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Abstract Objective The aim of this study is to elucidate the factors contributing to the occurrence of retinal detachment (RD) following prophylactic vitrectomy in cases of acute retinal necrosis (ARN) syndrome. Methods A retrospective examination was undertaken, encompassing the medical records of patients diagnosed with ARN who underwent prophylactic vitreous intervention at the Ophthalmology Department of Wuhan University Renmin Hospital East Campus between October 2019 and September 2023. Subsequently, patients who manifested RD in the postoperative period were identified, and a comprehensive analysis was conducted to ascertain the factors underlying the occurrence of RD post-surgery. Results This study comprised 14 cases (involving 14 eyes) of patients diagnosed with ARN who underwent prophylactic vitreous intervention. The findings revealed that 4 patients experienced postoperative RD, resulting in an incidence rate of 28.57%. Notably, among these cases, 3 cases of RD manifested in the presence of silicone oil, while 1 case occurred subsequent to the removal of silicone oil. All 4 cases of RD exhibited varied degrees of proliferative vitreoretinopathy. Following the occurrence of RD, all patients underwent a secondary vitreous intervention coupled with silicone oil tamponade, leading to successful reattachment of the retina. However, despite these interventions, there was no significant enhancement observed in postoperative visual outcomes when compared to preoperative levels. Conclusion RD following prophylactic vitrectomy in cases of ARN is not an infrequent occurrence and is primarily linked to the postoperative onset of proliferative vitreoretinopathy.

ObjectivesAn increasing number of studies have shown that third (CB3)- and fourth-generation cryoballoons (CB4) have been used to treat various types of atrial fibrillation (AF), but previous research regarding the safety and efficacy of CB3 or CB4 ablation remains controversial. Therefore, a meta-analysis was performed to further evaluate the safety and efficacy of pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) using the CB3 and CB4 in the treatment of AF.MethodsWe searched PubMed, the Cochrane Library, Web of Science, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wanfang, China Science and Technology Journal Database, and Clinicaltrials.gov up to December 2023 for qualified trials and data extraction according to inclusion and exclusion criteria. All analyses were carried out using Review Manager 5.3 software.ResultsThe meta-analysis included 13 observational studies consisting of 3,281 subjects and did not include a randomized controlled trial. Overall analyses indicated that the CB3 significantly reduced total procedure time [weighted mean difference (WMD) = −8.69 min, 95% confidence interval (CI) = −15.45 to −1.94 min, I2 = 93%], increased the PVI recording [relative risk (RR) = 1.24, 95% CI = 1.03–1.49, I2 = 90%], and increased the mean nadir temperature of overall PVs (WMD = 2.80°C, 95% CI = 1.08–4.51°C, I2 = 89%) compared with the CB2. Moreover, the CB4 significantly reduced the total procedure time (WMD = −14.50 min, 95% CI = −20.89 to −8.11 min, I2 = 95%), reduced the fluoroscopy time (WMD = −2.37 min, 95% CI = −4.28 to −0.46 min, I2 = 95%), increased the PVI recording (RR = 1.40, 95% CI = 1.15–1.71, I2 = 90%) compared with the CB2. Time-to-isolation, the success rate of PVI, AF recurrence, and complications in the CB3 and CB4 were not significantly different compared with the CB2.ConclusionThese findings demonstrated that the CB3 and CB4 tended to be more effective than the CB2 in the treatment of AF, with shorter procedure times, more PVI recording, and similar safety endpoints.

Maintaining the homeostasis of intracellular components degradation and recycling, autophagy is a critical control mechanism of cellular quality. It promotes the degradation of cell components to provide nutrients and energy for cellular metabolism in stress response. The retina is a light-sensitive tissue that transduces and processes visual images in the eye, and it has a high demand for substances and energy. Basal autophagy is essential for holding retinal homeostasis and the normal function of the visual system. Therefore, the latest studies that investigating the participation of autophagy in eye diseases such as glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, retinal dystrophies, and retinal detachment were summarized, providing a theoretical basis for the future treatment of eye diseases by regulating autophagy.

Sediment deposition is critical in maintaining riparian plant communities by providing essential nutrients and posing growth challenges. This study focuses on Cynodon dactylon, a dominant clonal species in the riparian zones of the Three Gorges Reservoir, and its interaction with sediment deposition over three years. Results indicated an average sediment deposition depth of 2.85 cm in the lower riparian regions. Observations revealed that C. dactylon coverage increased progressively at lower elevations despite its dominance diminishing with rising elevation levels. Additionally, positive linear correlations between C. dactylon coverage and sediment deposition depths were identified during flood periods, underscoring the species’ role in enhancing sediment deposition. These findings suggest that C. dactylon plays a significant role in sediment accumulation, which may bolster its growth and survival prospects during subsequent growing cycles. The study highlights the importance of riparian vegetation, mainly perennial clonal species like C. dactylon, in promoting sediment accumulation and contributing to the stability and functionality of riparian ecosystems.

