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This study investigates households’ car ownership decisions in response to changes in vehicle quota control and transport infrastructure in Singapore. Unlike previous cross-sectional studies, we calibrate a dynamic car ownership model with a pseudo panel constructed from repeated cross-sectional travel surveys, controlling for the persistence of car ownership and unobserved heterogeneity. We find that the tightening of vehicle quota control and improved rail transit accessibility have reduced households’ desire to purchase cars. The long-run effect of these two policies is larger than their short-run effect due to the existence of true state dependence. The impact of expressway-network expansion is insignificant.

Using a large multi-country survey and new pseudo panel dataset, we investigate the spending response of consumers to their beliefs about future inflation. The analysis exploits the deviation of expected inflation from the currently perceived inflation rate - a choice motivated by local approximation of the traditional Euler equation. This helps control for unobserved heterogeneity and highlights a positive and economically relevant spending response that is generalised in the population and across countries. Also a stronger positive response is observed when the lower bound is binding, thus lending credence to the stabilisation properties of higher inflation expectations during such episodes.

Access to Britain’s highly-resourced private schools matters because of concerns surrounding social mobility. Using the UK Family Resources Survey, we document a high and mostly stable income conce...

While pseudo‐panels are useful when only repeated cross‐section data are available, estimates are likely to be attenuated and suffer from sampling error if cell sizes (number of individuals grouped together in a cohort) are too few. However, there is no consensus on how large cell size needs to be, with recommendations ranging from 100 to several thousands. This is due to sampling error being affected by both cell size and three important types of variation in the cohort data (across and within cohorts and over time). We combine these into a single metric, called CAWAR, and demonstrate its relationship to sampling error using Monte Carlo simulations and an empirical application. We produce recommended values for CAWAR beyond which sampling error bias is minimal and from these one can easily calculate the required cell size.

The objective of this study is to identify the effect of public funding instruments on the innovation expenditure intensity, percentage of innovative sales, and the number of intellectual property ...

This paper represents the first attempt to employ a long series of repeated cross-sectional data from the Kazakhstani National Statistics as the pseudo-panel for estimating returns to schooling. We found the returns to be relatively high and internationally comparable. The cohort effect turned out to be negative, suggesting the interpretation of the business cycle’s impact. The gender gap in returns has additionally been revealed: while females tend to earn less, the returns are higher for them, which can likely be explained by gender differences in labor allocation across sectors and industries and, in turn, explains the higher levels of education amongst women.

Transport pricing and infrastructure investment are widely seen as essential elements in policy packages aiming to address transport challenges. However, their respective and collective causal influences on travel behaviour have not been sufficiently examined. In this study, we investigate the effects of vehicle quota control and transport infrastructure investment on vehicle travel in Singapore, with a pseudo panel created from three repeated cross-sectional household surveys. We find that vehicle quota control has a substantial influence on vehicle usage by constraining car ownership. However, this mitigation effect might be partially offset by the higher car usage among car owners who want to make more out of their investment in private cars, confirming the existence of sunk cost effect in transport pricing. Careful design of vehicle quota control policies is thus necessary to avoid the overuse issue. We also find that rail transit network expansion reduces vehicle usage, while expressway network expansion increases it. An integrated approach that combines pricing measures to discourage vehicle usage and public transport investment to provide alternatives to driving may be more effective in achieving transport sustainability.

This paper focuses on the substitution effects between different comercial presentations of tobacco in Spain. Concretely, on cigarettes, cigars and RYO. When taxing policies increase tobacco prices these effects might lead changes from more expensive to cheaper products instead of reducing tobacco consumption. We use micro-data for the years 2006 -2012. We estimate a complete model of demand. The own-price, the income and the cross elasticity of each good are estimated. The results show that the own-price elasticity of cigarettes is low and the income elasticity of cigarettes’ demand is very low. Thus in Spain smokers continue to buy cigarettes when the price of cigarettes increases and when cigarette consumers income declines. Moreover the substitutability relationship of cigarettes for cigars and RYO is weak. Thus, cigarettes smokers in Spain are loyal to this product and consider it a normal good. Moreover, cigar consumption presents high own-price and income elasticities, so cigars are luxury goods. Thus unlike cigarettes, cigar sales fall when cigar prices rise or cigar consumers income falls. Finally, RYO and cigarettes are substitutes goods and RYO and cigars are not substitute ones. That means that RYO and cigarettes can satisfy the same need; then to satisfy it the consumers can use almost indistinctibly the one or the other. This is not the case between RYO and cigars.

