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This comprehensive study integrated in silico molecular docking and pharmacokinetic profiling to elucidate the interactions and properties of eight bioactive compounds (nimbin, azadirachtin, betasitosterol, nimbidinin, chavicol, chavibetol, curcumin, and zingiberene) from natural sources with protein 6Y6D. SwissADME and SwissTargetPrediction are used for pharmacokinetic screening, whereas, autodock vina is used for molecular docking and virtual screening. Protox3 software was used to establish each phytoconstituent's specific toxicity profile. According to the results, nimbidinin and nimbin exhibit extraordinary binding affinity without toxicity and have the potential to be further screened as lead compounds. Azadirachtin, on the other hand, exhibits the highest binding affinity with a moderate toxicity profile. Furthermore, zingiberene and chavicol exhibit low binding affinities. A detailed investigation reveals the binding modes and molecular interactions with different amino acids. Our findings may facilitate the development of novel drugs and provide a foundation for further experimental validation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a chronic digestive illness characterized by symptoms such as bloating, stomach discomfort, diarrhea, irregular bowel motions, and constipation. IBS is caused by genetic predisposition and the gut-brain axis, which affects the brain and psychological health. The gut microbiome may mediate dysbiosis in IBS patients, stress, and psychological comorbidity. Medications for IBS include probiotics, antispasmodics, antibiotics, and several agents acting on central nervous system. However, the disappointing results of conventional treatments are leading many patients to consider complementary and alternative medicines. The current study examines different herbal remedies, their phytoconstituents, the ways in which herbs work, and novel approaches based on nanotechnology to treat IBS. Moreover, with the help of the phytoconstituents discussed in this review, a ligand-based pharmacophore was generated in order to obtain structural knowledge for potential future developments of leads for the treatment of IBS. Potent activity against IBS may be enhanced by structural alterations of these phytoconstituents on hydrophobic, donor, and acceptor regions. In summary, this research could pave the way for the management of IBS through the use of herbal medicinal plants and encourage scientists to explore for novel natural remedies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Fissure-in-ano are a notably prevalent anorectal condition, primarily associated with ulcers and raised anal sphincter spasm. The management options largely focus on promoting wound healing and reducing anal spasm. Medical treatment, which includes a fibre-rich diet and sitz baths, results in the healing of nearly half of the fissure-in-ano. The ulcer of the anal canal is the presenting complaint in this condition. Topical Ayurvedic medicine can be utilised to heal such ulcers. Need of the Study: A review of the literature suggests that T. procumbens exhibits potent wound healing, antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, procoagulant and immunomodulatory properties. Given that an acute fissure-inano presents as an ulcer in the anal canal, this study proposes the use of T. procumbens for its management. Aim: To evaluate the efficacy of Jayanti (T. procumbens) cream versus topical Lignocaine and Nifedipine cream in the treatment. Materials and Methods: A single-blind, double-arm comparative randomised control trial will be conducted at the Department of Shalyatantra, Mahatma Gandhi Ayurveda College Hospital and Research Centre (MGACHRC), Salod Hirapur (H), Maharashtra, India, from April 2023 to November 2024, with 70 subjects enrolled. In the control group, topical Lignocaine and Nifedipine cream will be applied, while in the interventional group, topical Jayanti (T. procumbens) cream will be applied to the acute fissure-in-ano. The evaluation parameters, including wound healing, anal spasm, per rectal bleeding, pain and itching, will be assessed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A neurodegenerative illness is a disorder in which the brain and/or spinal cord’s neurons, or nerve cells, gradually deteriorate and disappear. These illnesses often get worse with time and can seriously affect movement, cognition, and other neurological functions. Psoriasis is a long-term autoimmune skin condition marked by fast skin cell growth that results in red, elevated areas coated in silvery-white scales. It can affect several body parts, such as the elbows, knees, scalp, and lower back, and it is not communicable. The build-up of amyloid beta [Aβ] protein is linked to elevated levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) (Kim et al. 2020). These ROS can trigger multiple pathways, including MAPK, NFkB, JAK/STAT, and interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), ultimately playing a role in the development of neurodegenerative illnesses like Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and psoriasis. People who have psoriasis are more likely to acquire AD, as psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin condition that is genetically connected. Because of the antioxidants and anti-inflammatory properties of citrus fruits neurodegenerative and psoriasis disease may be prevented. The neuroprotective action of bioactives in citrus fruits involves the inhibition of inflammation through the control of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and the activation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2). Due to their immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory qualities, polyphenols may be able to control the immune response in psoriasis. We performed a thorough review in order to investigate for the first time to understand the role of citrus fruits in comorbid neurodegenerative disorders associated with psoriasis. For better understanding into the possible applications of citrus fruits in treating psoriasis and neurodegenerative disease would require additional studies focusing directly on the relationship between citrus fruits consumption in managing neurodegenerative and psoriasis disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives The study aims to explore the potential of medicinal plants and their phytoconstituents as effective inhibitors of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. The focus is on investigating specific medicinal plants known for their pharmacological properties, such as: antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory effects, to determine their viability in developing COVID-19 treatments. Materials and methods This