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If community colleges are to remain relevant, they must be future-oriented, and responsive to demographic and labor force shifts. The Get Skilled, Get a Job, Give Back initiative (G3) was implemented during the 2021-22 academic year to retain economically disadvantaged students, improve community college completion, and help students graduate into productive jobs with the ultimate goal of boosting Virginia's economy. G3 is an attempt to make postsecondary education and workforce development systems in Virginia more capable and successful in preparing Virginians for available jobs. The aim of this policy review is to examine the current details of the policy and explore its surrounding contextual influences, while also acknowledging limitations of the policy and program. It is imperative to continue thoughtful deliberation and planning regarding strategic and evolving practices that meet current and future needs of Virginia's community college students, as well as Virginia's workforce and businesses. Changes must be made to address G3's funding to ensure that this program can continue to help economically disadvantaged students and ultimately boost the Commonwealth's economy. Changes must also be made to extend the benefits of G3 to more students and should be made available to a wider range of high-demand fields. In the coming years, more clarity on G3 will emerge and the Commonwealth will be better positioned to make data-informed decisions on the longevity of the program.

Collegiality and the contribution to the sustenance of the academy through academic citizenship are central to commonly held conceptions of what it is to be a university. This study investigates the articulation and recognition of academic citizenship through institutional promotion criteria, including both traditional research and teaching-focussed career pathways. The study adopts a qualitative research approach and examines promotion criteria from a sample of 55 mid-sized universities in the UK. Findings point to a progressive shift in formal recognition of service activities associated with citizenship as part of the core academic workload. Institutional service is pervasive across all academic roles and levels, student service is largely invisible, and activities associated with public service are most notably acknowledged in traditional academic roles at the professorial level. The evolving nature of expectations of citizenship necessitates a more nuanced consideration of the core dimensions of an academic role and citizenship activities to ensure equity and inclusivity in career progression.

Although multimodality has received vigorous attention and debate in English as a foreign language (EFL) research and classroom pedagogies, the practicality of using multimodal activities in curricula that are designed to teach language skills rather than multimodality is under researched. This paper contributes to the ongoing need for practical applications of multimodality in classroom contexts by describing how a multimodal video project was introduced into an EFL classroom in a Japanese university. The class was following a communicative curriculum prescribed by the university, which had not previously focused on multimodal approaches. The multimodal project was used to assess student's communicative performance. The students worked in groups to create public service announcement (PSA) videos, with the aim of delivering an informative message to highlight a health or social issue that they felt was important. In the project the students: (1) analysed several PSA videos; (2) researched social and health issues; and (3) worked together to plan, film, and edit a final digital product that was displayed in class for their peers. The authors found that the multimodal project worked successfully as a means of assessing communicative language because it generated a wide range of learning opportunities for improvement in English language proficiency and the students could engage in communicative activities with a high degree of autonomy and motivation. Moreover, students could gain experience communicating through multimodal platforms and improve their understanding of multimodal literacies. However, the multimodal project created challenges for the teacher in how to give effective feedback on students linguistic output as well as their multimodal output within the constraints of a busy language classroom.

The use of algorithms and automation of public services is not new, but in recent years there has been a step change in processing power and a decrease in the price of these technologies, which means we are seeing more widespread use. These advances are reframing our perception of what matters in ways that impact the ethical dimensions of day-to-day life. In turn, these changes challenge long-standing assumptions about public service ethics and how it is taught. In this multidisciplinary authored paper, we argue that public service leaders must be attentive to ethical questions that converge around adopting "data-driven" techniques, including algorithmic decision-making. Algorithmic and technology focused ethics question assumptions about the current deficits within public service ethics pedagogy in public service programs and university programs and the future direction of the discipline. To do so raises longstanding but neglected questions about the public services' role in the state and recovering what Rohr refers to as the 'ethics of the office.' This, we argue, will have implications for teaching public service ethics.

