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BACKGROUND: Inadequate representation of women and racial minorities in heart failure (HF) clinical trials continues to limit the generalizability of the results. This could create a disparity in treatment for future heart failure therapies and devices. The study aims to assess the representation of women and racial minorities in recent heart failure studies involving sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT-2) inhibitors. METHODS: PubMed was used to search randomized controlled trials (RCTs) looking at SGLT-2 inhibitors and heart failure, which were published from inception to August 2024. RESULTS: A total of 43 RCTs with 27,703 participants were identified. The studies were published between 2018 and 2024. Seven studies (41 %) were multi-country, with 45 countries represented. The overall proportion of women enrolled in the studies was 35.6 %. The proportion of women was 24.06 % in studies that recruited only patients with HFrEF, 44.33 % in those that recruited only patients with HFpEF, and 41.4 % in those that recruited both HFrEF and HFpEF. Data on race was partially reported in 25 studies (58 %). 76 % of the pharmaceutical industry-funded studies reported race data. However, only 33.3 % of the unfunded or non-industry-funded studies reported race data. In the studies that reported race data, 72.91 % were Caucasians, 15.48 % were Asians, 5.62 % were African-American and 4.1 % were mixed race or others.In the bivariate analysis, race was more likely to be reported in studies done in the US (p

The dominant perspective used to understand racial bias in leader selection decisions is leader categorization theory (LCT). Received wisdom is twofold: evaluators prefer White leaders because they possess prototypical leader traits; however, during periods of decline, evaluators prefer racial minority leaders because their stereotypical traits (e.g., warmth) position them to galvanize followers. We argue that whereas LCT is useful for explaining racial bias in nonsuccession contexts, it is insufficient for explaining racial bias during succession. During succession, evaluators focus on the predecessor as the comparison point when evaluating candidates. This causes stereotypes and prototypes to fade from evaluators' minds, only to be replaced by a different racial bias—racial transference—which occurs when evaluators falsely assume that a leader candidate has the same personality traits as a racially similar predecessor, and thus will perform similarly. Consequently, evaluators select (reject) candidates who are racially similar to successful (unsuccessful) predecessors. We find support for these predictions in an archival study, a preregistered experiment, and three supplementary studies. Altogether, theory on racial transference establishes that racial bias during succession is driven by evaluators' tendency to generalize between racially similar predecessors and candidates, even if such generalizations are inconsistent with prevailing stereotypes and prototypes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores the experiences of Black and White women creatives working in advertising agencies in São Paulo, Brazil. In total, 28 in-depth interviews were conducted, and data was analysed through the lens of intersectionality theory. Six themes emerged: 1) White men rule the department, 2) the power of white privilege, 3) breaking the (white) glass ceiling, 4) tokenism at work, 5) segregated accounts and 6) stereotypes: From gender to race. White men were found to reign over Brazilian advertising agencies. While women were underrepresented as a whole, differences were found between the experiences of Black and White women working in these agencies. Specifically, Black women faced a unique set of challenges relative to White women, including but not limited to racism, sexism, stereotypes, and even roadblocks to their career advancement put in place by individuals of their own gender. Limitations and directions for future research are outlined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Asthma is a common and complex lung disease in children, with disproportionally higher prevalence and related adverse outcomes among children in racial and ethnic minority groups and of lower socioeconomic position. Environmental factors, including unhealthy housing and school-based exposures, can contribute to increased asthma morbidity and widening disparities. This underscores a significant environmental justice issue and suggests the need for clinical interventions to reduce sources of environmental exposures and ultimately diminish the observed disparities in childhood asthma. Unhealthy housing conditions, including secondhand tobacco smoke, allergen exposure, and indoor air pollution, can exacerbate asthma symptoms in children. Although unhealthy housing can occur anywhere, such situations most frequently occur in urban, low-income environments where renting is common. To reduce environmental triggers, clinicians can recommend smoking cessation, cleaning techniques to mitigate exposure, and even directly contacting landlords to address poor housing conditions. Children spend much of their time in schools, where this built environment is also a source of asthma triggers (eg, poor ventilation) and allergens (eg, mold and pests, chemicals). As such, a multidisciplinary approach is needed to adequately address the burden of childhood asthma to equitably reduce disparities to both harmful exposures and negative health outcomes. Racial, ethnic, and socioeconomic disparities exist in asthma morbidity in children, and such disparities are driven in part by environmental factors at the housing and school level. Clinicians can make evidence-based recommendations to drive effective exposure reduction strategies to mitigate asthma morbidity and reduce observed disparities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Built environments have structured urban space in racist and classist ways, contributing to residential segregation and related inequalities. Previous research has examined how perceivable built environment features become symbolic boundaries that structure both socio-spatial division and meaning-making, but little research has examined how physical barriers—features that carry symbolic meaning and limit connectivity between nearby areas—may promote both symbolic "othering" and inhibit contact between residents on either side. Drawing on ethnographic fieldwork, we examine how residents interpret and experience physical barriers and symbolic boundaries in race-, income-, and race-and-income distinct areas in Houston, Texas. We describe three typologies of barriers/boundaries (unremarkable, intrusive, and hyper-salient), demonstrating how the same barrier or boundary can have different meanings for people on either side. For physical barriers, these meanings were often mediated by residents' actions. Our findings extend theorization of how the built environment shapes interpretations and experiences of segregation, and vice versa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines how source of income (SOI) anti-discrimination laws in the United States affect the sociodemographic composition of households living in public housing. SOI laws make it illegal for landlords to discriminate against the source of rent payment, including housing vouchers. Landlord discrimination is a major barrier to voucher utilization, disproportionately affecting extremely low-income families and racial minorities. Thus, SOI laws may affect the pool of applicants and recipients of public housing that operate within the same local housing authority service areas. I use housing authority-level data and a difference-in-differences approach to examine the changes in the composition of households living in public housing. SOI laws significantly reduce the shares of poor and extremely poor residents in public housing, along with a decline in new entries to public housing. Results suggest potentially positive spillover effects of SOI laws, alleviating 'concentration of poverty' in public housing as a consequence of a policy attempt to improve accessibilities to an alternative program. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Racial and ethnic disparities are evident in the accessibility of treatment for opioid use disorder (OUD). Even when medications for OUD (MOUD) are accessible, racially and ethnically minoritized groups have higher attrition rates from treatment. Existing literature has primarily identified the specific racial and ethnic groups affected by these disparities, but has not thoroughly examined interventions to address this gap. Recovery peer navigators (RPNs) have been shown to improve access and overall retention on MOUD. Patients and Methods: In this retrospective cohort study, we evaluate the role of RPNs on patient retention in clinical care at an outpatient program in a racially and ethnically diverse urban community. Charts were reviewed of new patients seen from January 1, 2019 through December 31, 2019. Sociodemographic and clinical visit data, including which providers and services were utilized, were collected, and the primary outcome of interest was continuous retention in care. Bivariate analysis was done to test for statistically significant associations between variables by racial/ethnic group and continuous retention in care using Student's t-test or Pearson's chi-square test. Variables with p value ≤0.10 were included in a multivariable regression model. Results: A total of 131 new patients were included in the study. RPNs improved continuous retention in all-group analysis (27.6% pre-RPN compared to 80.2% post-RPN). Improvements in continuous retention were observed in all racial/ethnic subgroups but were statistically significant in the non-Hispanic Black (NHB) group (p < 0.001). Among NHB, increases in continuous retention were observed post-RPN in patients with male sex (p < 0.001), public health insurance (p < 0.001), additional substance use (p < 0.001), medical comorbidities (p < 0.001), psychiatric comorbidities (p=0.001), and unstable housing (p=0.005). Multivariate logistic regression demonstrated that patients who lacked insurance had lower odds of continuous retention compared to patients with public insurance (aOR = 0.17, 95% CI 0.039-0.70, p=0.015) Conclusions: RPNs can improve clinical retention for patients with OUD, particularly for individuals experiencing several sociodemographic and clinical factors that are typically correlated with discontinuation of care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: We reviewed current research on group‐based parenting programs for racially and ethnically minoritized parents with preschoolers to provide a synthesis of how these programs are implemented. Background: Group‐based parenting programs are an efficient and cost‐effective means of providing education and support to multiple parents simultaneously (Olofsson et al., 2016), yet most have been developed for White families (Schilling et al., 2021). No previous research has presented a synthesis of work exploring the range of parenting programs and characteristics for racially and ethnically minoritized families with preschool‐aged children. Method: We conducted a scoping review guided by the foundations of family life education (FFLE) model (Darling et al., 2020) and using recommendations of the Joanna Briggs Institute, Arksey and O'Malley's (2005) framework, and the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta‐Analyses (PRISMA) extension for scoping reviews guidelines. The final synthesis included 15 peer‐reviewed empirical studies. Results: Results highlight commonalities among programs, alignment with the FFLE model, and needs for future research with more diverse populations and specific child age groups. Conclusion: Group‐based parenting programs for racially and ethnically diverse families with preschoolers are effective but limited in number and scope. Implications: To ensure that parenting programs are effective and tailored to the diverse needs of individuals and their communities, it is important to consider cultural and contextual factors, make necessary adaptations to practices, content, and delivery methods, and involve racially and ethnically minoritized parents in developing, implementing, and evaluating these programs. There should be an expansion of parenting programs offered at public schools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Design Methods Results Conclusion Clinical Relevance Little is known about the range and frequency of symptoms among older adult home healthcare patients with urinary incontinence, as this information is predominantly contained in clinical notes. Natural language processing can uncover symptom information among older adults with urinary incontinence to promote holistic, equitable care.We conducted a secondary analysis of cross‐sectional data collected between January 1, 2015, and December 31, 2017, from the largest HHC agency in the Northeastern United States. We aimed to develop and test a natural language processing algorithm to extract symptom information from clinical notes for older adults with urinary incontinence and analyze differences in symptom documentation by race or ethnicity.Symptoms were identified through expert clinician‐driven Delphi survey rounds. We developed a natural language processing algorithm for symptom identification in clinical notes, examined symptom documentation frequencies, and analyzed differences in symptom documentation by race or ethnicity using chi‐squared tests and logistic regression models.In total, 39,179 home healthcare episodes containing 1,098,419 clinical notes for 29,981 distinct patients were included. Nearly 40% of the sample represented racially or ethnically minoritized groups (i.e., 18% Black, 14% Hispanic, 7% Asian/Pacific Islander, 0.3% multi‐racial, and 0.2% Native American). Based on expert clinician‐driven Delphi survey rounds, the following symptoms were identified: anxiety, dizziness, constipation, syncope, tachycardia, urinary frequency/urgency, urinary hesitancy/retention, and vision impairment/blurred vision. The natural language processing algorithm achieved excellent performance (average precision of 0.92). Approximately 29% of home healthcare episodes had symptom information documented. Compared to home healthcare episodes for White patients, home healthcare episodes for Asian/Pacific Islander (odds ratio = 0.74, 95% confidence interval [0.67–0.80], p < 0.001), Black (odds ratio = 0.69, 95% confidence interval [0.64–0.73], p < 0.001), and Hispanic (odds ratio = 0.91, 95% confidence interval [0.85–0.97], p < 0.01) patients were less likely to have any symptoms documented in clinical notes.We found multidimensional symptoms and differences in symptom documentation among a diverse cohort of older adults with urinary incontinence, underscoring the need for comprehensive assessments by clinicians. Future research should apply natural language processing to other data sources and investigate symptom clusters to inform holistic care strategies for diverse populations.Knowledge of symptoms of older adult home healthcare patients with urinary incontinence can facilitate comprehensive assessments, health equity, and improved outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In Canada, many patients face substantial out-of-pocket costs for prescription medication, which may affect their ability to take their medications as prescribed. We sought to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the burden and predictors of cost-related nonadherence in Canada. Methods: Using pooled data from the 2015, 2016, 2018, 2019, and 2020 iterations of the Canadian Community Health Survey, we calculated weighted population estimates of the burden of cost-related nonadherence in the preceding 12 months and used logistic regression models to measure the association of 15 demographic, health, and health system predictors of cost-related nonadherence overall and stratified by sex. Results: We included 223 085 respondents. We found that 4.9% of respondents aged 12 years or older reported cost-related nonadherence. Those who self-identified as female, belonging to a racial or ethnic minority group, or bisexual, pansexual, or questioning were more likely to report cost-related nonadherence. Younger age, higher disease burden, poorer health, non-employer prescription drug coverage, and not living in the province of Quebec were associated with cost-related nonadherence. Interpretation: Our nationally representative findings reveal inequities that disproportionally affect marginalized people at the intersections of sex, race, age, and disability, and vary by province. This foundational understanding of the state of cost-related nonadherence may be used to inform potential expansion of public drug coverage eligibility, premiums, and cost-sharing policies that address financial barriers to medication adherence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: West Virginia's (WV) suicide rate is 50% higher than the national average and is the highest in the Appalachian Region. Appalachia has several social factors that have contributed to greater socioeconomic deprivation, a known contributor of suicide. Given WV's high prevalence of suicide and poverty, the current study aims to examine the relationship between socioeconomic deprivation and suicide rates in WV. Methods: The Townsend Deprivation Index (TDI), Social Deprivation Index (SDI), and Social Vulnerability Index (SVI) measured socioeconomic deprivation. Negative binomial regression models assessed the relationship between socioeconomic deprivation scores, individual index items, and suicide rates. Model comparisons evaluated the indices' ability to assess suicide rates. A backward selection strategy identified additional key items for examining suicide rates. Results: There was a significant increase in suicide rates for every 10% increase in TDI (β = 0.04; p < 0.01), SDI (β = 0.03; p = 0.04), and SVI scores (β = 0.05; p < 0.01). Household overcrowding and unemployment had a positive linear relationship with suicide in TDI (β = 0.04, p = 0.02; β = 0.07, p = 0.01), SDI (β = 0.10, p = 0.02; β = 0.01, p<0.01), and the SVI (β = 0.10, p = 0.02; β = 0.03, p<0.01). The backwards selection strategy identified additional key items included by the SVI when assessing suicide. Conclusion: Greater socioeconomic deprivation, measured by the TDI, SDI, and SVI, was significantly associated with higher