study involves a comprehensive study of medicinal plants, including: Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) and Ocimum sanctum (Holy Basil), known for their beneficial health effects. Molecular docking studies were conducted to assess the interactions between phytoconstituents from these plants and SARS-CoV-2 proteins. The compounds' drug-like characteristics and safety profiles were also evaluated to determine their potential as therapeutic agents. Results The molecular docking studies revealed that the phytoconstituents from the studied medicinal plants exhibit favourable interactions with SARS-CoV-2 proteins, suggesting their potential as therapeutic targets. These compounds demonstrated promising drug-like characteristics and safety profiles, indicating their suitability for further development as COVID-19-fighting medications. Discussion The results indicate that medicinal plants and their bioactive substances hold significant potential for developing therapies against COVID-19. The ability of these organic substances to interact with key viral proteins and provide various therapeutic benefits highlights their potential as multi-functional treatment options. However, further research is necessary to confirm these findings and to understand the full scope of their therapeutic efficacy and safety in clinical settings. Conclusions Medicinal plants and their phyto-constituents represent a promising avenue for developing effective treatments for COVID-19. The favourable interactions with SARS-CoV-2 proteins and the promising drug-like characteristics observed in this study suggest that these natural compounds could be integral in the fight against the COVID-19 pandemic. Further research and clinical trials are essential to fully validating their potential and translating these findings into practical medical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cocoa pod husk (CPH) is a main by-product in cocoa processing industry and rich in alkaloids, which display some potent pharmacological properties such as stimulatory effects on the central nervous, gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, renal, and respiratory systems. This study aimed to utilize the CPH and various encapsulating materials (maltodextrin, gum Arabic, and chitosan) for production of microencapsulated powder rich in alkaloids. Physicochemical properties in terms of moisture content (MC), water activity (aw), water soluble index (WSI), density and morphology, bioactive compounds including total alkaloids content (TAC), total phenolics content (TPC), total flavonoids content (TFC) and total saponins content (TSC), as well as antioxidant activity comprising ABTS/DPPH radical scavenging capacity (ARSC/DRSC) and ferric/cupric reducing antioxidant capacity (FRAP/CUPRAC) of powder rich in alkaloids from the CPH extract with and without microencapsulation were then analyzed and compared. The results showed that the MC and aw of microencapsulated powders (4.78 to 5.88% and 0.46 to 0.51, respectively) were lower than those of powder without microencapsulation (9.64% and 0.54, respectively). Use of maltodextrin and gum Arabic (9:1 w/w) as the wall materials for microencapsulation of the CPH extract obtained the greatest levels of TPC, TFC, TSC, DRSC, FRAP and CUPRAC (14.91 mg GAE, 22.69 mg CE, 113.21 mg EE, 24.59, 2.92 and 92.68 mg TE per g dried sample, respectively), while use of 100% maltodextrin resulted in the maximum amounts of TAC and ARSC (646.96 mg AE/g dried sample and 36.27 mg TE/g dried sample, respectively). Based on the obtained results, the mixture of maltodextrin and gum Arabic (9:1 w/w) was recommended to microencapsulate the alkaloids-enriched CPH extract for potential application in the nutraceutical and functional food industries. Highlights: Cocoa pod husk is a rich source of alkaloids from cocoa processing industry. Moisture content and water activity of microencapsulated powders obtained stability. Maltodextrin combined with gum Arabic at 9:1 (w/w) was the best mixture. Maltodextrin combined with gum Arabic at 9:1 (w/w) was used for coating CPH extract. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bael (A. marmelos) is an important medicinal herb which has been and extensively used in Ayurveda, Siddha and other medicinal systems. The aim of this study is to evaluate the pharmacological activity of leaves part of the plant Aegle marmelos. Ethanolic extract of Aegle marmelos leaves prepared by successive extraction technique. This research carroed out to find out the Percentage Yield of Extract of Aegle marmelos, determination of LD50 of the EEAML as per OECD guidelines and to investigate the anti-depressant effect of Aegle marmelos leaves extract using tail suspension test (TST) and forced swim test (FST) parameters at dose levels of 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg respectively in albino swiss mice. Aegle marmelos leaves extract showed significant antidepressant activity probably due to GABA facilitatory action of phytoconstituents such as flavonoids, tannic acid, marmesinin, phenols, saponin etc. Results suggested that cortisol and corticosterone responded differently to severe stressors with cortisol being a quicker responder than corticosterone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, we isolated linalool, geraniol, carvacrol, thymol, menthol and eugenol; synthesised their phenoxyacetic acid derivatives; and assessed their phytotoxic and genotoxic potentials against weeds and agricultural crops. Moreover, the fungicidal activity of both categories of compounds against 12 fungi was examined. Finally, using probabilistic assessment based on Risk Quotient (RQ) by the Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) method, we examined human health risks via oral exposure to these compounds. Toxic potencies to plants demonstrated that all parameters and related indices including germination percentage, mean germination time, germination rate, root length, shoot length, seedling length and vigour index dose-dependently decreased in both weeds and agricultural crops. Based on the comet assay, DNA damage was observed in the root meristems of the plants. Consequently, a significant decrease was observed in head DNA, whereas a significant increase in tail DNA was observed in response to treatments. Besides, the natural components and semisynthetic molecules showed a broad spectrum of fungicidal traits. However, eugenol and eugenoxyacetic acid inhibitory effects on the growth of the tested fungi were similar to that of benomyl. Our probabilistic health risk assessment indicated di minimis risk for natural components and their phenoxyacetic acid derivatives. Sensitivity analysis showed that concentrations of residues of the compounds had the most significant effect on risk. Current