The audiences of generalist television's newscasts reflect that the viewers' interests and loyalties are constantly changing. Research shows that several elements influence the success of programs and formats, but in this paper, we draw attention to the factors that determine the credibility of newscasts. We also want to know how pluralism is safeguarded in newscasts, as we consider that credibility and pluralism are two intertwined values that influence one another. As credibility is a subjective value, it is required to find new information criteria that is suitable and of the utmost rigor. The main aim is to delve into whether there is a consensus on the basic parameters for the definition, identification, and assessment of credibility of nationwide public service media in Spain. Moreover, we are also interested in whether audience figures can be used to determine the degree of trust of newscasts. The analysis brings forward the observations of researchers, scholars and media professionals that offer a vision on the different approaches that integrate the multiple aspects affecting news consumption and interpretation. We conclude that credibility is a concept composed of multidimensional components, resulting from a process where different filters condition fact perception. That is why a story can have different meanings, related to the different point of views of citizens.

This paper will analyze the concept of Public Service Delivery as a Learning Cities in the Local Government Sector. The research has got great potential for Public Service Delivery as a Learning Cities based on the examples of Well-managed local government awards Thailand continuously awarded. The design adopted in the research used quantitative and qualitative methods to identify the most common factors contributing to Public Service Delivery in Learning Cities' backgrounds. The results showed that overall public service arrangements for local authorities for the fiscal year 2022 were good, accounting for 81.92% ([x-bar]=4.10, S.D.= 1.08) . The main points are the development of educational management, the development of learner potential, and the promotion of customs. Traditions, arts, culture, local wisdom, and tourism are at a reasonable level, and public services to promote the city of learning are connected to each issue of public service arrangements. The city of learning policy is managed through the development of policy networks through public learning activities that Knowledge Management and Urban Learning Manager However, analysis to find out. Gap Analysis found that the key gaps needed to be developed: demand side policy and Supply Side of policy Actor is Still very inconsistent. This issue is local; it needs to be more developed.

Purpose: Vocational education in Hong Kong suffers from an image problem. Stakeholders often perceive it as a second-best option for those who fail to advance in academic education. In 2016, to promote vocational education, the Hong Kong government launched a publicity campaign and rebranded vocational education and training (VET) as vocational and professional education and training (VPET). This study critically analyzes the new discourse crafted by this campaign and assesses its potential to change VPET's status. Design/methodology/approach: This study applies critical discourse analysis to the set of television public service advertisements produced as part of the government publicity campaign. Findings: The messaging of the publicity campaign consists of two major discursive strategies. One stresses the ability to find self-fulfillment through VPET. The other stresses the academic ability and middle-class status of VPET students as well as the non-manual and high-end career opportunities for graduates. While the first strategy offers a new basis on which to value VPET, the second recreates assumptions about the value of academic achievement and what constitutes respectable employment, even as it attempts to challenge stereotypes. It reinforces that the ultimate goal of education is financial gain and social status. It overlooks other values of education and the potential value of VPET in enhancing individual choice and agency. Research limitations/implications: Discourse analysis does not provide information about audience perceptions and interpretations. Social implications: The government could consider reframing their messaging in terms of the diverse values and experiences of VPET students. Highlighting the values that VPET students themselves see in their education provides alternative discourses that can better challenge hegemonic ideas. Originality/value: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first discourse analysis of the government's publicity campaign to promote VPET.

This article analyzes a Participatory Action Research (PAR) Project focused on improving public safety and community lighting in one Latinx immigrant community in California as a case example to better understand the possibilities for university-community-government partnerships. The article explores residents' motivations for their sustained participation in the project, the relationships and power dynamics that led to a $100,000 commitment from the city government to fund the recommendations of the PAR collective, and the social contexts that allowed community residents to position themselves as community leaders as the PAR project progressed over the 2021-2022 academic year. This case example illustrates how including key stakeholders from powerful community institutions in the PAR process not only created opportunities for dialogue and social change that would not have occurred without this collaboration, but also provided critical spaces for the women to develop their stance as political actors in relationship to people in power.