Abstract Background Posterior lenticonus is an uncommon congenital abnormality that causes a progressive, localized spherical or conical bulging of the posterior capsular membrane, resulting in an abnormal shape of the lens. Case presentation A 13-year-old girl presented with ametropia in both eyes. After mydriasis, examination revealed an oval bubble-shaped alteration with a distinct boundary above the temporal region on the center of the posterior capsule of her left lens. The subcortical region surrounding the alteration appeared feathery and turbid. The patient had no history of trauma or family history of visual impairment. Systemic investigations were normal. A thorough eye examination was performed, which included optometry, ultrasound biomicroscopy, ocular B-Scan, and anterior segment optical coherence, to assess the disease. The patient was diagnosed with posterior lenticonus in the left eye, as well as ametropia and anisometropia in both eyes. Conservative treatment was initiated since the patient’s current best corrected visual acuity was good, and regular monitoring of the condition’s progression was scheduled. Conclusions This case report presents a rare instance of posterior lenticonus. The findings of this report raise new considerations regarding the necessity of surgical intervention for this condition.

Epiretinal membrane(ERM)is a retinal disease characterized by a fibrocell membranes that can develop on the inner surface of the retina. The existing clinical guidelines and literature have reached a consensus on the diagnosis and treatment of ERM, but the explanation of their mechanism is still controversial. Transforming growth factor-β(TGF-β)is a highly pleiotropic cytokine that plays an important role in wound healing, angiogenesis, immune regulation, cancer, inflammation and fibrosis diseases. Studies have increasingly shown that ERM is a kind of pathological changes in fibrosis that caused by the posterior vitreous detachment(PVD)and lead to the retinal inflammatory damage and epithelial to mesenchymal transition(EMT)of retinal pigment epithelial cells. A variety of cytokines regulate TGF-β-mediated EMT process by participating in the non-classical TGF-β-Snail pathway and the classical TGF-β-Smad pathway. At present, some drugs targeting cytokines related to the above pathway have entered the development stage, which is of great significance to provide new ideas for clinical treatment and prevention of ERM. This review reviews the progress of TGF-β related cytokines in ERM formation.

With the continuous progress and development of modern surgical equipment, the types of intraocular lens and the continuous improvement of people's requirements for visual quality, cataract surgery has been transformed from traditional vision restoration surgery into a high-quality and high-demand refractive surgery. Piggyback intraocular lens implantation was originally a new surgical method for clinicians to implant two or more posterior chamber intraocular lenses in patients' eyes to correct hyperopia or secondary correction refractive errors after cataract surgery. With the birth and promotion of functional lenses in recent years, this surgical method has been applied to the field of refractive cataract surgery, which expanded the application of functional intraocular lens and achieved good postoperative effect. This review discusses the development and current clinical application of Piggyback intraocular lens implantation, and further expounds its development trend in the future.

Refractory macular hole(MH)mainly includes large MH, high myopia MH, persistent MH, recurrent MH, and traumatic MH. Compared with ordinary MH, the closure rate in patients with refractory MH through conventional vitrectomy combined with internal limiting membrane(ILM)peeling is greatly reduced. Currently, the ILM flap technique has gradually been applied for the treatment of refractory MH and achieved higher MH closure rate and better visual function recovery. The ILM flap technique has many variations, including the difference of size, shape, number, and method in which the flaps put on the MH, but each has its own advantages, disadvantages and application limitations. So far, there is no recognized standard procedure for the treatment of refractory MH. This paper reviewed the surgical methods and therapeutic effects of ILM flap technique appeared in domestic and foreign literature, which is aimed to provide a reference for the selection of clinical procedures for refractory MH by new ILM flap technique needs to be explored in the future.