findings could offer a platform for developing sustainable approaches to reduce chemical residues and their consequent risks to the environment and human health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The documentation of medicinal plants is an important baseline for possible extraction, isolation, characterization, and chemical modification of important active cellular chemical contents. This study aims to determine the qualitative phytochemical screening of medicinal plants used by traditional healers in Aurora, Zamboanga del Sur, Philippines. A total of 34 medicinal plants were mentioned by five traditional healers, who willingly shared their knowledge on medicinal plants. These plant species were collected and came from 23 families. The greater number of plant species was represented by families of Poaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Lamiaceae, and Asteraceae with three species each, followed by Malvaceae, Compositae, and Leguminosae with two species each, and the rest of the families were represented by only one species each. In this study, qualitative phytochemical analysis of five selected medicinal plants clearly reveals the medically active cellular phytoconstituents such as terpenoids, anthraquinones, phenols, and saponins that were present in Stachytarpheta jamaicensis, Jatropha gossypiifolia, Impatiens balsamina, Phyllanthus urinaria, and Pseudelephantopus spicatus leaves. These medicinal plants appeared to be rich in chemical contents, widely used in traditional medicine to combat and cure various ailments. The anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antiviral, antimalarial, antiparasitic, antianalgesic and antioxidant can be attributed to the high anthraquinones, phenols, terpenoids and saponins in the leaves of the five medicinal plants. However, the presence of phytoconstituents like terpenoids, anthraquinones, phenols and saponins should take note importantly by the traditional healers or even community in order to have a better understanding on how the plants combat and cure the specific ailments. Furthermore, the study recommends that all medicinal plants should take care of and the future researchers conduct more studies on phytochemical screening of medicinal plants for better understanding on when and how to use different medicinal plants to treat different ailments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The nutritional value and medicinal properties of highly edible Bulbils of Dioscorea bulbifera L are still unexplored. This study reported the nutritional and medicinal values by In vitro, and In silico studies along with chemical profiling using LC-MS. The proximate analysis was conducted by the AOAC method. The antioxidant and antidiabetic activities were assessed using DPPH and α- α-glucosidase enzyme inhibition assay. Molecular docking was used to do an In silico examination of the identified molecules, and ADMET analysis of the hit candidate was also performed. The result showed that bulbils of D. bulbifera were found to have a higher percentage of protein (8.83%), fat (0.96%), and fiber (5.40%). It exhibited significant levels of phenolic and flavonoid content 106.93 ± 0.02 mg GAE/g and 11.51 ± 0.02 mg QE/g, respectively. The ethyl acetate fraction of D. bulbifera showed potent antioxidants with an IC 50 = 13.75 ± 0.6 μg/mL. Furthermore, the methanol extract showed more than 50 % inhibition activity with IC 50 values of 26.29 ± 0.6 μg/mL and 191.2 ± 0.7 μg/mL against α-glucosidase and α-amylase, respectively. The ethyl acetate fraction showed higher α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibitory activity with an IC 50 of 14.42 ± 0.4 μg/mL and 171.5 ± 0.4 μg/mL, respectively, compared to the standard acarbose (p < 0.05). Chemical profiling of most bio-active ethyl acetate fraction was done using LC-MS analysis, where eleven compounds were annotated. In conclusion, bulbils of D. bulbifera demonstrate promising anti-diabetic activity through In vitro and In silico studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The word "Phyto" signifies plant, while "some" is for cell. This innovative patented technology involves combining plant extracts or hydrophilic phytoconstituents with phospholipids to create lipid-suitable molecular complexes, resulting in not only enhanced absorption but also bioavailability. Extensive research has been conducted by various scientists to explore the transdermal way as an excellent method for delivering phytoconstituents. Phyto products or Phyto extracts are gaining significant consideration as dietary complements in managing inflammation, toxicity, cancer, weight loss, and various chronic degenerative conditions. Nevertheless, continuous advancements and studies are being conducted in this fieldthese products frequently encounter issues with stability and bioavailability. Once extracted, plant products become susceptible to instability and may not be suitable for passage through a biological membrane. This technique enhances the hydrophilicity of highly lipophilic drugs, manufacturing them convenient for drug delivery, and adequately enhance the lipophilicity of Phyto constituents to facilitate permeation through the bio- membrane. The use of Phytosomes for beautifying purposes has already been scientifically established. Additionally, this review offers a relative analysis of liposomes and Phytosomes, highlighting current developments in Phytosomes technology, mostly in transdermal drug delivery. Incorporation of polyphenol compounds into a self-assembled phospholipid-based delivery system, known as a Phytosomes, can significantly improve their poor oral bioavailability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lobelia inflata is a remarkable member of the Lobelia family, and it possesses diverse therapeutic properties such as anticancer, anti-neurodegenerative and antimicrobial effects. This study aimed to computationally explore the pharmacological potential of L. inflata phytochemicals. The methods used are pharmacokinetic predictions, target predictions, gene network analysis, molecular docking and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. The findings revealed that all phytoconstituents have blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability and high gastrointestinal absorption (GIA). Synaptic vesicular amine transporter 2 (VMAT2) and ceramide transfer protein (CERT) emerged as key human molecular targets of these phytoconstituents. The binding affinity of lobelanidine and norlobelanine for CERT was −9.027 kcal ⋅ mol − 1 and −7.537 kcal ⋅ mol − 1 respectively, while (+)-lobinaline and lobeline have binding affinity of −6.897 kcal ⋅ mol − 1 and −6.724 kcal ⋅ mol − 1 , respectively for VMAT2. MD simulation and molecular mechanics/generalized Born surface area (MMGBSA) calculations highlighted the stability and energetically favorable nature of the lobelanidine-VMAT2 and Lobelanidine-CERT complexes. This study underscores the potential of L. inflata in modulating CERT and VMAT2 targets in cancer and neurodegenerative diseases, respectively. There is a need for further validation of these results through additional research endeavors. 