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Lung cancer (LC) is a highly invasive malignancy and the leading cause of cancer-related deaths, with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) as its most prevalent histological subtype. Despite all breakthroughs achieved in drug development, the prognosis of NSCLC remains poor. The mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling cascade (MAPKC) is a complex network of interacting molecules that can drive oncogenesis, cancer progression, and drug resistance when dysregulated. Over the past decades, MAPKC components have been used to design MAPKC inhibitors (MAPKCIs), which have shown varying efficacy in treating NSCLC. Thus, recent studies support the potential clinical use of MAPKCIs, especially in combination with other therapeutic approaches. This article provides an overview of the MAPKC and its inhibitors in the clinical management of NSCLC. It addresses the gaps in the current literature on different combinations of selective inhibitors while suggesting two particular therapy approaches to be researched in NSCLC: parallel and aggregate targeting of the MAPKC. This work also provides suggestions that could serve as a potential guideline to aid future research in MAPKCIs to optimize clinical outcomes in NSCLC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Breast cancer is the most common neoplasm worldwide, with more than 2.2 million cases and 680,000 deaths each year. Despite all clinical advances, the prognosis of patients with metastatic disease remains poor, with a five-year survival rate of 25%. Breast tumors profiling has led to the association of microRNAs with various biological processes such as the immune response, a reaction specific to early stages, highlighting their potential as prognostic biomarkers. In this regard, based on a molecular interaction network and on an in silico expression analysis, our study evaluated the abundance level of miR-21-5p, miR-155-5p and miR-181a-5p, looking for its correlation with the immune profile rendered by CCL20, EGR1, TGF-β and TNF-α genes in 30 cases of stage T1/2 breast cancer. According to our results, both the panel of microRNAs and genes associated with proinflammatory reactions were found to be overexpressed in tumor tissues compared to non-tumoral ones. Moreover, according to literature, CCL20, EGR1, TGF-β and TNF-α genes are involved in the pathogenesis and progression of breast cancer. Therefore, the overexpression of miR-21-5p, miR-155-5p and miR-181a-5p could have a negative prognostic value in early stages and could help stratify patients. However, our observations require further validations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]