Aspects of public service often involve tasks sometimes considered taboo, including working with grit, grime, blood, guts, grease, and stigmatized populations. Yet scholarship in our field directly incorporating dirty work remains limited yet growing. Importantly, if MPA students are not trained in how to work with and manage public sector employees engaged in such work, there is a chance for misunderstanding and mismanagement. In this paper, we draw on the concept of dirty work and showcase several ways how it can be incorporated into the MPA curriculum through topics such as regulation and compliance, emotional labor, budgeting and procurement, and public health. We rely on stories from deathcare workers throughout the U.S. to supplement the points. A dirty work practitioner from a large Iowa medical examiner department lends expertise in each section, and we conclude with case scenarios and questions for incorporating dirty work into MPA classes.

Decades of scholarship on teaching and learning affirm the benefits of public service internships on student learning outcomes. Studies emphasize how hands-on fieldwork can increase students' substantive knowledge, political efficacy, trust in government, and civic participation, among other factors. However, most articles treat internships equally without accounting for the variation in the institutionalization of experiential-learning programs within and across universities. We theorize that more structured internship programs (e.g., more student credits, intentionally designed curricula, additional faculty guidance) yield larger impacts on learning objectives centered on civic culture and education. We test this theory by analyzing three years of student data from two public universities' fieldwork programs. We compare pretest and posttest survey results from undergraduates (1) participating in structured public service internship programs run in a state capital, (2) participating in internships pursued independently, and (3) majoring in a social science degree but having yet to complete an internship. We find that students pursuing a solo internship or via a structured program begin and end with higher political knowledge, efficacy, civic engagement, and related attitudes than the control group. We also find the more systematized an internship experience, the bigger the effect on key student learning outcomes. These results underscore how political science departments can fortify civic culture through more structured public service internship programs.

Universities attend to multiple demands, making it challenging to identify their particular academic project, which can be defined as how the university understands its key purposes and develops its organisation and activities in service of such. While the three pillars of higher education -- teaching, research, and service -- are cited as being core to the modern university, it is the nexus between them that provides the particular institutional identity and purpose. While nexuses exist in every university, the form such nexuses take varies considerably across university types, geographical contexts, student bodies, and programmes. We investigate the nature of the nexuses in one South African university through an analysis of observations, interviews, documents, and a survey. The study suggests that several mechanisms strengthen the nexuses of this university, including geographical positioning, institutional history and an explicitly articulated set of values. It cautions however that the nexuses can be constrained by other mechanisms at play. We argue that there is need for reflecting on and strengthening nexuses within universities in the interests of clarifying the specific academic project. Without this, universities can be swayed in any direction and can lose sight of the identity they would like to claim for themselves.

This study examined motivators of preservice teachers (PSTs) for pursuing a teaching career. We used latent profile analysis to identify four profiles of PSTs based on their scores on personal utility value, civic mindedness, and intentions for future professional engagement. Using logistic regression, we identified motivational differences among PST content areas and latent profiles. We found that early childhood education students had higher motivation scores than students from other certification areas across different profiles. We discussed recommendations related to these findings for teacher education programs, especially for identity development and nurturing the civic motivations of PSTs who aspire to use their teaching to improve their communities.

The growing demand for language mediation across different domains of public service interpreting (PSI) poses a challenge for policymakers, stakeholders (institutional representatives, clients), and traditional interpreter education institutions. Alongside university-based interpreter education, different training formats have emerged internationally to meet the increased need for training. Based on a systematic review of extra-university training formats in Austria, this contribution presents the results of a qualitative follow-up study drawing upon data from semi-structured interviews with providers. The aim was to investigate whether entrance assessment procedures are employed by course providers when selecting course participants, and, if so, which they are and what motives lie behind providers' decisions for particular admission procedures. Our study shows that while there is considerable commitment to offering customer-tailored courses to heterogeneous groups of trainees, the training formats differ and there seems to be little communication among providers regarding the establishment and adequacy of different formats for student selection.

The purpose of this study was to Local Governments' Education Strategy on the Public Service Delivery for Learning City. This study uses case studies to collect and analyze data, generate inductions, empirical observations, and SWOT analysis. Driving Thailand's Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) policy showed that the area conditions were in place. Situations, environments, limitations, and highlights affect the targeting of public services. Local government education development strategies are constantly pushing local education policies. Building knowledge by developing 20 local courses in generating income for the community has a policy of "Creative City," including livable city, tourist town, investment city, and city to study. Under the critical base of thinking of executives who believe that education is the most potent weapon. In addition, to driving local education policy, A strong community committee is needed. Public participation plays an essential role in the development of cities. Some operations are conducive to driving the city of learning--continuous development of knowledge plans. There are programs to support learning at all ages that go through education work and professional policy network management. This is an important strategy to develop local education aligned with the Sustainable Education Development Goals.