1. Lobelia inflata, a member of the Lobelia family, is recognized for its therapeutic versatility, showing significant potential against cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, and microbial infections. 2. This study employed advanced computational methods, including pharmacokinetic predictions and molecular docking, to explore the pharmacological potential of L. inflata phytochemicals. 3. Key human targets identified for L. inflata phytochemicals include synaptic vesicular amine transporter 2 (VMAT2) and ceramide transfer protein (CERT), both of which are critical in neurodegenerative diseases and cancer. 4. The findings reveal promising interactions of lobelanidine and other phytoconstituents with VMAT2 and CERT, suggesting their potential therapeutic roles, pending further experimental validation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This systematic review aimed to provide comprehensive details on the α-G inhibitory potential of various bioactive compounds derived from natural sources. Methods: A comprehensive literature search was conducted using various databases and search engines, including Science Direct, Google Scholar, SciFinder, Web of Science, and PubMed until May, 2023. Results and conclusions: The enzyme alpha-glucosidase (α-G) is found in the brush border epithelium of the small intestine and consists of duplicated glycoside hydrolase (GH31) domain. It involves the conversion of disaccharides and oligosaccharides into monosaccharides by acting on alpha (1 → 4) and (1 → 6) linked glucose residue. Once absorbed, glucose enters the bloodstream and elevates postprandial glucose, which is associated with the development of type 2 Diabetes (T2D). Epidemic obesity, cardiovascular disease, and nephropathy are linked to T2D. Traditional medicinal plants with α-G inhibitory potential are commonly used to treat T2D due to the adverse effects of currently used α-G inhibitors miglitol, acarbose, and voglibose. Various bioactive compounds derived from natural sources, including lupenone, Wilforlide A, Baicalein, Betulinic acid, Ursolic acid, Oleanolic acid, Katononic acid, Carnosol, Hypericin, Astilbin, lupeol, betulonic acid, Fagomine, Lactucaxanthin, Erythritol, GP90-1B, Procyanidins, Galangin, and vomifoliol retain α-G inhibitory potential for regulating hyperglycaemia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Angiogenesis, the process of forming new blood vessels from existing ones, is crucial in both physiological and pathological conditions, such as tumor growth, metastasis, and inflammatory disorders. Targeting angiogenesis has emerged as a promising therapeutic strategy. Recent research has increasingly focused on the role of bioactive components found in food in regulating angiogenesis, although there are certain limitations. This review provides a comprehensive examination of the origins, composition, pharmacological activities, and mechanisms of action of these components in medicinal foods, reflecting the growing intersection of medicine and nutrition. The goal is to aid in preventing angiogenesis-related complications and fostering healthier habits. The insights offered in this review aim to advance the development of effective, low-toxicity antiangiogenic drugs. Additionally, there has been a notable rise in interest in plant-derived compounds with antiangiogenic properties. This review investigates the potential of phytoconstituents from plants as drug candidates targeting angiogenesis, exploring their mechanisms of action, the research conducted thus far, and the challenges associated with transitioning these compounds into clinical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kigelia africana subsp. africana is used traditionally in the form of powder, poultice, and in infusions to treat a wide variety of human ailments. Aim: To summarise a detailed up-to-date review of the traditional uses, phytoconstituents, and pharmacological activities of various parts of Kigelia africana. Materials and methods: Google Scholar, PubMed, PubChem, Elsevier, King Draw, . Result: The phytochemical analysis of Kigelia africana subsp. africana has revealed the presence of approximately 145 compounds extracted from different parts of the plant. These bioactive extracts of the plant possess anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, antineoplastic, and anti-urolithic activities. Due to its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and immune-booster properties, Kigelia can prove to be an essential source of drugs for treating various disorders Conclusion: Knowledge of the phytoconstituents, non-medicinal and medicinal traditional uses, pharmacological activities, and products obtained from Kigelia is described in this review with the hope that the updated findings will promote research on its biological pathways. Highlights: Traditional medicinal importance of Kigelia africana subsp. africana Phytoconstituents present in extracts from different parts of the plant Pharmacological activities of phytochemicals extracted from Kigelia Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant role in preventing oxidative stress Potential as ethnopharmacological therapeutic in treating respiratory ailments Toxicity evaluation of Kigelia africana subsp. africana [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Triple negative breast cancer is considered to be a malignancy of grave concern with limited routes of treatment due to the absence of specific breast cancer markers and ambiguity of other potential drug targets. Poor prognosis and inadequate survival rates have prompted further research into the understanding of the molecular pathophysiology and targeting of the disease. To overcome the recurrence and resistance mechanisms of the TNBC cells, various approaches have been devised, and are being continuously evaluated to enhance their efficacy and safety. Chemo-Adjuvant therapy is one such treatment modality being employed to improve the efficiency of standard chemotherapy. Combining chemo-adjuvant therapy with other upcoming approaches of cancer therapeutics such as phytoconstituents and nanotechnology has yielded promising results in the direction of improving the prognosis of TNBC. Numerous nanoformulations have been proven to substantially enhance the specificity and cellular uptake of drugs by cancer cells, thus reducing the possibility of unintended systemic side effects