In this paper, we aim to provide robust estimates of wage returns to education in Ethiopia. Previous estimates vary widely based on the scope and size of the study sample, variables employed, and e...

Using a unique district-level panel dataset, we investigate the effect of banking system penetration on financial inclusion in Ghana. To purge potential endogeneity bias in the underlying relationship, we exploit a change in the policy environment of the Ghanaian banking system to instrument for banking system penetration. We show, first, that the switch from a compartmentalized system of banking to a universal banking system in Ghana has resulted in an expansion of banks' branch networks, which has benefited hitherto financially less developed districts.

PurposeThe evolution of firm level practices over time has always been a keen area of interest for management scholars. However, in comparison to other social scientists, particularly economists, the relative dearth of firm level panel data sets has restricted the methodological options for exploring inter-temporal changes.Design/methodology/approachThis paper applies a pseudo panel methodology to investigate the evolution of training spend at the firm level over time.FindingsThe analysis is framed within a varieties of capitalism lens and by adopting a more meaningful approach to examining changes over time it leads us to question some of the “truisms” linked to firms expected behaviours within different national institutional frameworks.Research limitations/implicationsAs with any large-scale quantitative analysis, it would always benefits from a larger number of observations and/or a longer time period, in this instance access to annual data rather than 4 or 5 year intervals would have been helpful.Practical implicationsBy adopting a different, and more appropriate, approach to analysing existing cross-sectional data over time this empirical research helps to achieve a deeper understanding of the complex issues that influence decision making at the firm level.Social implicationsAt the firm level, in line with the practical implications above, this will enable decision makers to achieve a deeper understanding of the evolution of the external context in which they operate and the likely influence of that evolution within their own organisation.Originality/valueThis approach enables a more meaningful exploration of inter-temporal changes in situations where longitudinal data does not exist.

International audience; To explore alternative organisational approaches used to carry out the microfinance activity, this paper compares gaps in performance of microfinance institutions (MFIs) depending on their ownership status (Privately-owned vs. NGO) and decomposes them into efficiency and technological gaps. By using a pseudo-panel Malmquist index approach to MFIs in the Latin America and Caribbean region, the selected approach overcomes the problem of different numbers of observations per year and avoids the need to pool all MFIs together to analyze group differences. Performance of MFIs is investigated from a global standpoint over the 2005-2013 period. Turning points in the performance of MFIs are closely related to recent financial crises. Privately-owned MFIs outperformed NGOs, except when the 2008- and 2011-financial crises hurt the sector. During these hard times, privately-owned companies appear less performing that NGOs, with productive frontiers most often diverging.

Using a unique district-level panel data set, we investigate the effect of banking system penetration on financial inclusion in Ghana. To purge potential endogeneity bias in the underlying relationship, we exploit a change in the policy environment of the Ghanaian banking system to instrument for banking system penetration. We show, first, that the switch from a compartmentalized system of banking to a universal banking system in Ghana has resulted in an expansion of banks' branch networks, which has benefited hitherto financially less developed districts. Second, our instrumental variable evidence suggests that banking system penetration promotes financial inclusion-notably, access to bank credit and to formal credit. The results of this paper provide important insights into the role of policy in enhancing financial inclusion.

Angesichts wachsender gesellschaftlicher Spannungen und kontroverser Diskussionen um die staatliche Verantwortung fur sozialen Zusammenhalt findet das freiwillige Engagement in Deutschland in Politik und Offentlichkeit derzeit eine hohe Aufmerksamkeit. Damit gerat auch die Frage in den Blick, inwieweit Weiterbildung freiwilliges Engagement fordern kann. Die Teilnahme an Weiterbildung innerhalb eines freiwilligen Engagements zielt auf die Befahigung der Teilnehmenden, ihre Tatigkeit so auszuuben, dass sie eigenen und fremden Erwartungen gerecht wird und somit die Beibehaltung des Engagements fordert. Weiterbildungen innerhalb freiwilligem Engagements werden grostenteils staatlich finanziert. Vor diesem Hintergrund gehen wir davon aus, dass mit steigenden Weiterbildungsquoten auch der Wert steigt, der freiwilligem Engagement allgemein zugeschrieben wird, so dass die Engagierten zusatzlich motiviert werden, ihr Engagement fortzufuhren. Wahrend der Zusammenhang zwischen individueller Teilnahme und der Dauer des freiwilligen Engagements bereits vielfach untersucht wurde, ist weitgehend offen, ob sich auch fur die Makroebene, d. h. fur die Ebene der offentlichen Wertzuschreibung von Weiterbildung, der beschriebene Zusammenhang nachweisen lasst. Periodische Querschnittsdaten des Deutschen Freiwilligensurvey ermoglichen uns die Konstruktion eines Pseudo-Panels, anhand dessen wir mit Kohorten fixen Effekten den Zusammenhang testen, ob die Weiterbildungsquote einen Effekt auf die durchschnittliche Dauer freiwilligen Engagements innerhalb einer Kohorte hat. Unsere Ergebnisse deuten auf einen starken und positiven Zusammenhang hin und unterstutzten somit die Annahme, dass durch Investitionen in Weiterbildungsmasnahmen fur freiwillig Engagierte freiwilliges Engagement nachhaltig gestarkt werden kann.