This study aims to explore whether an introductory undergraduate course in Public Administration might be an appropriate educational tool for enhancing public service motivation (PSM) among undergraduate students. A quasi-experimental design involves surveying participants both before and after the intervention (taking an Introduction to Public Administration course) to examine whether their levels of PSM increase as a result of the intervention. The hypotheses were tested by comparing 96 students exposed to an intervention (experimental group) with 166 students who were not exposed (control group). There was no significant change in the total score of PSM and its individual dimensions before and after the intervention in both groups, and so the Introduction to Public Administration course was not effective in enhancing the level of PSM. The implications and limitations of this quasi-experiment are also discussed.

Public administration educators in the United States have renewed their interest in incorporating an international perspective into their teaching. Why is this perspective important for students and how can educators integrate it meaningfully? In this article, I provide an argument for the internationalization of public administration curricula, generate nine "principles of practice" to help guide internationalization efforts, and specify two broad strategies through which an international dimension can be integrated into public administration curricula--one for leveraging comparative material in domestically-focused curricula and another for developing a distinct and standalone internationally-focused specialization.

Participation is a key issue in understanding didactic dynamics. On the one hand, youth participatory cultures are described as incorporating gaming, multitasking, transmedia navigation and networking; on the other hand, the pre-digital meaning of participation retains a political value related to individual commitment for the common good and to socio-constructivist learning design. There is a connection among community, participation and learning, as the tradition of communities of practice highlights (Wenger, 1998, 2000). The present article introduces and discusses the results of the research focussing on the course for civil protection operators engaged in voluntary public assistance service. The course was delivered online following the lockdown measures enacted in response to the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Three specific dimensions were examined: (a) the trainer's role; (b) group dynamics; and (c) online participation. It was possible to compare these data with those collected in occasion of other training courses delivered face to face before the 2020 healthcare emergency. The research was conducted as a multimethod case study using quantitative and qualitative tools.

This paper examines the role of language policy and needs assessments in the provision of public services to regional minority and immigrant language speakers in the UK and Finland. Semi-structured interviews with service providers in Helsinki, Rovaniemi, Manchester, and Cardiff revealed how language policy and language needs are conceptualised differently for particular language groups. The paper introduces the "Motivations for Service Provision Spectrum," which illustrates the interconnected nature of language policy, practice, and discourse. This model maps how individual service providers may draw from policy and needs assessment data to facilitate or resist multilingual practices within public service provision. The typologies of policy included in the model construct and frame the public sector environments in which local policy providers exercise their agency. The different policy approaches and needs assessment practices are two salient aspects of local policy actor decision-making. By comparing the provision of services to regional minority languages to that of immigrant languages in the UK and Finland, the study reveals how institutional actors interpret, enact, and explain service provision in increasingly diverse and multilingual settings.

The study aimed to identify the extent to which the faculty members of the Hashemite University use social networks, seen from their point of view, and also aimed to identify if there statistically significant differences in the extent to which the faculty members use social networks, by faculty, country of graduation, academic rank, and years of experience variables. The study's data was collected through a questionnaire distributed to 225 faculty members who were selected in available sample random way in the second semester of the academic year 2019/2020. A tool was developed to measure the faculty members' use, and it consisted of 42 items. The results showed that the degree of social network use among faculty members was high in all disciplines, from the teaching field (highest) to scientific research and the community service field. There were significant differences in social network use due to faculty variable, in favour of science faculty members. And there were significant differences in social network use due to years of experience variable, in favour to the faculty member who has 5-10 years of experience in teaching, but no statistically significant differences in social networks use due to country of graduation and academic position variables. Researchers recommendations to support faculty members and encourage them to evaluate the impact or effects of using different technologies in the educational process.