within cancer patients. While phytoconstituents offer a wide variety of beneficial active constituents useful in cancer therapeutics, most favorable outcomes have been observed within the scope of polyphenols, isoquinoline alkaloids and isothiocyanates. With an enhanced understanding of the molecular mechanisms of TNBC and the advent of newer targeting technologies and novel phytochemicals of medicinal importance, a new era of cancer theranostic treatments can be explored. This review hopes to instantiate the current body of research regarding the role of certain phytoconstituents and their potential nanoformulations in targeting specific TNBC pathways for treatment and diagnostic purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phytosomes, a novel drug delivery system, have recently attracted substantial attention, because of their exceptional ability to increase the therapeutic efficacy and bioavailability of phytoconstituents. This review provides a thorough introduction to phytosomes, with emphasis on their formulation methods, assessment, and medicinal uses. Phytosomes are intricate structures that arise from the molecular complexation of phospholipids with phytoconstituents, and enhance phytoconstituent solubility and absorption. The factors influencing the formation of phytosomes, their characterization methods, and their formation mechanisms are discussed. Phytosomes show good safety profiles and minimal adverse effects, thus providing attractive options for medication delivery. Phytosomes have therapeutic uses in a wide range of medical concerns, such as liver conditions, cardiovascular health, inflammation, and dermatological conditions. Furthermore, potential synergistic effects of mixing phytosomes with pharmacological drugs or alternative drug delivery systems have been investigated. Overall, phytosomes offer enhanced bioavailability, effectiveness, and patient compliance, and provide a viable approach for maximizing the therapeutic potential of plant-based medications. Further study will be necessary to understand their modes of action and investigate new formulations for increased therapeutic outcomes.

Background and Objective: The extracts obtained from the leaves and seeds of Trigonella foenum-graecum (Fenugreek) are effective against various microbial infections. The phytoconstituents of Trigonella foenum-graecum have shown promising effects as anti-diabetics, anti-helmentic, anti-microbial, antifungal, and antipyretic, but its impact on oral pathogens is yet to be established. Therefore, the present study aimed to explore the antimicrobial efficacy of phytoconstituents of Trigonella foenum-graecum as compared to 0.2% chlorhexidine (CHX). Materials and Methods: The methanolic extracts of Trigonella foenum-graecum i.e., fenugreek absolute (FA), diosgenin (DIO), and furanone (FU) were used in this study. The antimicrobial efficacy of these extracts was evaluated by testing the minimal inhibitory concentration, minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC), agar well-diffusion assay, colony-forming unit (CFU) count, and also by using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212, Escherichia coli ATCC 35218, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853. Results: The results of the study demonstrated that Trigonella foenum-graecum has anti-microbial activity comparable to 0.2% CHX. Well-diffusion assay and CFU count assay of the extracts showed statistically significant (P < 0.001) results. MIC and MBC values were observed for FA, DIO, and FU compared to CHX against these selected test organisms. These results were confirmed by visual validation with CLSM. Conclusion: The use of herbal alternatives in periodontics might prove to be advantageous. Trigonella foenum-graecum can be used as a promising alternative to CHX against S. aureus, E. faecalis, E. coli, and P. aeruginosa for the management of oral and periodontal infections.

The advent of new strains of resistant microbes and the concomitant growth in multidrug resistance have made antimicrobial resistance an urgent public health concern. New antimicrobials are desperately needed to boost the success rates of treating infectious diseases and save lives. There are many intriguing biomolecules with antibacterial action, which are mostly unexplored in microorganisms. This review article describes the importance of natural compounds against microorganisms using advanced techniques to protect individuals from diseases. We have conducted an extensive literature review using databases such as SCOPUS, SCI, PUBMED, ScienceDirect, and Medline to gather relevant information. Our review covers various microorganism sources for antimicrobials, antifungal drugs, micro-culturing techniques, and microbial-based microsystems’ applications. Every kind of higher trophic life depends on microorganisms for sustenance. The unseen majority is essential to understanding how humans and other living forms can survive anthropogenic climate change. The article discusses antimicrobial substances and the latest techniques and strategies for developing effective treatments. Novel model systems and cutting-edge biomolecular and computational methodologies could help researchers enhance antimicrobial resistance by completely capitalizing on lead antimicrobials.

Abstract Strategies to increase the secondary metabolite production, obtained from medicinal plants has been the topic of research in recent years. The symbiotic interaction between arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and plants allows host-fungus pairings to enhance secondary metabolite synthesis. Therefore, the current study investigated the effect of inoculating two distinct AMF species discretely as well as in conjunction on the flower-derived secondary metabolites in Gomphrena globosa. The findings showed that the plants inoculated with combined treatment exhibited higher total phenolic (50.11 mg GAE/g DW), flavonoids (29.67 mg QE/g DW), saponins (122.55 mg DE/g DW), tannins (165.71 TAE/g DW) and terpenoid (8.24 mg LE/g DW) content in the methanolic extract. HPTLC examination showed the existence of kaempferol and benzoic acid with the highest amount (0.90% and 5.83% respectively) observed in the same treatment. FTIR analysis revealed functional group peaks with increased peak intensity in the combination treatment. Higher antioxidant activities such as DPPH (IC50: 401.39 µg/mL), ABTS (IC50: 71.18 µg/mL) and FRAP (8774.73 µM Fe (II) equivalent) were observed in the methanolic extract of combined treatment. To our knowledge, this is the first study on the impact of AMF inoculation on bioactive compounds and antioxidant activities in G. globosa flowers. Moreover, this study could lead to the development of novel pharmaceuticals and herbal remedies for various diseases.