Due to the inability of remote sensing satellites to monitor avalanches in real time, this study focuses on the glaciers in the rear edge of Jialongcuo, Tibet, and uses infrasound sensors to conduct real-time monitoring of ice avalanches. The following conclusions are drawn: (1) In terms of waveform, compared to background noise, ice avalanche events have a slight left deviation and a slightly steep shape; compared to wind, rain, and floods events, ice avalanche events have less obvious kurtosis and skewness. (2) In terms of frequency distribution, the infrasound frequency generated by ice avalanche events is mainly distributed in the range of 1.5 Hz to 9.5 Hz; compared to other events, ice avalanche events differ some in frequency characteristics. (3) The model based on information entropy and marginal spectral frequency distribution characteristics of infrasound have higher accuracy in signal classification and recognition, as they can better represent the differences between infrasound signals of different events than other features. (4) Compared with the K-nearest neighbor algorithm and classification tree algorithm, the support vector machine and BP (Back Propagation) neural network algorithm are more suitable for identifying infrasound signals in the Jialongcuo ice avalanche. The research results can provide theoretical support for the application of infrasound-based ice avalanche monitoring technology.

Abstract This meta-analysis aimed to analyze retinal microvasculature features in eyes with Behçet’s disease (BD) using optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA). Electronic databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and Cochrane Library, were comprehensively searched for published studies comparing retinal microvasculature characteristics between eyes with BD and controls. Continuous variables were calculated using the mean difference (MD) with 95% confidence interval (CI). Review Manager software (version 5.30) was used to conduct statistical analysis. A total of 13 eligible studies involving 599 eyes with BD and 622 control eyes were included in the meta-analysis. The pooled results showed that the macular whole enface superficial and deep vessel density (VD) values measured by OCTA were significantly lower in eyes with BD than in control eyes (superficial VD: MD = − 3.05, P

AIM: To investigate effects of different corneal protective agents on ocular surface in vitrectomy in patients with diabetes.METHODS: Totally 90 patients(90 eyes)with diabetes who received vitrectomy were randomly divided into HPMC group(30 eyes), SHSCS group(30 eyes)and BSS group(30 eyes). Hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose(HPMC)and sodium hyaluronate sodium chondroitin sulfate(SHSCS)were used to cover the corneal surface to avoid the cornea drying in HPMC group and SHSCS group, respectively. Balanced salt solution(BSS)was continuously dripped on the cornea to keep the cornea moist in BSS group. Schirmer Ⅰ test(SⅠt), breaking up time(BUT)and central corneal thickness were performed before and after operation. Their changes were observed and compared.RESULTS: At 1wk and 1mo after operation, compared with HPMC group and SHSCS group, SⅠt was significantly increased and BUT was significantly shortened in BSS group(P0.05). At 1d after operation, the corneal thickness of BSS group was significantly increased compared with HPMC group and SHSCS group(P0.05).CONCLUSION:The patients with diabetes use HPMC and SHSCS can protect the cornea and maintain the stability of tear film in vitrectomy. Different corneal protectors can be selected according to the clinical practice.

Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are pivotal in the tumor microenvironment (TME) of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), influencing various stages from initiation to metastasis. Understanding the role of TAMs in HCC is crucial for developing novel therapeutic strategies. Macrophages exhibit plasticity, resulting in M1 and M2 phenotypes, with M1 macrophages displaying antitumor properties and M2 macrophages promoting tumor progression. Targeting TAMs to alter their polarization could offer new avenues for HCC treatment. β,β-dimethylacrylalkannin (DMAKN), a natural naphthoquinone, has gained attention for its antitumor properties. However, its impact on TAMs modulation remains unclear. This study investigates DMAKN's modulation of TAMs and its anti-HCC activity. Using an in vitro model with THP-1 cells, we induced M1 macrophages with LPS/IFN-γ and M2 macrophages with IL-4/IL-13, confirming polarization with specific markers. Co-culturing these macrophages with HCC cells showed that M1 cells inhibited HCC growth, while M2 cells promoted it. Screening for non-toxic DMAKN concentrations revealed its ability to induce M1 polarization and enhance LPS/IFN-γ-induced M1 macrophages, both showing anti-HCC effects. Conversely, DMAKN suppressed IL-4/IL-13-induced M2 polarization, inhibiting M2 macrophages' promotion of HCC cell viability. In summary, DMAKN induces and enhances M1 polarization while inhibiting M2 polarization of macrophages, thereby inhibiting HCC cell growth. These findings suggest that DMAKN has the potential to regulate TAMs in HCC, offering promise for future therapeutic development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the energy control and asymptotic stability of the 1D sine-Gordon equation were investigated from the viewpoint of numerical approximation. An order reduction method was employed to transform the closed-loop system into an equivalent system, and an average-central finite difference scheme was constructed. This scheme is not only energy-preserving but also possesses uniform stability. The discrete multiplier method was utilized to obtain the uniformly asymptotic stability of the discrete systems. Moreover, to cope with the nonlinear term of the model, a discrete Wirtinger inequality suitable for our approximating scheme was established. Finally, several numerical experiments based on the eigenvalue distribution of the linearized approximation systems were conducted to demonstrate the effectiveness of the numerical approximating algorithm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. We aimed to investigate the role of nuclear factor‐kappa B (NF‐κB) in the changes of cardiac structures in OSA rabbits treated by mandibular advancement device (MAD). Methods: Eighteen male New Zealand white rabbits aged 6 months were randomly divided into three groups: control group, group OSA and group MAD. Hyaluronate gel was injected into the soft palate of the rabbits in group OSA and group MAD to induce OSA. The cone beam computer tomography (CBCT) of the upper airway and polysomnography (PSG) was performed to ensure successful modelling. CBCT and PSG were applied again to detect the effects of MAD treatment. All animals were induced to sleep in a supine position for 4–6 h a day for 8 weeks. Then the levels of NF‐κB, Interleukin 6 (IL‐6), Interleukin 10 (IL‐10) and the proportion of myocardial fibrosis (MF) were detected. Results: The higher activation of NF‐κB, IL‐6 and IL‐10 were found in the OSA group than in the control group, leading to the increase of collagen fibres compared with the control group. Furthermore, the apnoea‐hypopnea index (AHI) was positively correlated with the above factors. There were no significant differences between group MAD and the control group. Conclusion: The NF‐κB pathway was activated in the myocardium of OSA rabbits, which accelerated the development of MF. Early application of MAD could reduce the activation of NF‐κB in the myocardium and prevent the development of MF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AIM: To compare the effect of platelet-rich fibrin(PRF)grafts and conjunctival-limbal autografts in pterygium excision.METHODS: Totally 62 cases(62 eyes)of primary pterygium were randomly divided into group 1(32 eyes)and group 2(30 eyes). After pterygium excision, conjunctival-limbal autografts was performed in group 1 and PRF grafts was performed in group 2. PRF was prepared by centrifugation and compression of venous blood from patients before the surgery. The follow-up period was 6mo. The surgery time, complications and recurrence rate were evaluated and compared between the two groups.RESULTS: The operation time of group 1 and group 2 were 27.3±4.3min and 22.0±4.0min respectively. There was significant difference between the two groups(t=4.990, PP=0.484). Pterygium recurred in one eye in group 1 and in one eye in group 2. There was also no significant difference in recurrence rate between group 1 and group 2(P=1.000). There was no significant difference in intraocular pressure between group 1 with 14.69±2.44mmHg and group 2 with 14.96±2.93mmHg before the surgery(t=0.399, P=0.691). As well, there was no significant difference in intraocular pressure between group 1 with 14.68±1.65mmHg and group 2 with 15.11±2.12mmHg after the surgery(t=0.888, P=0.378). The dissolution time of PRF membrane in PRF grafts group was 3.5±0.8d.CONCLUSION: The use of PRF in pterygium surgery is safe, effective, easier and timesaving. It's a promising method for clinical application.

Age-related macular degeneration(ARMD)is one of the main causes which lead to irreversible blindness. Wet ARMD, which is featured by choroidal neovascularization(CNV), takes up 90% in ARMD related blind patients. With the increasing population of aged people in China, wet ARMD has become a severe social and medical issues. Currently, management aiming at wet ARMD is the applications of anti-VEGF agents. Anti-VEGF drugs not only postpone the development of CNV, but also preserve the visual function, improve the prognosis, and reduce the incidence of blindness. However, we still need to focus on the non-response during treatment, long-term maintenance, drug resistance, adverse reactions, and economic effectiveness. Here we review the recent clinical medications on wet ARMD.

Neovascular glaucoma(NVG)is a common refractory glaucoma in ophthalmology, which is usually secondary to central retinal vein occlusion(CRVO), diabetic retinopathy(DR), long-standing retinal detachment, ocular tumors, etc. Previous treatments mainly included panretinal photocoagulation(PRP), drugs, anti-glaucoma surgery or ciliary destruction, but the therapeutic effect was unsatisfactory. With the continuous development and application of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF)drugs, combination therapy of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF)drugs has been proposed gradually, and the success rate of NVG surgery has been increased significantly, and NVG can be controlled. The treatment progress of NVG in recent years will be described in detail.