Teachers constantly struggle to get students actively engaged and invested in their own learning. It can be even more difficult to engage those students in critical thinking and 21st century skills. Problem-based learning (PBL) provides a student-led format with real-life learning experiences, offering a purpose for instruction. By relinquishing control and allowing students to become more involved in their own learning, the teacher is able to become more of a facilitator or guide. Students learn to communicate effectively, take responsibility, and set goals with problem-based learning. If all components of PBL cannot be implemented in the classroom due to time or other factors, choice can still be implemented. Research shows that student choice is one of the largest contributors to student engagement. Because of this, students who are given choice and authentic learning opportunities are more likely to recognize the value and purpose of learning.

This research aims to explore the factors influencing college students' aspirations for careers in public service. More specifically, we examine how gender impacts public service sector preference, in terms of policy advocacy, government positions, and crime and policing as well as their likelihood to apply for such careers. Given a breadth of literature suggesting that women are averse to applying for competitive positions, we survey undergraduate students using mock-up job announcements with minimum qualifications greater than a bachelor's degree. We find some differences in sector preferences and find that women were more likely to apply to public service positions upon graduation. Moreover, experiences related to leadership, coursework, family, qualifications, and learning behaviors influenced interest in specific careers and the likelihood of applying to careers in public service.

The identity of a city matters in a global age. This article explores the discursive construction of the global city's identity in relation to semiotic landscape, using the construction of Shanghai as a global city as a case study. In this increasingly globalising world, Shanghai authorities have recently demonstrated the desire to establish itself as a global city. Under the assumption of city agency in the semiotic practice of public signage, the signs photographed on site at Pudong International Airport of Shanghai were analysed from a critical perspective of multimodal discourse analysis, focusing on identity building for unique selling propositions. Questions addressed include what the identity of the global city looks like in Shanghai and how Shanghai is semioscaped as a global city and thereby its ethos implicitly represented. The findings suggest both global convergences and local particularities in the semioscaping of Shanghai as a global city. It argues that this way of identity building is attributable to the negotiation and contestation of power subject to the social norms, ideologies of a specific city.

Community interpreters (or public service interpreters) work in a variety of contexts, including health, legal, and governmental service provision. Although the field is characterised by diversity, community interpreters may be unified by the relevant professional code of ethics. Previous studies have shown that case deliberation in educational settings can be valuable to practitioners in developing the skills to resolve ethical dilemmas in practice. This study explored ethical dilemmas experienced by community interpreters working in policing and other contexts. Transcripts of interviews with 20 Australian community interpreters were analysed to document the types of ethical dilemmas discussed and the salience of ethical principles in resolving them. Participants referred to all ethical principles from the Australian Code of Ethics. Four themes were identified in the types of dilemmas that participants reported: wanting to help one of the parties, not wanting to say what the parties said, pressure to take on another professional's role, and disagreeing with another interpreter's choices. Participants' resolutions of ethical dilemmas mostly aligned with principles from the Code. The study highlights the significance of professional ethics to community interpreters and provides examples from practice that may be valuable in community interpreter education, training and professional development contexts.

Public affairs programs have long aimed to advance public service education. First defined as preparing public servants for government employment, public affairs programs have expanded to advancing the public interest and governance across all sectors. While modern public affairs programs have become more expansive in how they define public service education and the mechanisms they use to advance education (e.g. applied learning, skills training, professionalization, service learning), they continue to follow a general model of limiting training to those who select into a singular disciplinary track. We outline a new approach to public service education -- Next Generation Service -- which seeks to cultivate public service education to undergraduates outside the core discipline and across campus. We call on public affairs programs to expand their service to the university and broader community by advancing public service values across campus regardless of major.

The renewal of efforts to disrupt or dismantle White supremacy in public service organizations and society has been met by strong cross-currents from the current political and policy climate in the United States. We see efforts by public administration faculty to incorporate more critical perspectives around pedagogy and public service as very hopeful. At the same time, we argue that the tools that administrators may need to disrupt institutionalized racist practices and structures go well beyond self-awareness and individual-level anti-racist actions. We situate public administration as a racialized practice -- an evolving system of institutions and services that perpetuate exclusion, marginalization, and ineffectiveness through public action. In order to disrupt this system, we argue for a more critical approach within public affairs education through participatory models of engagement, where individual-level awareness and skillbuilding are explicitly coupled with organizational change approaches.