One of the most pressing arguments against unpaid internships is that they impose a barrier to upward economic mobility. Intern experience leads to better employment outcomes, yet only individuals from relatively advantaged backgrounds can afford an unpaid stint of three to six months, resulting in unequal access for individuals of more modest means. This could be particularly relevant in an international organization context, where individuals from a broad spectrum of nationalities are employed. Using a unique intern dataset, I test this hypothesis in a pseudo-panel linear probability model of paid versus unpaid internships, conditional on two proxies for equality of opportunity: parents education and developing country origin. I find that having more highly educated parents leads to a 30% higher chance of taking an unpaid internship, confirming the unequal access hypothesis; however, more surprisingly, I find that individuals from developing countries are much more likely to take an unpaid internship (75% higher) than their developed country counterparts. These results are robust to several different specifications, yet contradict cross-section OLS estimates, suggesting that the influence of unobserved time-invariant heterogeneity is substantial.

The extant literature on firm-level innovation has primarily focused on the driving forces of successful innovation; thus, paying less attention to obstacles associated with innovation inputs and outputs. On the other hand, most studies on innovation impediments have concentrated on financial obstacles, overlooking other kinds of barriers as important for companies engaged in innovation. This article fills this gap by studying the impact of perceived obstacles on a set of inputs to and outputs from the innovation process. Empirical results based on the 6th-10th Chile Business Innovation Surveys confirm that perceived non-financial obstacles, such as knowledge, cooperation, market, demand, and regulation, are as important as perceived financial impediments.

This research evaluates the impact of public funding on the probability of performing various innovative activities in Chilean firms during the period of 2007–2014, using binary choice models appli...

The paper presents an investigation of the temporal transferability of activity scheduling process models and a Meta model of activity scheduling processed by using repeated cross-sectional datasets. Three repeated cross-sectional household travel survey datasets collected in the greater Toronto and Hamilton Area in the years 2001, 2006, and 2011 are used for the investigation. A random utility maximization based dynamic activity scheduling model is utilized to develop activity-travel scheduling models for non-workers and workers separately. Individual year-specific models are compared to identify the temporal stability of the effects of different variables in the model. Results are used to define temporal evolution components in the Meta models. Estimated models are tested for temporal transferability. Different transferability measures are used to test the temporal transferability of cross-sectional year-specific and the Meta models. Results demonstrate an approach of effectively using multiple repeated cross-sectional datasets as pseudo panel data to develop Meta models to improve the temporal transferability of activity scheduling models.

This paper tests the empirical validity of the consumption risk-sharing hypothesis across urban and rural regions in Turkey. For this purpose, I analyze fourteen consecutive waves of the TURKSTAT Household Budget Surveys from 2003 to 2016 and prepare a pseudo-panel data set for birth-year cohorts. The empirical analysis shows that there is imperfect consumption risk-sharing between birth-year cohorts in Turkey. We observe that the growth of cohort consumption is positively and significantly associated with both the growth of cohort income and the growth of aggregate consumption. Finally, we find that cohorts would have sacrificed modest amounts to insure their consumption.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine if child labour can have long-term consequences on children’s health status. Design/methodology/approach To capture this relationship, this paper uses the Brazilian National Household Survey (PNAD) conducted in 1998, 2003 and 2008, structured as a pseudo panel and estimated using a fractional response model. Findings The results show that child labour is negatively associated with child’s health status, and the longer the hours worked, the worse is the child’s health status. The authors also observe that hazardous labour had a three times higher negative effect on the child’s health and those who worked in service sectors are more prone to having a worse health status. Originality/value The study shows that different children’s occupations may have very different impacts on children’s health and indicates that despite the fact that Brazil has a strict law prohibiting child labour, the share of children working is still high and this work has a negative impact on child’s health.