suicide rates. Expanding unemployment benefits and increasing the availability of affordable housing, especially in rural areas, may be useful in reducing suicide rates. Our results suggest racial and ethnic minorities and adults living with a disability may benefit from targeted suicide prevention strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study examines the racial disparity in health‐care coverage between Hispanics and whites. Racial disparities in accessing health‐care services have worsened in the United States, exacerbating social and economic inequality between whites and racial/ethnic minority groups. While existing research primarily attributes these disparities to income differences among racial groups, this study focuses on the mediating role of social capital and the moderating role of public trust in formal institutions, while controlling for income and other socioeconomic factors. Methods: Drawing on a survey data set collected in the Austin area of Texas in 2020, we test a series of regression models using mediating and moderating analyses. Results: We find that Hispanics, as a major ethnic minority group, have lower levels of social capital compared to whites, which contributes to the gap in health‐care coverage. The results indicate that social capital has mediating effects in positively transmitting the effect of being Hispanic on access to health‐care coverage. In addition, trust in nonprofits positively moderates the main relationship. Conclusion: The study suggests that promoting social capital for Hispanics can help bridge racial disparities in accessing healthcare. Our study provides policy recommendations for nonprofits to collaborate with government agencies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exposure to diverse peers can expand children's experiences and skillsets, and these positive effects linger beyond childhood. Yet, little is known about the ethnic/racial, gender, and age diversity in children's peer groups and how it may shift over time. Even less is known about these patterns among US nonwhite children. In the present study, we thus explored how diversity (with regard to ethnicity/race, gender, and age) in ethnically minoritized children's peer groups change from infancy through early childhood and tested whether the diversity of early peer groups remained stable across time. Over a 6‐year period we followed 234 children (ages 1–6; 115 girls) from three large ethnic/racial minority groups in the United States: African American, Dominican American, and Mexican American. With age, children's peer groups increased in ethnic/racial diversity but decreased in gender and age diversity. Moreover, children's early peer diversity (at/around age 2–4) positively predicted the diversity of their later peer groups (at/around age 6) across all three types of diversity. This study provides novel insights into how children's peer groups change and grow in early development, particularly focusing on children from backgrounds that have been historically underrepresented in psychological science. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using social disorganization theory, the present study considers the concentration of racial minorities and the degree of ethnic heterogeneity to provide an estimation of homicide rates in the Northeast region of Brazil. Three hypotheses were considered: (1) there is a positive association between homicides and ethnic heterogeneity and black/indigenous populations, (2) the magnitude of ethnic heterogeneity is greater than race/minority groups on homicides, and (3) metropolitan regions will be associated with an increase in homicides. Through spatial modelling techniques, results indicate the plausibility of first and third hypotheses. Implications for homicide prevention and social disorganization theory in global south are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social determinants of health (SDOH) contribute to differences in health outcomes and exacerbate health disparities. This study characterizes the National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities' (NIMHD) portfolio of funded grants in SDOH research, identifies gaps, and provides suggestions for future research. Using the National Institutes of Health's SDOH Research, Condition, and Disease Categorization, research projects funded from 2019 to 2023 were identified and linked with NIMHD's internal coding system to extract in-depth study characteristics, including sociodemographics of study participants, disease and condition focus, and alignment with strategic priorities. Natural Language Processing methods were used to categorize projects into five Healthy People 2030 SDOH domains. The resulting sample included 675 unique research projects. Most projects included racial and ethnic minority groups (89%), followed by people with lower socioeconomic status (33%), underserved rural communities (16%), and sexual and gender minority groups (13%). Most projects focused on the Etiology of health disparities (61%), followed by Interventions (54%), and Methods and Measurement (39%). Of the Healthy People 2030 domains, Social and Community Context had the greatest representation (61%) whereas Education Access and Quality had the least (6%). Variation in research project characteristics across SDOH domains is also presented. This study documents characteristics of SDOH research funded by NIMHD and explores how they differ across Healthy People 2030 SDOH domains. Findings highlight how study characteristics and foci align with strategic priorities and suggest opportunities for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Peer support networks have been suggested to have significant utility in the care of patients with cancer, especially among racial minorities. This article proposes an approach to integrate peer support networks into the care of racial minorities with cancer. Methods: Methods to integrate peer support groups across racial minorities with cancer include utilizing language and religion in strategic recruitment of peer supporters, recruiting minority peer supporters in online oncology peer support groups, and emphasizing relationship & trust building for participant retention. Results: Language concordance among peer support groups may enhance patient understandability, emotional expression, and create a sense of community and safety. Religious integration may also promote support group accessibility, particularly among Blacks, who tend to depend on their religious communities for cancer care guidance to a greater extent. In addition to providing knowledge, online opportunities may also decrease cancer-related stress, depression, and trauma. Trust between individuals and their sociocultural environment and healthcare system, as well as between the community and the healthcare system, is necessary, particularly for racial minorities who may harbor a historical mistrust of the healthcare system. Conclusions: To close the racial cancer care gap, a multi-pronged approach is crucial. This includes establishing tailored peer support networks within minority communities that account for language, religion, and cultural factors to build trust and meet psycho-social needs. However, peer support is just one tool. Other critical tools such as holding healthcare institutions accountable for providing equitable care to racial minorities is equally vital in reducing disparities and improving survival outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Marc Morial, President and CEO of the National Urban League, testified before the Senate Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs on racism and discrimination in banking. He highlighted historical discriminatory practices in banking, such as redlining and biased lending, that have disproportionately affected communities of color. Morial advocated for greater fairness in financial services, emphasizing the importance of investing in Black-owned banks and passing legislation to address discriminatory practices and increase equitable access to banking. [Extracted from the article]