Choosing how to recognize community-engaged scholarship in promotion and tenure policies so that it is assessed accurately and fairly remains a relatively new and ongoing challenge for institutions of higher education. This case study examines how one US research university integrated text to recognize community-engaged scholarship across all levels of policy, including university, unit, and department. The terms used within and across policies reveal that while some terms were perpetuated across policies, many more terms proliferated across policies. Using organizational change and signaling theories, analysis raises questions and insights regarding the use of both specificity and ambiguity when choosing and defining terms and the use of terms across faculty roles of teaching, research/creative activity, and service to signal and address legitimacy of community-engaged scholarship within a larger context of institutional values.

In 2013, the state of Texas passed House Bill 5 (HB 5) which established high school course pathways tailored to student interests by labor market area via the Foundation High School Program (FHSP). The pathway options for students include STEM, Arts and Humanities, Business and Industry, Public Service, and Multidisciplinary. While the intent of the new requirements was to improve college and career readiness, the personalization of learning paths tailored to student interests poses the possibility of also increasing engagement resulting in improved attendance. This study uses statewide longitudinal data as well as data from a small, urban Texas school district to examine student attendance pre and post the FHSP. Findings show that regardless of whether a student is in the top 99% of attenders or the bottom 10%, once they start on the STEM endorsement pathway, they experience higher levels of attendance than those in other pathways. Analyses from the Texas school district suggest that positive attendance was driven via STEM-CTE courses, which had the lowest attendance rates prior to the FHSP to the highest attendance rates following the FHSP. Implications for policy and practice are discussed.

The article strives to analyze, systematize and consolidate the findings of empirical research into career orientations of Russian youth through the prism of E. Schein's anchor conception and on the basis of the various versions of his questionnaire. It was revealed that career orientations in adolescence are characterized by low differentiation, declarative nature, low awareness and contradiction. The article shows that youth career anchors are conditioned by such factors as the year of training, gender, training orientation and type of occupation. Female students are generally inclined towards stability, career-family balance and orientation to service, while male students or, in a broader scope, those with masculine-type personality put more value on management.

The aim of this study is to determine how primary school pre-service teachers approach environmental issues via public service announcements and their opinions on them. This study was conducted with case survey model. The study group consisted of 34 primary school pre-service teachers. Data were gathered via public service announcements which are prepared by primary school pre-service teachers and structured interview form. For the analysis of the data, descriptive and content analysis was used. It is determined that pre-service teachers addressed mostly environmental issues about wastes. Primary school pre-service teachers' opinion is more effective to raise awareness if individuals see their behaviors' negative effects and its results on environment on public service announcements. Content which is not definitive does not make sense to primary school pre-service teachers. They appreciate more if the content is more emotional and unique. For this reason, in environmental education, it can be recommended that environmental issues should be reviewed with their different aspects during environmental education. Also it can be recommended that there should be different perspectives about this matter and environmental issues should be associated with real life at environmental education. [This study was presented as an oral presentation at ERPA International Congresses on Education, April 10-12, 2020.]

The key purpose of this study is to analyse the impact of legitimacy, public services, and democracy on the quality of education in the selected Asian economies like India, Pakistan, Malaysia, Indonesia, Afghanistan, China, Nepal, Bangladesh, Turkey, and Saudi Arabia. The data was collected from various sources like world bank, word economic forum, as well as transparency international. The analysis was performed by using EViews and various statistical tests were also applied in order to analyse the trends in data and the relationship between the study variables as well. The results of ARLD test showed that all three dependent variables were significantly associated with the quality of education. Literacy rate was correlated with the rise in quality of education in the long run, as well as the short run. Population growth also showed a rise in quality of education in the long run but not in the short run. Only state democracy showed positive association in the long run but showed no association in the short run. Various limitations in the form of study variables, data analysis, and methods were associated with the current study. Future studies are highly recommended to address these gaps for better implications.

