipsoid and double-walled ascospores and the presence of atranorin.

The new species Ochrolechia splendens Lumbsch and Messuti, is described from Mexico, south-western North America, where it occurs on exposed siliceous rocks. It is characterized by relatively large apothecia with entire margins, the presence of the gyrophoric acid chemosyndrome in the thallus and apothecial disc and the presence of lichexanthone as major components.

Pertusaria wulingensis Z. T. Zhao & Z. S. Sun sp. nov. is described from collections from Guizhou and Hunan provinces, China. The species is characterised by the pinkish pruinose disciform apothecia, the distinctly zoned margin and the presence of psoromic acid. It is known from mixed evergreen and deciduous broadleaf forest at elevations of 1240-1500 m.

Lichen upsaliensis Linnaeus, Species Plantarum 2: 1142. 1753. "Habitat in summis Jugis supra terram sterilissimam campi polonici, Upsaliae, nec alibi nobis visus." RCN: 8181. Lectotype (Howe in Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 39: 201. 1912; Jørgensen & al. in Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 115: 360, f. 63. 1994): Herb. Linn. No. 1273.44, upper right specimen (LINN). Current name: Ochrolechia upsaliensis (L.) A. Massal. (Pertusariaceae). Note: Jørgensen & al. (in Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 115: 360, 382, f. 63. 1994) restricted Howe’s original type choice to one of the specimens on the sheet., Published as part of Jarvis, Charlie, 2007, Chapter 7: Linnaean Plant Names and their Types (part L), pp. 610-650 in Order out of Chaos. Linnaean Plant Types and their Types, London :Linnaean Society of London in association with the Natural History Museum on page 631, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.291971

Lichen tartareus Linnaeus, Species Plantarum 2: 1141. 1753, nom. cons. "Habitat in Europa ad parietes rupium." RCN: 8177. Conserved type (Jørgensen & al. in Taxon 43: 653. 1994): Burgess, Herb. Linn. No. 1273.31 (LINN). Current name: Ochrolechia tartarea (L.) A. Massal. (Pertusariaceae). Note: See extensive discussion by Jørgensen & al. (in Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 115: 358, 382. 1994) in which they chose the Dillenius element as lectotype. Neither it, nor any of the other available elements, corresponded with usage and they successfully proposed the name for conservation with a conserved type., Published as part of Jarvis, Charlie, 2007, Chapter 7: Linnaean Plant Names and their Types (part L), pp. 610-650 in Order out of Chaos. Linnaean Plant Types and their Types, London :Linnaean Society of London in association with the Natural History Museum on page 631, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.291971

Lichen corallinus Linnaeus, Systema Naturae, ed. 12, 2: 709; Mantissa Plantarum: 131. 1767. "Habitat in Sveciae rupibus. Zoega." RCN: 8173. Neotype (Jørgensen & al. in Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 115: 296, 374. 1994): Herb. Linn. No. 1273.17 (LINN). Current name: Pertusaria corallina (L.) Arnold (Pertusariaceae)., Published as part of Jarvis, Charlie, 2007, Chapter 7: Linnaean Plant Names and their Types (part L), pp. 610-650 in Order out of Chaos. Linnaean Plant Types and their Types, London :Linnaean Society of London in association with the Natural History Museum on page 625, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.291971

Lichen pallescens Linnaeus, Species Plantarum 2: 1142. 1753, nom. cons. "Habitat in Europae corticibus arborum." RCN: 8178. Conserved type (Jørgensen & al. in Taxon 43: 653. 1994): Sweden. Härjedalen, Ramundberget, NE of Kvarbäckstjärn, 27 Jun 1973, R. Santesson 24384 (UPS). Current name: Ochrolechia pallescens (L.) A. Massal. (Pertusariaceae). Note: See extensive discussion by Jørgensen & al. (in Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 115: 333-334. 1994), who concluded that none of the original elements coincided with usage, and chose t. XVIII, f. 17 from Dillenius as lectotype. This represents Lecanora dispersa (Pers.) Sommerf., and the same authors successfully proposed the Linnaean name for conservation with a conserved type., Published as part of Jarvis, Charlie, 2007, Chapter 7: Linnaean Plant Names and their Types (part L), pp. 610-650 in Order out of Chaos. Linnaean Plant Types and their Types, London :Linnaean Society of London in association with the Natural History Museum on page 628, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.291971

Lichen lacteus Linnaeus, Systema Naturae, ed. 12, 2: 709; Mantissa Plantarum: 132. 1767. "Habitat ubique in rupibus, saxis. Zoega." RCN: 8160. Neotype (Jørgensen & al. in Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 115: 326, 378. 1994): Sweden. Västergötland, Mularp, Stommen, 6 Aug 1922, E.P. Vrang (Malme Lich. Suec. Exs. 848) (UPS). Current name: Pertusaria lactea (L.) Arnold (Pertusariaceae)., Published as part of Jarvis, Charlie, 2007, Chapter 7: Linnaean Plant Names and their Types (part L), pp. 610-650 in Order out of Chaos. Linnaean Plant Types and their Types, London :Linnaean Society of London in association with the Natural History Museum on page 628, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.291971