AbstractObjectivesMethodsResultsConclusionsThis study investigates the prevalence of exposure to pro- and anti-tobacco advertisements across different sociodemographic groups and sources of exposure in the United States.The study included 6252 participants from the Health Information National Trends Survey. Binary logistic regression was used to examine associations between exposure to pro and anti-tobacco advertisements, the sources of exposure, and demographic factors.10% of our sample were current smokers. A rate of 48.14% reported exposure to pro-tobacco ads, and 61.28% reported exposure to anti-tobacco ads. Findings reveal notable disparities in exposure to both pro and anti-tobacco advertisements. Exposure to pro-tobacco ads was more common among current smokers (OR = 0.53 (95% CI 0.44–0.64), p < 0.001), male participants (female: OR = 0.85 (95% CI 0.77–0.95), p = 0.003), and younger adults. Reported exposure to anti-tobacco ads was more common among younger adults, individuals with lower levels of education and income, and current smokers. Radio, TV, and billboards were among the most common sources of ad exposure for both types. Stores were among the most common sources of exposure to pro-tobacco ads (stores: 35.58% (18–34), 39.58% (35–49), and online sources (21.71%) were among the sources where people encountered anti-tobacco messages most frequently.The findings underscore the importance of understanding the changing media consumption patterns and advertising awareness across various demographic groups. They also highlight the urgent need for targeted tobacco prevention interventions, especially via Radio, TV, billboards, and stores, particularly among younger adults, racial minorities, and current smokers who show higher exposure to pro-tobacco ads. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although the term "diversity" is ubiquitous in modern day society, the meaning of the term is not well understood, and it is unclear when people perceive groups to be more or less diverse. Across five experiments, we examined perceptions of racial diversity and preferences for living in diverse contexts related to visual representations of groups. While recent theorizing suggests that a greater number of low-status racial minorities may contribute to perceiving more diversity and determine living preferences, our findings indicate the importance of the race of the perceiver in these processes. Although White and Black participants rated majority Black compared to majority Asian groups as more diverse, followed by majority White targets (cf. Experiment 4), Asian participants did not differ in their diversity ratings across the different racial compositions. Notably, White and Asian participants rated majority White and majority Asian compared to majority Black neighborhoods as more desirable. Black participants, in contrast, consistently rated majority Black compared to majority White and majority Asian neighborhoods as more desirable and did not distinguish between the latter two contexts. Together these findings provide new evidence about how people define diversity and the importance of target-level factors, perceiver-level factors, and the interplay between these factors on perceptions of racial diversity and inclusivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective Data Sources and Study Setting Study Design Data Collection/Extraction Methods Principal Findings Conclusions To decompose the mental health disparities between breast cancer patients and survivors (hereafter survivors) of racial and ethnic minority groups and non‐Hispanic White survivors into the contributions of individual‐, interpersonal‐, community‐, and societal‐level determinants.We used data from the 2010–2020 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey Household Component (MEPS‐HC). Our primary outcome was whether the person had mental health conditions or not.We employed the Kitagawa–Oaxaca–Blinder (KOB) method to understand to what extent the differences in outcomes were explained by the differences in the determinants between non‐Hispanic Black or Hispanic breast cancer survivors and non‐Hispanic White survivors. We also bifurcated the Hispanic sample analysis by the US‐born status (and county of origin).Confidential geographic identifiers are utilized to supplement the MEPS‐HC data with information on community characteristics and local healthcare resources.The prevalence of mental health conditions among non‐Hispanic Black and Hispanic breast cancer survivors was 26.1% (95% CI: 20.4, 31.7) and 28.3% (95% CI: 21.9, 34.6), respectively. These rates were higher than those for their non‐Hispanic White counterparts, 19.7% (95% CI: 17.4, 21.9). In our KOB model, the disparity between non‐Hispanic Black and White survivors was fully explained by differences in education, health, and family structure, with community‐ and societal‐level determinants playing no significant role. Conversely, our KOB model did not explain any of the overall differences between Hispanic and non‐Hispanic White survivors. However, for foreign‐born Hispanic survivors, the disparity was fully explained by a combination of individual‐ and societal‐level determinants.Our findings, which identify specific individual‐, interpersonal‐, and societal‐ determinants that were associated with racial and ethnic differences in mental health, can be used by clinicians and policymakers to proactively address racial and ethnic disparities in health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Despite Medicare coverage, financial hardship is a prevalent issue among those diagnosed with cancer at age 65 years and older, particularly among those belonging to a racial or ethnic minority group. Sociodemographic, clinical, and area‐level factors may mediate this relationship; however, no studies have assessed the extent to which these factors contribute to the racial/ethnic disparities in financial hardship. Methods: Surveys assessing financial hardship were completed by 721 White (84%) or Black (16%) patients (aged 65 years and older) who were diagnosed with breast (34%), prostate (27%), lung (17%), or colorectal (14%) cancer or lymphoma (9%) at the University of Alabama at Birmingham between 2000 and 2019. Financial hardship included material, psychological, and behavioral domains. Nonlinear Blinder–Oaxaca effect decomposition methods were used to evaluate the extent to which individual and area‐level factors contribute to racial disparities in financial hardship. Results: Black patients reported lower income (65% vs. 34% earning <$50,000) and greater scores on the Area Deprivation Index (median, 93.0 vs. 55.0). Black patients reported significantly higher rates of overall (39% vs. 18%), material (29% vs. 11%), and psychological (27% vs. 11%) hardship compared with White patients. Overall, the observed characteristics explained 51% of racial differences in financial hardship among cancer survivors, primarily because of differences in income (23%) and area deprivation (11%). Conclusions: The current results identify primary contributors to racial disparities in financial hardship among older cancer survivors, which can be used to develop targeted interventions and allocate resources to those at greatest risk for financial hardship. Racial disparities in financial hardship among older cancer survivors are attributable to the downstream effects of structural racism. Interventions aimed at reducing the Black–White disparity in financial hardship should be targeted toward factors associated with historical racial discrimination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The use of machine learning (ML) in mental health (MH) research is increasing, especially as new, more complex data types become available to analyze. By examining the published literature, this review aims to explore the current applications of ML in MH research, with a particular focus on its use in studying diverse and vulnerable populations, including immigrants, refugees, migrants, and racial and ethnic minorities. Methods: From October 2022 to March 2024, Google Scholar, EMBASE, and PubMed were queried. ML-related, MH-related, and population-of-focus search terms were strung together with Boolean operators. Backward reference searching was also conducted. Included peer-reviewed studies reported using a method or application of ML in an MH context and focused on the populations of interest. We did not have date cutoffs. Publications were excluded if they were narrative or did not exclusively focus on a minority population from the respective country. Data including study context, the focus of mental healthcare, sample, data type, type of ML algorithm used, and algorithm performance were extracted from each. Results: Ultimately, 13 peer-reviewed publications were included. All the articles were published within the last 6 years, and over half of them studied populations within the US. Most reviewed studies used supervised learning to explain or predict MH outcomes. Some publications used up to 16 models to determine the best predictive power. Almost half of the included publications did not discuss their cross-validation method. Conclusions: The included studies provide proof-of-concept for the potential use of ML algorithms to address MH concerns in these special populations, few as they may be. Our review finds that the clinical application of these models for classifying and predicting MH disorders is still under development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Searching for missing or wanted people is a crucial task in our society. Previous work on prospective person memory (PPM) has demonstrated that performance on this type of search task is worse relative to standard prospective memory tasks. Importantly, this process may be further affected by the race of the missing person, yet this has never been tested in laboratory settings. To test the effects of race on PPM, a convenience sample consisting primarily of self-identified Caucasian participants was asked to search for either a Caucasian or an Indian target person while judging the orientation of different Caucasian and Indian faces. Although the tasks were otherwise identical, 89% of Caucasian PPM targets were found while only 53% of Indian targets were found. Furthermore, relative to a control group with no PPM requirements, participants were slower and more error-prone when judging Indian faces relative to White faces, particularly if they