This paper analyzes the relationship between house prices and household consumption in Turkey. We utilize twelve consecutive waves of the Turkish Statistical Institute (TURKSTAT) Household Budget Surveys (HBS) from 2003 to 2014. We construct a pseudo-panel data set using birth-year cohorts following Deaton (1985). We find that house price changes have a positive and significant effect on the growth of cohort consumption. Moreover, the effect of house price changes is stronger for home-owners and it intensifies as we move from young cohorts to old cohorts. We observe that there is a marginally significant and relatively weak relationship between the growth of cohort consumption and house price changes for tenants. However, our pooled sample set is restricted to young and middle-aged cohorts for tenants. In addition, we find that the rise of home-ownership ratio increases the growth of cohort consumption, while the spread of having outstanding housing debt depresses the growth of cohort consumption. Therefore, our empirical findings are in favor of the wealth channel argument.

This study analyzes the effects of socio-economic factors on the real wage rates for male workers in India over the period 1983–2010. In particular, we examine the role of human capital by estimating the Mincerian wage equation. We construct a regional level pseudo-panel data set for our analysis. Our findings show that while the return to primary education is remarkably high, the returns to other, higher, levels of education are equally remarkably low for all of India taken together, becoming progressively so as the level of education increases. These findings are in contradistinction to those of the other studies on returns to education in India, all of which, however, have relied on cross-sectional data for their analyses. We also find relatively little effects of caste, tribe and religion on real wage rates in India, suggesting that these factors may not be as important as is sometimes believed.

National audience; Angus Deaton, distingué en 2015 par le Prix en sciences économiques de la Sveriges Riksbank en l’honneur d’Alfred Nobel, a commencé sa carrière en Grande-Bretagne avant de rejoindre l’Université Princeton où il enseigne depuis une trentaine d’années. Il est actuellement Professeur sur la chaire Dwight D. Eisenhower of Economic and International Affairs du Département d’Économie de cette Université. L’académie Nobel a distingué son analyse des différents aspects de la consommation des ménages : « la consommation des biens et services joue un rôle essentiel pour le bien-être des populations. La compréhension de cette relation importe en particulier pour la définition de politiques économiques et sociales appropriées. Angus Deaton a examiné le lien de la consommation des ménages avec le développement économique de nos sociétés en étudiant sa dépendance aux changements des prix, sa relation à l’épargne et aux divers types de revenu des ménages. Ses analyses ont montré de quelle manière les données statistiques pouvaient servir à l’analyse du bien-être, de la pauvreté et du développement économique ».

Unemployment in South Africa has multiple causes. This article uses a district pseudo-panel to estimate the elasticity of labour demand, labour supply and unemployment with respect to wages. We assess whether hiring decisions are more sensitive to increases in wages of low-paid workers than high-paid workers, and whether wage growth prompts entry into the labour market. These channels combine to result in the positive causal effect of wage growth on unemployment. The research investigates whether these effects are dominated by districts in which unionisation rates are high and employment is concentrated in large firms. Wage growth of middle-paid to highly paid workers – as opposed to low-paid workers – reduces local labour demand and raises local unemployment. Bargaining arrangements correspond closely to the spatial wage distribution; in turn, a large part of the impact that wage growth has on labour market outcomes is determined by these wage-setting institutions.

This chapter reports the effects of the Chilean Criminal Procedure Reform on trust in the police. It reports the changes in public attitudes towards the police using a pseudo-panel model constructed with the data of the Chilean Crime Survey. The results show an increase in public trust towards police forces (Carabineros and Policia de Investigaciones). It shows a differential increase in support, being it higher for Policia de Investigaciones. Finally, over the analysed period, there is a trend towards a higher support for police forces, being the time in the Criminal Procedure Reform one of the main predictors.

The relationship between proximity to energy development and public support is inconsistent. Research indicates that proximity to fossil fuels is associated with higher support for that fuel source, yet these relationships vary across time and space and have rarely been studied for renewable energy. We use two waves of a U.S. national survey and novel propensity-score-based pseudo panel methods to analyze how proximity to renewable energy influences public support for its expanded use. Results indicate proximity to renewable energy development does not predict support, and panel regression results suggest that growth in local renewable energy has not altered support for renewables. Rather, political factors and climate change risk perceptions are most influential. Unlike fossil fuel industries, proximity to renewable energy does not predict support for using these technologies. Although more research is needed, we suggest that renewables, as of 2016, lack the cultural and social significance of fossil fuels.