Abstract The current study explores the effects of microwave treatment at varying wattage and durations on the phytoconstituents, antioxidant status, anti-nutritional factors (ANFs), and metabolite profiles of de-oiled rice bran. The total phenolics and flavonoids showed both increases and decreases depending on specific microwave parameters, while flavonol content consistently increased across all treated groups compared to the control. The DPPH and ABTS free radical scavenging activity, total antioxidant capacity, FRAP, CUPRAC, metal chelating activity, and ascorbic acid content were enhanced in most of the microwaved samples; however, longer microwave exposure at higher wattage led to their reduction. A treatment-specific decrease in ANFs, including condensed tannins, oxalates, and phytates, was observed. HRMS-based untargeted metabolomics identified a diverse range of primary and secondary metabolites, which clustered in a group-specific manner, indicating notable group-wise metabolite variations. Analysis of discriminating metabolites revealed no significant differences in the overall levels of phenolics, flavonoids, vitamins and cofactors, sugars, amino acids, terpenoids, fatty acids, and their derivatives among the treated groups compared to the control; however, several individual metabolites within these metabolite classes differed significantly. These findings suggest that optimized microwaving of de-oiled rice bran can enhance phytochemicals and antioxidants while improving the metabolite profile.

Abstract Iris kashmiriana belongs to the family Iridaceae and is an important endemic medicinal plant of Kashmir. The current study was designed to determine the phytoconstituents, antioxidant, and cytotoxic potential of ethyl acetate (IRK-ETH) and methanol (IRK-MTH) extracts of Iris kashmiriana flowers. IRK-MTH extract demonstrated maximum radical scavenging activity in DPPH, ABTS, and Superoxide anion radical antioxidant assays with IC50 values of 73.15 μg/ml, 79.05 μg/ml, and 86.52 μg/ml respectively. IRK-ETH and IRK-MTH extracts possessed phenolic (70.9 and 208.5 mgGAE/gdw) and flavonoid (487.7 and 40.55 mgRE/gdw) contents respectively. In MTT assay IRK-ETH demonstrated the highest cytotoxicity towards the MCF-7 cell line with a GI50 value of 49.13 μg/ml. Phase contrast and fluorescence microscopic studies in MCF-7 cells revealed that IRK-ETH extract caused condensation of chromatin, rounding of cells, and nuclear condensation in cells which shows the apoptotic potential of the extract. GCMS analysis for phytochemical characterization revealed the presence of 9 compounds in both extracts which have been reported to possess antibacterial, cytotoxic, and anti-oxidant activities. HPLC analysis confirmed the presence of different polyphenols in both extracts with IRK-MTH extract having maximum polyphenols like epicatechin, rutin, quercetin, vanillic acid, sinapic acid, caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid and ellagic acid. These findings suggest that the flowers of Iris kashmiriana possess very good antioxidant and cytotoxic potential owing to its rich phytoconstituents.

Angiogenesis, the process of forming new blood vessels from existing ones, is crucial in both physiological and pathological conditions, such as tumor growth, metastasis, and inflammatory disorders. Targeting angiogenesis has emerged as a promising therapeutic strategy. Recent research has increasingly focused on the role of bioactive components found in food in regulating angiogenesis, although there are certain limitations. This review provides a comprehensive examination of the origins, composition, pharmacological activities, and mechanisms of action of these components in medicinal foods, reflecting the growing intersection of medicine and nutrition. The goal is to aid in preventing angiogenesis-related complications and fostering healthier habits. The insights offered in this review aim to advance the development of effective, low-toxicity antiangiogenic drugs. Additionally, there has been a notable rise in interest in plant-derived compounds with antiangiogenic properties. This review investigates the potential of phytoconstituents from plants as drug candidates targeting angiogenesis, exploring their mechanisms of action, the research conducted thus far, and the challenges associated with transitioning these compounds into clinical applications.