were searching for an Indian face. We interpret these results as revealing other-race effects in prospective person memory, highlighting race as a critical factor for finding missing people. Importantly, this also emphasizes the need for real-world search efforts to factor in difficulty differences when people monitor for missing/wanted people from their own or different racial backgrounds. For example, media coverage of missing persons cases could perhaps be distributed more equitably by considering whether the missing person is from a racial minority in that region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the pandemic, the impacts of structural bias on racial minorities and other groups have become an even more compelling concern for legal commentators. One group that has received some attention in the effort to confront bias is the mentally ill. This attention has coincided with a rise in the willingness of individuals to talk about, and destigmatize, mental health issues in society. Yet, despite these efforts, along with a long and well-established body of scholarship that criticizes its treatment of mental illness, the civil law--particularly the law of tort--continues its entrenched refusal to consider mental illness when determining the liability of individuals for harms they have caused. The law has lurched from one policy rationale to another in its efforts to avoid considering the impact of mental illness on liability. As evidenced by the Restatement (Third) of Torts, the only consistent basis for liability seems to be concerns over the law's administrability, with commentators continuing to suggest that the courts cannot adequately identify if and when a mental illness has impacted an individual's capacity to understand and act in accordance with the law. Although many commentators have suggested that mental health professionals can adequately deal with concerns over administr-ability, none of them have explained how mental health practitioners actually do so. In this Article, we fill this gap. We first provide a sense of the legal landscape--describing the law of negligence's treatment of mental illness and the rather uncertain and constantly changing policy basis underlying it--before turning to the Restatement (Third) of Torts' almost complete reliance on administrability concerns as the basis for refusing to consider mental illness in addressing issues of liability. We then turn to a discussion of how these administrability concerns are unfounded by describing the process used by mental health professionals to analyze capacity in legal decision-making. Our goal is not only to make clear that the stated policy basis for liability is unsound, but also to provide lawyers, judges, and those concerned with the administration of justice with an understanding of the depth and reliability of the process that is used to analyze capacity when mental illness is at issue in a particular negligence case. When the process is delineated in its completeness and its safeguards brought to light, its rigor can hopefully decrease the influence of biases and misjudgments whose influence persists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1972, the United States Office of Education (USOE) released a lengthy and unprecedented report about gifted education in response to a Congressional mandate. Both Congress and the USOE lamented the inadequate state of gifted programmes in American schools and urged that gifted education should become a greater national priority. In this essay, we argue that the federal government revived human capital and national security concerns in claiming that the unfulfilled potential of gifted and talented Americans had made the United States vulnerable. Better accommodating students with high abilities therefore became a paramount political agenda item. At the same time, amid efforts to eliminate poverty and facilitate greater equality of educational opportunity, both the legislative and executive branches of the federal government strategically portrayed the gifted and talented as a neglected and historically disadvantaged group in need of assistance. In establishing a broader and multi-faceted definition of giftedness, moreover, the USOE paid particular attention to racial minorities who were also gifted as a way of making its case. Such arguments fit within the political climate of the Great Society in directing public resources to historically marginalized groups. Deviating from longstanding characterizations of the gifted as inherently white and privileged, the U.S. government in the late 1960s and early 1970s portrayed them as racially diverse, "deprived," "disadvantaged," and warranting special educational opportunities. This example of federal advocacy thus marked a notable shift in the image of the gifted student in the United States. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A content analysis of TV police dramas was conducted to assess the portrayal of gender, race/ethnicity, and aggression among law enforcement, criminals, and victims. Representations of police personnel appeared more diversified than in past eras, with white personnel no longer overrepresented and some racial minority groups (African and Asian American) now overrepresented relative to consensus data, instead. Women were underrepresented as victims while Hispanic characters were underrepresented in all character categories. Comparable to previous studies was the violent nature of the genre, as violent crimes and cases solved were significantly overrepresented, and police were more physically and verbally aggressive than criminals. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Population density and size are the most commonly used metrics for defining modern cities and urbanism. Yet unlike size, density has been overlooked in systematic analyses of the historical development of the U.S. urban system. Deploying large-scale geocoded census microdata on forty major cities in 1880, this article contributes to a systematic understanding of density in late-nineteenth-century U.S. urbanism. Methodologically, we make the case for a block-level, population-weighted density measure that reflects the experience of density and is transferable to other urban contexts. Thematically, we use this measure to compare density across cities, outlining regionally distinct patterns in density and identifying the built environment as a contributing factor to high- versus low-density urban development, and to explore density within cities across population subgroups, finding that immigrants, racial minorities, and lower class residents experienced higher densities at a time when high density increased exposure to health risks. Additionally, throughout the article we draw out preliminary findings worthy of future research about density conditions for particular cities, places, and demographic subgroups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Racial preferences are sometimes encountered in the sphere of dating, romance, and sex. Using an experimental design, 100 White American participants and 100 American participants of Color were exposed to a mock dating profile that either contained a disclosure of racial preference (i.e., "White guys/girls only") or did not. Owners of a profile disclosing a racial preference were perceived as more racist, less attractive, and were also rated less positively in a global sense than owners of a profile that did not disclose a preference. Participants were also less willing to connect with them. Additionally, participants who viewed a dating profile disclosing a racial preference reported greater negative affect and lower positive affect than participants who viewed a profile that did not disclose a preference. These effects were largely consistent across both White participants and participants of Color. These findings demonstrate that racial preferences in the intimate sphere are generally responded to unfavorably, both by people for whom rejection is implied by the preferences and by people who are personally unaffected by the preferences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Teaching students about race and racism is critical to and relevant in psychology classrooms. Objective: We explored whether direct instruction dismantling ideas that race is genetic affects students' race essentialist and other related beliefs. Method: Undergraduate students enrolled in four social psychology courses completed measures of race essentialism and other related beliefs before and after engaging in course-directed activities designed to reduce endorsement of biological essentialist beliefs about race. Results: After class activities, students reported lower levels of general racial essentialist beliefs and estimated that more progress is needed to reduce racial inequality. However, attitudes towards racially minoritized groups or perceived need for anti-racist actions did not shift, and colorblind ideology may have increased. Conclusion: These data provide evidence that essentialism shifts can be accomplished in the psychology classroom, but shifting related beliefs may require additional instruction. Teaching Implications: The class activities described in this research provide a way for instructors to introduce students to a new concept (race essentialism) and change students' beliefs in the genetic underpinning of race. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The differential diagnosis of suspected multiple sclerosis has been developed using data from North America, northern Europe, and Australasia, with a focus on White populations. People from minority ethnic and racial backgrounds in regions where prevalence of multiple sclerosis is high are more often negatively affected by social determinants of health, compared with White people in these regions. A better understanding of changing demographics, the clinical characteristics of people from minority ethnic or racial backgrounds, and the social challenges they face might facilitate equitable clinical approaches when considering a diagnosis of multiple sclerosis. Neuromyelitis optica, systemic lupus erythematous, neurosarcoidosis, infections, and cerebrovascular conditions (eg, hypertension) should be considered in the differential diagnosis of multiple sclerosis for people from minority ethnic and racial backgrounds in North America, northern Europe, and Australasia. The diagnosis of multiple sclerosis in people from a minority ethnic or racial background in these regions requires a comprehensive approach that considers the complex interplay of immigration, diagnostic inequity, and social determinants of health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite advances in diagnosis and treatment, racial disparities continue to exist in colorectal cancer (CRC) survival. This study aims to characterize the CRC survival differences among racial and ethnic minority groups. The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database was used to identify adults diagnosed with CRC from 2015 to 2019. Demographics, disease characteristics, surgical treatment, stages, and survival data for individuals who are Hispanic, Black, Southeast Asian, Chinese, American Indian and Alaskan Native (AIAN), Asian Indian and Pakistani (AIP), and Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islanders (NHOPI) were extracted. Survival analysis was done using the Kaplan-Meier survival curve. Multivariate analysis was done with the Cox proportional hazard model. There were 40 091 individuals with CRC. NHOPI had the youngest median age of 59 years, while Chinese individuals had the oldest median age of 65 years. From the total sample of their respective subgroups, 43.8% of Black patients and 36.7% of AIAN patients had a median household income of <$60 000, while 55.3% of Southeast Asian patients, 59.7% of Chinese patients, 55.8% of AIP patients, and 65.6% of NHOPI patient had a median household income >$70 000. The 1-year survival rate was lower for patients who were Hispanic (62.0%), Black (60.9%), and AIAN (63.1%). Even after multivariate analysis, Black patients had a significant hazard ratio (HR) of 1.21 (95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 1.05-1.38), while AIP had a HR of 0.68 (95% CI 0.55-0.84), compared to AIAN. Other significant variables that were linked with survival included older age, advanced stage of CRC, a median household income <$60 000, male sex, no surgery, subtotal colectomy/hemicolectomy, and total colectomy. Further studies are needed to elucidate the specific causes of these differences and create appropriate strategies to reduce this survival disparity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Group threat theories postulate that when majority group members feel threatened by minority racial groups, they develop prejudice. However, it is possible that feeling threatened by those perceived as outgroups of racial minorities can lead to support for racial minorities. The threat offered by conservative Christians to progressives can lead those progressives to become more supportive of racial minorities, perceiving those minorities as allies. Data from the 2021 Baylor Religion Survey examined the predictive power of feeling threatened by Republicans, African Americans, conservative Christians, Muslims, atheists, and Buddhists on progressive racial attitudes. After basic social and demographic controls, feeling threatened by conservative Christians and political conservatives was associated with higher support for progressive racialized attitudes, while feeling threatened by Muslims and blacks was associated with lower support for progressive racial attitudes. This research extends theories about group threat theory by focusing on the symbolic threat tied to our current culture war. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To evaluate lifestyle habits and dietary patterns among university students during the COVID-19 pandemic and their association with skin color. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted with 1315 undergraduate students from a public higher education institution. Sociodemographic characteristics, lifestyle habits, and food consumption were collected. Factor analysis was used to identify dietary patterns and multivariate logistic regression was conducted to estimate the associations between race/skin color and outcomes. Results: Black individuals were less likely to show behaviors associated with the use of cigarettes or tobacco products (OR = 0.61; 95% CI 0.42−0.89). However, black individuals with higher income (greater than, or equal to one minimum wage per person) were less likely to show behaviors associated with illicit drug use (OR = 0.54; 95% CI 0.31−0.96), use of cigarettes or tobacco products (OR = 0.46; 95% CI 0.24−0.87) and alcohol consumption (OR = 0.64; CI 95% 0.42−0.98). In addition, individuals of race/skin color black with lower income (less than one minimum wage per person) showed decreased consumption of vegetables (OR = 0.68; CI 95% 0.48−0.96). Conclusions: Black college students with higher income were less likely to show undesirable behaviors related to the use of psychoactive substances. In contrast, individuals with lower income had lower consumption of foods from the vegetable group, which can be considered an unfavorable health-related behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background The long-term financial impact of cancer care has not been adequately addressed in young adults. As part of a remote intervention study, we describe medical financial distress and hardship among young adult survivors of blood cancer at study entry. Methods Young adults were recruited from 6 US hospitals. Using a Research Electronic Data Capture link, young adults confirmed their eligibility—namely, currently 18 to 39 years of age, blood cancer diagnosis 3 or more years ago, off active treatment, and not on parent's insurance. Following consent, the baseline assessment was sent. The primary outcome measure, the Personal Financial Wellness Scale, measured financial distress (scored as severe, 1-2; high, 3-4; average, 5-6; and low to no, 7-10). Medical financial hardship encompassed material hardship, psychological impact, and coping behaviors. Descriptive summary statistics and linear regression were used. Results Among the 126 participants, 54.5% came from minority racial or ethnic groups. Median time since diagnosis was 10 years (interquartile range = 6-16 years), with 56% having received a diagnosis when they were between 18 and 39 years of age. The overall mean (standard deviation) Personal Financial Wellness Scale score was 5.1 (2.4), but 49% reported severe or high distress. In multivariable analysis, female sex, Hispanic ethnicity, and lower income were strongly associated with worse Personal Financial Wellness Scale scores. Among participants with severe financial distress (n = 26), 72% reported 2 or more household material hardships, had worse scores across all psychological domains, and altered survivorship care because of cost (68%). Conclusions Nearly half of long-term young adult cancer survivors reported severe or high levels of financial distress. Individuals with severe or high distress also reported more medical financial hardship than other participants. This finding highlights the need for ongoing financial intervention in this vulnerable population. ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05620979 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a 20-month ethnographic study, I examine how a technology firm, ShopCo (a pseudonym), considered 13 different recruitment platforms to attract racial minority engineering candidates. I find that when choosing whether to adopt recruitment platforms focused on racial minority candidates (targeted recruitment platforms) but not when choosing whether to adopt recruitment platforms on which the modal candidate was White (traditional recruitment platforms), ShopCo managers expressed distaste for what they perceived to be the objectification, exploitation, and race-based targeting of racial minorities. These managers' repugnant market concerns influenced which types of platforms ShopCo adopted. To recruit racial minorities, ShopCo eschewed recruitment platforms taking a transactional approach that emphasized speed, quantity, efficiency, opportunity, and compensation, in favor of platforms taking a developmental approach that emphasized individuality, ethics, equity, community, and commitment. I show that ShopCo managers had different relational models for recruiting based on the race of the candidate. By exploring the new mechanism of repugnant market concerns, I aim to increase understanding of employees' resistance to DEI initiatives, which can create barriers to workplace reforms even when organizations are committed to change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Higher rates of physical inactivity and comorbid conditions are reported in Hispanic/Latinx and Black cancer patients receiving chemotherapy compared to their White counterparts. Despite the beneficial effect of exercise training for cancer patients, rates of participation in exercise oncology clinical trials are low among disadvantaged and racial and ethnic minority groups. Here, we will examine the effect of an exercise intervention using a novel, accessible, and cost-effective home-based exercise approach among Hispanic/Latinx and Black cancer patients receiving chemotherapy on exercise participation and cardiovascular disease risk. Methods: The THRIVE trial is an 8-month prospective, three-arm study of 45 patients who are randomized in a 1:1:1 fashion to a supervised exercise intervention (SUP), unsupervised exercise (UNSUP), or an attention control (AC) group. Eligible patients include those with breast, colorectal, or prostate cancer, who are sedentary, overweight or obese, self-identify as Hispanic/Latinx or Black, and plan to receive chemotherapy. Patients randomized to the SUP group participate in a home-based 16-week periodized aerobic and resistance exercise program performed three days per week, supervised through video conference technology. Patients randomized to the UNSUP group participate in an unsupervised 16-week, telehealth-based, periodized aerobic and resistance exercise program performed three days per week using the same exercise prescription parameters as the SUP group. Patients randomized to the AC group receive a 16-week home-based stretching program. The primary outcome is changes in minutes of physical activity assessed by 7-day accelerometry at postintervention. Secondary outcomes include cardiovascular risk factors, patientreported outcomes, and physical function. Outcome measures are tested at baseline, post-intervention at month 4, and after a non-intervention follow-up period at month 8. Discussion: The THRIVE trial is the first study to employ a novel and potentially achievable exercise intervention for a minority population receiving chemotherapy. In addition, this study utilizes an intervention approach to investigate the biological and behavioral mechanisms underlying exercise participation in these cancer patients. Results will guide and inform large randomized controlled trials to test the effect of home-based exercise on treatment outcomes and comorbid disease risk in minority patients with cancer undergoing chemotherapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractDespite significant public concern, previous research on hate crimes has been limited and inconclusive regarding whether police discriminate against racial minority victims when clearing hate crimes through arrests. To address this gap, we analyzed the 1992–2019 data from the National Incident-Based Reporting System, measuring victim race by both the actual and targeted races in anti-race offenses. When using the latter measure, our findings reveal significant results: the arrest rate was generally higher in inter-racial cases, where offenders targeted a race different from their own, than in intra-racial cases, where they targeted the same race as their own. However, the arrest rate was lower, not higher, when white offenders committed a non-index anti-black offense than when they committed a non-index anti-white offense, which may suggest the possibility of racial discrimination in police arrests that extends beyond mere racial disparities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite increasing racial diversity in the United States, and the particular growth of multiracial populations, questions about how children perceive others’ (bi)racial identities remain poorly understood. In two preregistered studies, we asked White and racially minoritized American children (N = 157; 4–11‐years old) and White and multiracial adults (N = 226) how acceptable it was for monoracial people (Black or White; Study 1) and/or biracial people (Black–White; Studies 1 and 2) to claim either a monoracial or biracial identity. Consistent with past research with adults, children said that monoracial people should claim (only) the monoracial identity which matched their ancestry. Judgements about biracial identity were more variable. White and multiracial adults (Study 2) reported that biracial targets could claim a racial identity that matched either or both of their parents, with biracial claims being evaluated most positively. Exploratory analyses on children's judgements about biracial people's identity claims (Study 1) revealed different patterns of development for White children and children from minoritized backgrounds. Whereas White children became more likely with age to report that all identity claims were acceptable, children from racially minoritized groups became more likely with age to endorse biracial targets who claimed a biracial identity. These findings suggest that children's own racial background and age may have a larger impact on their perceptions of biracial people's identities, compared to their perceptions of monoracial people's identities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

PURPOSE Despite being key to better health outcomes for patients from racial and ethnic minority groups, the proportion of underrepresented in medicine (URiM) physicians remains low in the US health care system. This study linked a nationally representative sample of family physicians (FPs) with Medicaid claims data to explore the relative contributions to care of Medicaid populations by FP race and ethnicity. METHODS This descriptive cross-sectional study used 2016 Medicaid claims data from the Transformed Medicaid Statistical Information System and from 2016-2017 American Board of Family Medicine certification questionnaire responses to examine the diversity and Medicaid participation of FPs. We explored the diversity of FP Medicaid patient panels and whether they saw ≥150 beneficiaries in 2016. Using logistic regression models, we controlled for FP demographics, practice characteristics, and characteristics of the communities in which they practiced. RESULTS Of 13,096 FPs, Latine, Hispanic, or of Spanish Origin (LHS) FPs and non-LHS Black FPs saw more Medicaid beneficiaries compared with non-LHS White and non-LHS Asian FPs. The patient panels of URiM FPs had a much greater proportion of Medicaid beneficiaries from racial and ethnic minority groups. Overall, non-LHS Black and LHS FPs had greater odds of seeing ≥150 Medicaid beneficiaries in 2016. CONCLUSIONS These findings clearly show the critical role URiM FPs play in caring for Medicaid beneficiaries, suggesting physician race and ethnicity are correlated with Medicaid participation. Diversity in the health care workforce is essential for addressing racial health inequities. Policies need to address problems in pathways to medical education, including failures to recruit, nurture, and retain URiM students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article highlights four books that delve into various aspects of Los Angeles urban history, providing library patrons with a range of perspectives on the city. The books cover topics such as business investments in Mexico, local societies during the Great Depression, gangsta rap, and art and architecture. The common theme across these subjects is the exploration of power structures, including economics, land, race, and culture. Two of the books, "To Live and Defy in LA" by Felicia Angeja Viator and "The Speculative City" by Susanna Phillips Newbury, focus on underrepresented voices and the connection between art and urban form in Los Angeles. "To Live and Defy in LA" examines gangsta rap as a response to economic and social conditions, shedding light on inequality and police violence. "The Speculative City" analyzes the relationship between physical form and economic and cultural power, with a specific focus on Eli Broad's influence and the development of Grand Avenue. Both books emphasize the significance of understanding power structures in shaping the city's landscape. [Extracted from the article]