Aims Although some studies have assessed traditional and herbal medicines (THM) in different regions in Iran, no study investigates the determinants of THM in Iran. This study, for the first time, examines factors affecting the utilization and expenditure on THM in Iran over the period between 2009 and 2016. Method The Iranian Household Income and Expenditures Survey (HIES) (n = 310,617) was used to measure and identify the main determinants of THM from 2009 to 2016. A Tobit model for the pseudo panel data was employed to examine the effect of household income, household wealth, household size, number of males in the household, number of literate members in the household and average age of household members on THM in Iran. Results The average monthly use of herbal medicine and traditional medicine among Iranian households were 0.0683 and 0.0015 times, respectively. Results suggested that socioeconomic characteristics of households significantly influenced the utilization of THM: wealthier households and households with a higher number of literate members had a higher consumption of herbal medicine compared to their respective counterparts. There were also positive associations between household income and expenditures and utilization of herbal medicine in Iran. Conclusion This study revealed lower utilization and expenditures on THM in Iran than the corresponding figures in some Asian countries. The results demonstrated a higher consumption of herbal medicine among socioeconomically advantaged households in Iran.

We use a pseudo-panel data approach to analyze the relationship between the consumptions of cigarettes, alcohol, and coffee in a rational addiction framework. We find that while cigarette and coffee demands fit well with the rational addiction model, alcohol demand conforms to a model with inventory effects. The results suggest that alcohol consumption increases the marginal utility derived from consumption of cigarettes. Increasing alcohol prices would decrease not only the consumption of alcohol, but also the consumption of cigarettes. On the other hand, increasing cigarette prices do not have the same effect on consumption of alcohol. The cross-price elasticity of coffee with respect to cigarette price is positive and significant which suggests that coffee substitutes for cigarettes when cigarette prices increase. The cross-price elasticity of alcohol with respect to coffee price is found to be negative and significant. On the other hand, Morishima elasticities of substitution indicate that cigarette, alcohol and coffee substitute each other along the indifference curve when relative prices change.

This paper studies the effects of teenage motherhood on later educational and labor market achievement of the mothers. We construct a pseudo panel from the Brazilian Household Surveys (the 1992–2004 PNADs) and from the Health Ministry data (DATASUS 1981–1992) by state of birth and cohort. We find that the effects of teenage pregnancy are much stronger for high school completion and labor market participation than for schooling or wages. A reduction in teenage pregnancy by one standard deviation explains (i) 9.2% of the increase in high school completion and (ii) 5.4% of the increase in women's labor market participation, as observed over 10 cohort years. Lifecycle results show that the gains in terms of high school education are greater for younger than for older women, suggesting that women who give birth as teenagers tend to catch up with high school education while young but not as they become older. The results on labor market participation show persistent teenage motherhood effects. Este artigo analisa os efeitos da maternidade na adolescência sobre os níveis de escolaridade e resultados no mercado de trabalho dessas mães. Foi construído um pseudo painel a partir das Pesquisas Nacionais por Amostra de Domicílios (PNADs 1992-2004) e dos dados do Ministério da Saúde (DATASUS 1981-1992) por Estado de nascimento e coorte. Os resultados indicam que os efeitos da gravidez precoce são muito mais fortes para a conclusão do ensino médio e participação no mercado de trabalho do que para anos de estudo ou salários. Um redução na gravidez na adolescência de um desvio-padrão explica (i) 9,2% do aumento na conclusão do ensino médio e (ii) 5,4% do aumento na participação feminina no mercado de trabalho, como observado ao longo de 10 anos de coortes. Resultados da análise do ciclo de vida mostram que os ganhos em termos de conclusão do ensino médio são maiores para adolescentes mais jovens do que para as mais velhas, o que sugere que as mulheres que são mães na adolescência tendem a concluir o ensino médio, quando são mais jovens, mas não quando são mais velhas. Os resultados sobre a participação no mercado de trabalho mostram que os efeitos da maternidade na adolescência são persistentes.

Over the last few years, the Mediterranean diet has received growing attention as it represents a sustainable diet in which nutrition, local food production, biodiversity, culture and sustainability are strongly interconnected, with a low impact on the environment. By using repeated cross-sections of the ISTAT “Aspects of daily-life” survey over the period 1997-2012, we assess prevailing food patterns among Italians and explore the socio-economic and lifestyle determinants of their adherence to the Mediterranean diet.