Abstract Background Exploring the therapeutic potential of unutilized plant parts from agricultural crops represents a promising strategy for discovering novel medications with high positive economic value. This study aimed to characterize the composition, antidiabetic, anti-obesity, antioxidant, and cytotoxic effects of volatile oil (VO) extracted from the leaves of Citrus japonica trees. This is the first research to assess the C. japonica VO’s anti-obesity, anti-lipase, and cytotoxic properties. Using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium (MTS) assays and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis, the components of VO and its capacity to suppress the growth of cancer and other abnormal cells were ascertained, respectively. Stable 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radicals, p-nitrophenyl butyrate (PNPB), and dinitrosalicylic acid (DNSA) assays were employed to determine antioxidant, anti-obesity, and antidiabetic activities, respectively. Results The C. japonica leaf showed significant diversity in type and percentage of VO molecules. Overall, 45 compounds were identified in the VO, constituting 99.69% of the total oil composition. γ-Muurolene (28.12%), β-eudesmol (10.93%), γ-eudesmol (8.44%), germacrene B (7.39%), and elemol (7.27%) are the major characterized molecules. According to the inhibition percentage results of DPPH free radicals, porcine pancreatic lipase, and α-amylase, the VO exhibits strong antioxidant properties and weak inhibitory effects on lipase and α-amylase enzymes. The C. japonica VO showed a moderate cytotoxic effect against Hep3B and considerable activity on B16F1, CaCo-2, HeLa, MCF-7, and HepG2, with IC50 doses in the range of 69.7–171.96 µg/mL. The VO cytotoxic effect IC50 against the normal cell line LX-2 was 224.95 µg/mL. Conclusion The current study collectively presented the chemical constituents of C. japonica leaf VO from Palestine for the first time and demonstrated its inhibitory effects against DPPH free radicals, porcine pancreatic lipase, and α-amylase. The results suggest that C. japonica leaf VO has the potential to be used as a natural supplement to prevent or treat cancer, as well as in the food industry as a natural antioxidant. Graphical Abstract

Background Breast cancer has become the most prevalent disease and its incidence has almost doubled in the Indian population. This increased burden demands new targeted therapies with novel compounds either synthetically produced or derived from indigenous plants, which could be a promising approach for the development of drugs. Euphorbia thymifolia L is a widely growing tropical herb that has been reported to have various ethnopharmacological properties. Although Euphorbia genus is reported to have anticancer properties, E. thymifolia is not reported to have anticancer properties to date. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to screen the phytoconstituents and identify the active compounds present in the methanolic extract of E. thymifolia (ME.ET) as ligands to inhibit human cancer cell lines with special reference to potential protein targets implicated in breast cancer using an In-silico approach. Methods ME.ET was subjected to GC-MS analysis to screen the phytoconstituents, and the identified compounds were docked with protein targets such as extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK1), a serine/threonine kinase-1(AKT1), human epidermal growth factor 2 (HER2), estrogen receptor (ER), maternal embryonic leucine zipper kinase (MELK), polo-like kinase-1(PLK1), and protein tyrosine kinase (PTK6). Compounds with good docking scores were further subjected to dynamic studies to understand the protein ligand binding stability, ligand pathway calculation, and molecular mechanics energies combined with Poisson-Boltzmann (MM/PBSA) calculations using the Schrodinger suite. Results GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of 245 phytoconstituents, 219 of which were unique. When subjected to docking, these phytocompounds, namely 3,6,9,12-tetraoxatetradecane-1,14-diyl dibenzoate (TTDB) and succinic acid, 2-(dimethylamino) ethyl 4-isopropylphenyl ester (SADPE), showed good docking scores. Molecular dynamics studies showed a high affinity and low binding energy for TTDB with HER2, ERK1, and SADPE with ER. Conclusions Hence, in this study, we identified two lead compounds in E.thymifolia linn. Further invitro and invivo anticancer studies can be performed to confirm these results and to understand the molecular mechanism by which they exhibit anticancer activity against breast cancer.

Annona senegalensis pers, Sutherlandia frutescens (L.), and Withania somnifera (L.) are abundant plants and widely distributed in the Limpopo, Gauteng, Kwazulu-Natal, North West and Mpumalanga provinces in South Africa. The three plants are among those used by traditional healers and herbalists in South Africa for the treatment of a variety of diseases, including cancer. The current study aimed at the phytochemical screening and characterization of volatile compounds from the three medicinal plants using GC-MS. The methanol leaf extracts were subjected to phytochemical screening using standard chemical tests to detect the presence of different classes of compounds. Volatile compounds were detected by GC-MS analysis, and detected compounds were identified by comparing the MS spectral data with those of compounds deposited in the NIST Library (NIST08). Phytochemical screening indicated the presence of different secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, quinones, steroids, cardiac glycosides, coumarins, and terpenoids in all plants. GC-MS chromatograms allowed the detection and identification of 19 volatile compounds among the three plants with known bioactivities that are important in the management of life-threatening diseases such as cancer and diabetes. The results confirm the leaves of Annona senegalensis, Sutherlandia frutescens, and Withania somnifera as sources of important phytochemicals and therefore justify their use for the treatment of various diseases by traditional healers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inflammation is an essential part of the body's cellular defence, triggered by pathogens, allergens, damaged cells, and toxic compounds. It signals the process of tissue repair and remodelling, typically causing redness, heat, swelling, pain, and loss of function. Conventional treatments for inflammatory conditions often have significant side effects. Conversely, herbal remedies are safer with fewer adverse effects. Based on traditional Ayurveda, these remedies offer a holistic approach to reduced inflammation. This review examines various phytoconstituents known for their anti-inflammatory properties and evaluates the effectiveness of herbal approaches in managing inflammation and aims to present herbal remedies as viable alternatives to conventional treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The proximate and phytochemical analysis of leaves of Anthocleista vogelii Planch. was studied. The phytochemical screening indicated qualitatively the presence of alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, polyphenols, tannins, reducing sugars, and the absence of phlobatanins, anthranoids. The results from the proximate composition indicate that the leaves contained some important nutrients such as Carbohydrate 52.50±0.60, Fatty acid 4.40±0.11, Fibre