Within urban sociology, the unpredictability of poor, urbanized space explains why black youth are "present oriented" and why they treat orientations to the future as futile. But where urban sociology suspends black youth in time and space, this research aims to de-arrest them from the "ethnographic present." Drawing on data from in-depth interviews with thirty youth, I make the case that within "present orientations" there is prescience. This paper is based on over one year of fieldwork at Run-a-Way – a center for youth in Minneapolis, Minnesota. With limited life chances and limited chances at life, youth at Run-a-Way saw the future as fugitive. Instead of being a paralyzing force keeping youth suspended in time, present orientations were marked by the production of nowness, in light of a prescient vision of what is to come. Because black youth chose not to entertain liberal futurities directed towards "rights" and "freedoms" associated with a post-raciality did not make them present oriented. It made them prepared. As prescience comes to serve as a more accurate signifier of black youth's relation to the future, we come to see why the "ethnographic present" and the interpellation of blackness through abjection are both unsustainable and obsolete. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Canadians are experiencing a housing affordability crisis, but little attention has been paid to its ethno-racial and nativity disparities. Using data from the 2016 Canadian Census, we assess whether the likelihood of living in unaffordable housing (i.e. spending 30% or more of pretax income on housing costs) varies by ethno-race and nativity status, and identify the social factors contributing to these differences. We show that Middle Eastern and North Africans (MENAs) are most, and Whites are least, likely to live in unaffordable housing. Results from decomposition analyses suggest that MENA individuals' high unaffordable housing rates are largely attributable to their high unemployment rates. The high unaffordable housing rates of East and South Asians are mainly associated with their higher propensity to live in urban areas with expensive housing. Immigrants are generally more likely than Canadian-born co-ethnics to live in unaffordable housing. Blacks and Southeast Asians are exceptions. As many governments take steps to address housing affordability crises, they should curtail the influence of structural barriers that preclude ethno-racial minorities from living in affordable housing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 pandemic led to worldwide school closures and a sudden shift to online instruction, which adversely effected academic performance for many students. This study investigated whether demographic characteristics were associated with decreased academic outcomes among newly struggling high school students during Covid-19 online learning. Specifically, the study examined four key characteristics: 1) gender, 2) race/ethnicity, 3) low household income status, and 4) special education status. Newly struggling students were defined as those who received a D or F as their final course grade in two or more classes during the first semester of online learning in 2020, compared to one or no D or F final course grades during the same period in 2019 with in-person instruction. Data from a high school in the Midwestern United States were analyzed to compare final course grades between fall 2019 and fall 2020. Correlational analysis revealed that students from low-income households experienced a more significant decline in grades than their peers not from low-income households. These students were not only more likely to struggle, but also showed a greater increase in D and F course grades between semesters. In contrast, while special education students also saw an increase in D and F final course grades between semesters, the rise was less pronounced compared to their newly struggling sample group peers. This study highlights the impact of demographic factors on academic outcomes during the pandemic, addressing a gap in research on how specific characteristics influenced academic performance amid the shift to online learning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 pandemic led to worldwide school closures and a sudden shift to online instruction, which adversely effected academic performance for many students. This study investigated whether demographic characteristics were associated with decreased academic outcomes among newly struggling high school students during Covid-19 online learning. Specifically, the study examined four key characteristics: 1) gender, 2) race/ethnicity, 3) low household income status, and 4) special education status. Newly struggling students were defined as those who received a D or F as their final course grade in two or more classes during the first semester of online learning in 2020, compared to one or no D or F final course grades during the same period in 2019 with in-person instruction. Data from a high school in the Midwestern United States were analyzed to compare final course grades between fall 2019 and fall 2020. Correlational analysis revealed that students from low-income households experienced a more significant decline in grades than their peers not from low-income households. These students were not only more likely to struggle, but also showed a greater increase in D and F course grades between semesters. In contrast, while special education students also saw an increase in D and F final course grades between semesters, the rise was less pronounced compared to their newly struggling sample group peers. This study highlights the impact of demographic factors on academic outcomes during the pandemic, addressing a gap in research on how specific characteristics influenced academic performance amid the shift to online learning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Background: Disparities in orthopedic trauma care have been reported for racial-ethnic minority and socially disadvantaged patients. We examined differences in perioperative metrics by patient race and ethnicity and insurance after pelvic fracture in a national sample in the United States. Materials and Methods: The 2016–2019 National Inpatient Sample was queried for White, Black, and Hispanic patients 18 to 64 years old with private, Medicaid, or self-pay insurance who underwent non-elective pelvic fracture surgery. Associations between combined race and ethnicity and insurance subgroups and perioperative metrics (time to surgery, length of stay, inhospital complications, institutional discharge) were assessed using multivariable generalized linear and logistic regression models. Adjusted percent differences or odds ratios (ORs) were reported. Results: A weighted total of 14,375 surgeries were included (68.8% in White patients, 16.1% in Black patients, and 15.1% in Hispanic patients; 60.0% private insurance, 26.3% Medicaid, and 13.7% self-pay). Compared with White patients with private insurance, all Black insurance subgroups had longer length of stay (+15.38% to +38.78%, P≤.001), as did Hispanic patients with Medicaid (+28.03%, P<.001), White patients with Medicaid (+13.08%, P<.001), and White patients with self-pay (+9.47%, P=.04). Additionally, compared with White patients with private insurance, decreased odds of institutional discharge were observed for all patients with self-pay (OR, 0.24–0.37, P<.001) as well as White patients with Medicaid (OR, 0.70, P=.003) and Hispanic patients with Medicaid (OR, 0.57, P=.002). There were no significant adjusted associations between race and ethnicity and insurance subgroups and in-hospital complications or time to surgery. Conclusion: These differences in perioperative metrics, primarily for Black patients and patients with self-pay insurance, warrant further examination to identify whether they reflect disparities that should be addressed to promote equitable orthopedic trauma care. [Orthopedics. 2024;47(5):e233–e240.] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rationale: Women, older individuals, and racial and ethnic minority groups are often underrepresented in research studies. Objectives: We evaluated the demographics and diversity of participants enrolled in randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and observational studies published by investigators in association with the Canadian Critical Care Trials Group. Methods: We performed quantitative content analysis of peer-reviewed RCTs and observational studies from December 1994 to December 2022. For each publication, we extracted participant demographic variables, including sex, gender, age, race or ethnicity, sexual orientation, pregnancy status, language proficiency, income/financial status, housing, education, disability, and geography. Results: A total of 120 publications (28 RCTs, 92 observational studies) included 211,144 enrolled participants. Most (107 of 120; 89.2%) were multicenter studies, and 70% (84 of 120) were conducted exclusively in Canadian centers; 77.5% (93 of 120) studies enrolled adult participants, and 19.2% (23 of 120) enrolled pediatric participants. All studies reported participant mean or median age, 118 (98.3%) reported binary sex or gender, and 9 (7.5%) reported race or ethnicity. No justification was provided in 35 studies that listed pregnancy as an exclusion. There was infrequent reporting of housing (n = 4), employment (n = 2), income (n = 2), and education (n = 1). No studies reported the language proficiency, sexual orientation, disability, or geography of participants. Of the studies reporting gender, women and/or girls comprised 42.3% participants (range, 8.9–67.7%). Within nine studies reporting race or ethnicity of 2,950 participants, 59.7% were White, 8% South Asian, 7% Indigenous, 3% Asian, 1% Black, 14% unknown, and 6% "other." Conclusions: Research publications from the Canadian Critical Care Trials Group infrequently report important participant demographics, and diversity of research participants is disproportionate compared with Canadian societal demographics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]