This research focuses on the legal basis for anti-corruption measures in Indonesia and Malaysia and touches upon aspects of enforcement. These two neighboring countries have different legal systems and, of course, their own unique characteristics. That said, these two countries also have many similarities in terms of culture, religion, geography, and social history, and both governments have implemented anti-corruption policies and made corruption a criminal offence. The impact on preventing and combating corruption in both countries has been different, however. In terms of international ratings, Indonesia is at a very high level of corruption, while Malaysia is at a moderate level. This study therefore aims to identify an effective legal basis for anti-corruption and law enforcement strategies that can prevent corruption. The study's methodology employed legal content analysis using a historical, jurisprudence, and comparative approach, with interviews and analytical methods also being critical. The study found that the legal basis for preventing corruption plays a strategic role in enforcing anti-corruption legislation. Thus, the implementation of prevention and the enforcement of anti-corruption laws have different effects. Two approaches for preventing and combating corruption were identified, namely the legal and non-legal approaches. The legal approach focuses on developing and enforcing criminal law with the support of the criminal justice system, and the two countries apply a similar approach here. The non-legal approach, meanwhile, introduces preventive enforcement policies, such as by establishing law enforcement agencies and special courts for corruption and improving public service facilities.

This paper explores how alumni of a multi-term public service program understand the connection between the program and their career development. Qualitative data were collected from 393 alumni based on six open-ended survey questions. While career and professional development is not an explicit goal of the program, a thematic analysis suggests that alumni perceived that the program connected to career reflection, boosted their resume, and guided them toward a public service career or specific jobs.

To improve customer service, some academic libraries have used a service philosophy statement to foster a shared understanding of service standards. The authors conducted semistructured interviews with heads of public services at academic libraries to understand how the service philosophy statement was used in practice and its impact on staff behavior and service quality. Findings indicated that the statement indeed helped staff cultivate a shared understanding, that public service leaders displayed a macro-level understanding of how a statement influences their service culture, and that there is no agreed-upon model for implementation.

How is required public service during college related to later civic behavior? This article reports findings from a survey of 359 alumni, conducted two years after they completed their undergraduate studies at Tulane University. The alumni held positive views of the substantial public service requirement they had completed before graduating and saw it as influencing their later civic attitudes and career development. Public service activities in which they engaged post-graduation involved community service (volunteering, program development) and donations to local and national agencies; they reported little political or formal civic participation. Both co-curricular service and service-learning/public service academic course work during college predicted alumni service activities and civic attitudes. Especially, participation in more advanced and individualized public service academic experiences (public service internships, community-based research, and other advanced service-learning course work) was related to later civic outcomes.

Developing values, interests, and skills for future careers, an important part of career development, is an outcome alumni perceive from participation in service-learning. Using in-depth interviews, this qualitative study of 33 alumni from three service-learning programs suggests rich connections between sustained service-learning experiences (i.e., course-based community engagement programs lasting two or more consecutive terms) and career decisions. More specifically, alumni perceive their engagement in service-learning as facilitating exploration of career possibilities connected to public service and social responsibility.

Qualitative and quantitative research was conducted with undergraduate students majoring in early childhood care and education to explore the impact of service-learning on personal and professional development, as well as to assess satisfaction with the service-learning project. The data were gathered at a baby care center, where these students arranged games, through a questionnaire given to the students (N=37), a questionnaire given to parents who came with their children to the center (N=34), as well as reflection paper and report by the students on how they felt about the activity. The qualitative data were analyzed from five different aspects: (1) Enhancing students' academic knowledge and skills, (2) Learning public service from the activity, (3) Cooperation and teamwork, (4) Benefits for children, (5) Suggestions of students afterwards. The findings of this research demonstrated that this service learning experience was beneficial for children, parents and the students, enhancing students' academic knowledge, problem solving skills, as well as interpersonal development.