content 17.30±0.22 and Protein content 17.30±0.11. The presence of the phytoconstituents in Anthocleista vogelii shows that the plant contains essential nutrients, hence, it can be viewed as a potential component for the production of drugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is currently regarded as a global public health crisis for which lifelong treatment with conventional drugs presents limitations in terms of side effects, accessibility, and cost. Type 2 diabetes (T2DM), usually associated with obesity, is characterized by elevated blood glucose levels, hyperlipidemia, chronic inflammation, impaired β-cell function, and insulin resistance. If left untreated or when poorly controlled, DM increases the risk of vascular complications such as hypertension, nephropathy, neuropathy, and retinopathy, which can be severely debilitating or life-threatening. Plant-based foods represent a promising natural approach for the management of T2DM due to the vast array of phytochemicals they contain. Numerous epidemiological studies have highlighted the importance of a diet rich in plant-based foods (vegetables, fruits, spices, and condiments) in the prevention and management of DM. Unlike conventional medications, such natural products are widely accessible, affordable, and generally free from adverse effects. Integrating plant-derived foods into the daily diet not only helps control the hyperglycemia observed in DM but also supports weight management in obese individuals and has broad health benefits. In this review, we provide an overview of the pathogenesis and current therapeutic management of DM, with a particular focus on the promising potential of plant-based foods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study explores the effects of microwave treatment at varying wattage and durations on the phytoconstituents, antioxidant status, anti-nutritional factors (ANFs), and metabolite profiles of de-oiled rice bran. The total phenolics and flavonoids showed both increases and decreases depending on specific microwave parameters, while flavonol content consistently increased across all treated groups compared to the control. The DPPH and ABTS free radical scavenging activity, total antioxidant capacity, FRAP, CUPRAC, metal chelating activity, and ascorbic acid content were enhanced in most of the microwaved samples; however, longer microwave exposure at higher wattage led to their reduction. A treatment-specific decrease in ANFs, including condensed tannins, oxalates, and phytates, was observed. HRMS-based untargeted metabolomics identified a diverse range of primary and secondary metabolites, which clustered in a group-specific manner, indicating notable group-wise metabolite variations. Analysis of discriminating metabolites revealed no significant differences in the overall levels of phenolics, flavonoids, vitamins and cofactors, sugars, amino acids, terpenoids, fatty acids, and their derivatives among the treated groups compared to the control; however, several individual metabolites within these metabolite classes differed significantly. These findings suggest that optimized microwaving of de-oiled rice bran can enhance phytochemicals and antioxidants while improving the metabolite profile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review explores the diverse properties and applications of Annona muricata, referred to as soursop or graviola. The historical significance of medicinal herbs, particularly Annona muricata, was used in ancient medical practices which produce a variety of chemical compounds, including those of defense mechanisms against pests, diseases, fungi and herbivorous mammals. One of the key highlights of A. muricata is its role as a rich source of essential nutrients, including metals that play pivotal roles as cofactors in biochemical processes. This plant has garnered attention for its therapeutic properties in traditional medicine to address many maladies. A. muricata's medicinal properties include treating fever, acne, insomnia, hypertension, respiratory disorders, parasitic and bacterial infections, inflammation, diabetes and cancer. This review explores the scientific basis behind these traditional uses, focusing on the biochemical mechanisms that underlie A. muricata's therapeutic. Furthermore, this review discusses the global prevalence of A. muricata, particularly in tropical and subtropical regions and its adaptation to diverse environmental conditions, highlighting its promising role in addressing contemporary health challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since ancient times, people have used medicinal plants to treat various diseases. Nerium oleander is a toxic plant due to the presence of various cardiac glycosides. Oleander, at a dose of 50 mg kg-1 inhibits Na+/K+ ATPase pump in mice. Despite being toxic, it is used in traditional medicine. Almost all of the parts of oleander plant contain various phytochemicals such as phenols, tannins, flavonoids, coumarins, sterols, triterpenes, alkaloids, and different types of cardenolides. Oleander extract has neuroprotective, sedative, and anticonvulsant properties, especially against ischemic stroke. Cardenolides like nerizoside, neritaloside, odoroside-H, and neridiginoside offer advantages when used as CNS depressants. CNS depressant action of oleander is primarily due to a rise in GABA levels. At low to moderate dose, it shows depressant activity but in high doses, body became motionless inducing tremors and lethargy. Oleanderʼs dual role of toxic and therapeutic activity raises concerns about its application. Yet due to presence of vast constituents, it can be used for modern medicine. Cardenolides showing antidepressant activity on mice. [Display omitted] • Nerium oleander is considered to be a poisonous plant. • But it contains various phytochemicals, including antioxidants, anticancer agents, CNS depressants, and anticonvulsants. • This review aims to identify the therapeutic benefits of the plant and its toxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Atopic Eczema (AE) disease is a chronic inflammatory skin condition that is caused by a person's inability to repair damage to the skin barrier. Staphylococcus aureus (SA) is a virulent pathogen that plays an important role in the progression of secondary infection in AE patients, thus intensifying the disease's virulence. In this study, the inhibitory activities of phytoconstituents from Azadirachta indica and Murraya koenigii against the SA (Protein Data Bank ID: 7TIO) using an in silico approach are presented. Site-specific docking analysis was carried out on the virulent pathogen with the docking center at X: 1.65044, Y: 1.7980, Z: 3.1878, for a box of dimension X: 64.2332, Y: 40.2828, Z: 41.8202. The natural compounds were chosen based on their absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity characteristics, as well as other drug-like characteristics computed in Swiss ADME and pkCSM software. Four compounds, Gedunin (-7.2 kCal/mol), Curryanine (-7.1 kCal/mol), Mahanimbinine (-6.6 kCal/mol) and Mahanine (-6.5 kCal/mol) with good inhibition for the S. aureus pathogen were discovered to exhibit better docking scores compared to Prednisone (- 6.1 kcal/mol) (control drug). The studied Phytoconstituents of A. indica and M. koennigii thus can be used as inhibitors of SA pathogen (7TIO) in the fight against AE disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]