AIM: To investigate the association between interleukin-10 (IL-10) genetic polymorphisms and risk of POAG through a case-control study in a Han population of China. METHODS: A total of 210 patients with POAG and 420 normal subjects were recruited during the period from Dec. 2013 to Dec. 2016. The IL-10 -1082A>G (rs1800870), -819T>C (rs1800871) and -592C>A (rs1800872) polymorphisms were determined using iPlex GOLD SNP genotyping analysis (the SequenomMassARRAY® System, Sequenom, San Diego, USA). The association between IL-10 -1082A>G (rs1800870), -819T>C (rs1800871), and -592C>A (rs1800872) polymorphisms and risk of POAG was assessed by singlelogistic regression analysis. RESULTS: We observed that those carrying the CC genotype of rs1800871 was associated with an increased risk of POAG when compared with those harboring the TT genotype (OR=1.84, 95%CI=1.01-3.38). Those with AA genotype of rs1800872 had a 10.62 fold risk of POAG in comparison to the CC genotype (OR=10.62, 95%CI, 3.41-33.09). A completely linkage disequilibrium was found between IL-10 rs1800871-rs1800872 (D’=1.00, r2=0.16). The A-C-A (OR=2.60, 95%CI, 1.48-4.58) and G-T-A (OR=2.34, 95%CI, 1.42-3.86) haplotypes were associated with an increased risk of POAG, while the A-T-C haplotype showed a decreased risk of POAG (OR=0.63, 95%CI, 0.49-0.81). CONCLUSION: Our data suggest that IL-10 rs1800871 and rs1800872 can be predictive factors for the pathogenesis of POAG in the Chinese population.

Serpiginous choroiditis(SC)is a rare, chronic-idiopathic inflammatory disease mainly involving choriocapillaris and the retinal pigment epithelium(RPE), characterized by grayish yellow geographic lesions. Pathogenesis is unclear, the choriocapillaris is a main pathology of SC. Based on clinical presentation, it can be classified into peripapillary, macular, and ampiginoustype. The clinical appearance of SC is varied and similar to those of acute posterior multifocal placoid pigment epitheliopathy(APMPPE), tuberculosis, toxoplasmosis and choroidal ischemia. So, it is still difficult to diagnose SC without typical fundus symptoms.With the development of science and technology, multimode imaging such asfundus fluorescein angiography, indocyanine green angiography, fundus autofluorescence and optical coherence tomography are helpful for the diagnosis of SC, assessment of lesion extent, activity, and complications. Besides, it's very important to avoid unnecessary drug use.

AIM: To observe the effect of topical 0.05% cyclosporine A (CsA) on the ocular surface and tear protein lacritin in a botulinum B-induced dry eye rat model. METHODS: A total of 36 female SD rats were randomly divided into 3 groups, botulinum B was injected into the right lacrimal gland of all rats. Group A and group B were treated with 0.05% CsA and 0.1% sodium hyaluronate, respectively, 3 times daily. The control group was not treated. Basal tear flow, corneal epithelial defects, and lacritin levels were measured. RESULTS: Tear secretion in all rats was reduced on day 3 and was even lower on day 7 postoperation (P

AIM: To explore the effects of overnight orthokeratology lens and conventional frame glasses on the myopic diopter, uncorrected visual acuity and ocular parameters of myopia adolescent. METHODS: Totally 102 cases of(204 eyes)of adolescent myopia patients were randomly divided into observation group and control group with 51 cases(102 eyes)in each group during April 2014 to April 2017. Control group was only given conventional frame glasses, and observation group was given overnight orthokeratology lens. The myopic diopter and uncorrected visual acuity(UCVA)before wearing glasses and at 1wk, 1, 3, 6mo and 1a of wearing glasses, and the ocular parameters before wearing glasses and at 1a after wearing glasses were observed in the two groups, and the occurrence of complications was compared between the two groups. RESULTS: After 1wk to 1a of wearing glasses, the myopic diopter in observation group was gradually decreased(PP>0.05), but there was statistically significant difference between-groups at different time points(PPPP>0.05), and the axial length in control group was significantly longer than that before wearing glasses and that in observation group(PP>0.05).CONCLUSION: Overnight orthokeratology lens for adolescent myopia can effectively correct the myopic diopter, and improve the uncorrected visual acuity. It is less harmful to the eyes and less complications, and it is safe and reliable in clinical application.

Familial exudative vitreoretinopathy(FEVR)is a rare inherited disorder of retinal angiogenesis. It is characterized by avascular peripheral retina. Mutations in FZD4, NDP, LRP5, TSPAN12, ZNF408, KIF11 have been found the causation genes of FEVR. The phenotypic features are variable, when some patients are asymptomatic while some may suffer from neovascularization, exudation, hemorrhage, retinal folds and retinal detachment. The use of FFA can help to identify the disease in the earlier stage, enabling timely treatment. The current treatments include laser photocoagulation, scleral buckling, vitrectomy and intravitreal anti-VEGF injections as an adjunctive therapy before surgery. With the development of genome research on this disease, the more effective diagnosis and treatments would be available.