The interactivity and participation of the public in the media is not a novelty, but has increased significantly with the adaptation to the digital convergence process. The possibility for audiences to share content through social platforms or generating its own is raising new ethical and legal issues. In this context, the public service audiovisual media must be pioneer both in the introduction of new participatory experiences and in the debate on the behaviour of the media regarding the interaction with its users. The objective of this article is twofold: on the one hand, to approach the current scenario of participatory mechanisms present in the European public service audiovisual media; on the other hand, to determine how this media is solving the new problems generated by the increase in user interaction. The research on participatory mechanisms offered by public service media shows that social networks, blogs, and comment sections are the main tools for discursive participation, while the field of creative participation requires the exploitation of new innovation strategies. The main challenge arising from this situation is how to control the legality of user-generated content and how to manage the ownership of copyright according to social values represented in public service media.

Teaching cultural competency is a two-way street. Instruction is more comprehensive when it raises awareness of cultural context. And students see relevancy when they learn how theories and principles relate to the context they know. Cultural context is especially obvious in nations colonized by cultures different from theirs. India provides a compelling example because it has a blended public service culture containing several parts tradition and several parts that fit uncomfortably with the nation's psyche. This discussion uses public administration in India to demonstrate how cultural context shapes preferences for institutions and how it influences expectations for interpersonal dynamics when state meets street. After presenting the Indian scenario, suggestions are provided for how to incorporate cultural competency into the curriculum and how to spotlight it in a classroom exercise.

Over the past ten years, employability has been one of the key issues in translation and interpreting (T&I), both in professional practice and in academic settings. However, very few studies focus specifically on the employability of the graduates in the Public Service Interpreting and Translation (PSIT) sector. This article focuses on the latter in a postgraduate programme taught in several language pairs in Spain. Its objectives are to identify aspects that characterise the graduates' professional situation within the PSIT labour market, to analyse the graduates' perception regarding the training received and its applicability to the labour market, and to identify tendencies and differences by language pairs. The results, based on a questionnaire sent to eleven cohorts of graduates, will be used to assess the extent to which the programme prepares for market needs, to analyse adaptation possibilities, and provide information that can be useful for programmes that involve several language pairs. Moreover, programme designers, researchers, and PSIT employers can also benefit from the differentiation of the findings by language pairs, which shows different interests within the labour market, and the reflection on skills that may affect employability in the T&I sector.

Teaching about systemic racism and the myth of white supremacy to the next cadre of public administrators is critical as it supports students' abilities to challenge dominant paradigms and center counternarratives; both serve a purpose in advancing toward a more just and equitable society. This paper offers insight into the development and implementation of course content -- across two universities in two different sociopolitical contexts -- that helps students define, examine, and apply social justice terms that advances training for public service. Exposure to such content challenges students to consider ways in which social, economic, and political factors influence life chances and allows students to better understand how power and privilege perpetuate status quo inequities for marginalized populations.

Preconceived expectations for one's behavior drive how people interact with their communities. Messaging via pop culture is a common source for citizens to learn about one community engagement tool: compulsory volunteering. Compulsory volunteering, like court-ordered community service and school-based volunteering, provides an opportunity to learn and "give back" to one's community. The authors ask, what is the value of compulsory volunteering according to pop culture messaging? Textual analysis is used to identify common themes among 48 episodes of U.S. television about community service and service-learning. Findings indicate that popular culture teaches society that compulsory volunteering is more often a chore to avoid than a way to give back. Volunteers on television perceive power as placed in the wrong hands, and plots center on regaining agency. This power displacement becomes problematic if viewers perceive the volunteer supervisor as an antagonist to defeat. Nonprofits should anticipate misunderstandings when onboarding coerced volunteers.

The administrative processes are defined by the single text of administrative procedures (TUPA), which guarantee the delivery of services to users. Unfortunately, in the public university there are barriers that affect their execution generating considerable delays. The success in the issuance of services is measured by the level of service and proactive management towards the user. However, the interested party is neglected privileging the personal interest in internal management instead of public service. A diagnosis based on data analysis is carried out to determine the factors related to cultural barriers and bureaucratic barriers, based on the behavior of the processes of degrees and titles at the Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos with linear regression and text mining techniques. Problems of administrative and technological management and negative impact on the execution of processes are shown. It is justified to continue the research with a proposed solution in the framework of digital transformation, where the user is the center of the process.