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In Arabidopsis thaliana, root high-affinity nitrate (NO3–) uptake depends mainly on NRT2.1, 2.4, and 2.5, which are repressed by high NO3– supply at the transcript level. For NRT2.1, this regulation is due to the action of (i) feedback down-regulation by N metabolites and (ii) repression by NO3– itself mediated by the transceptor NRT1.1(NPF6.3). However, for NRT2.4 and NRT2.5, the signalling pathway(s) remain unknown as do the molecular elements involved. Here we show that unlike NRT2.1, NRT2.4 and NRT2.5 are not induced in an NO3– reductase mutant but are up-regulated following replacement of NO3– by ammonium (NH4+) as the N source. Moreover, increasing the NO3– concentration in a mixed nutrient solution with constant NH4+ concentration results in a gradual repression of NRT2.4 and NRT2.5, which is suppressed in an nrt1.1 mutant. This indicates that NRT2.4 and NRT2.5 are subjected to repression by NRT1.1-mediated NO3– sensing, and not to feedback repression by reduced N metabolites. We further show that key regulators of NRT2 transporters, such as HHO1, HRS1, PP2C, LBD39, BT1, and BT2, are also regulated by NRT1.1-mediated NO3– sensing, and that several of them are involved in NO3– repression of NRT2.1, NRT2.4, and NRT2.5. Finally, we provide evidence that it is the phosphorylated form of NRT1.1 at the T101 residue, which is most active in triggering the NRT1.1-mediated NO3– regulation of all these genes. Altogether, these data led us to propose a regulatory model for high-affinity NO3– uptake in Arabidopsis, highlighting several NO3– transduction cascades downstream of the phosphorylated form of the NRT1.1 transceptor.

This paper describes the design and 3d print of an explorer robot with suspension rocker-bogie which is based in the robots sent into space. Also, it describes of software to acquire the image in real time and the control of robot. It should be noted that space exploration has been a feature of governments for many years. Nowadays there are companies that can transport loads to space; There are also companies that have made great advances in robotics and manufacturing.These technological advances can help in space exploration, either by making robots lighter and easier to manufacture or even by creating pieces and tools from space.

Objetivo. Estimar la supervivencia a cinco años por cáncer cervicouterino y sus factores asociados en pacientes mexica­nas, cuya atención fue financiada por el Fondo de Protección contra Gastos Catastróficos (FPGC) del Seguro Popular durante el periodo 2006-2014. Material y métodos. Se analizó la base de datos de las pacientes mencionadas y se vinculó con el Subsistema Epidemiológico y Estadístico de Defunciones. Se hizo un análisis de supervivencia a cinco años por etapa clínica y factores asociados, mediante el método de Kaplan-Meier y los modelos de riesgos proporcionales de Cox. Resultados. La supervivencia global por cáncer cervicouterino a los cinco años fue de 68.5%. Los factores asociados fueron la etapa clínica (locoregional [HR=2.8 IC95% HR: 2.6,3.0] y metastásica [HR=5.4 IC95% HR: 4.9,5.9]) com­parada con la etapa temprana y la edad (HR=1.003 IC95% HR:1.001,1.004). Conclusiones. Las mujeres que lograron el acceso a la atención del cáncer cervical financiadas por el FPGC tuvieron una supervivencia ligeramente superior a las reportadas en otros estudios.

Orestias ascotanensis (Cyprinodontidae) is a teleost pupfish endemic to springs feeding into the Ascotan saltpan in the Chilean Altiplano (3,700 m.a.s.l.) and represents an opportunity to study adaptations to high-altitude aquatic environments. We have de novo assembled the genome of O. ascotanensis at high coverage. Comparative analysis of the O. ascotanensis genome showed an overall process of contraction, including loss of genes related to G-protein signaling, chemotaxis and signal transduction, while there was expansion of gene families associated with microtubule-based movement and protein ubiquitination. We identified 818 genes under positive selection, many of which are involved in DNA repair. Additionally, we identified novel and conserved microRNAs expressed in O. ascotanensis and its closely-related species, Orestias gloriae. Our analysis suggests that positive selection and expansion of genes that preserve genome stability are a potential adaptive mechanism to cope with the increased solar UV radiation to which high-altitude animals are exposed to.

El siguiente artículo reflexiona en torno a determinados cambios que las actuales estructuras y políticas universitarias han catalizado transversalmente al interior de las escuelas de arquitectura. A partir de los resultados de una investigación doctoral (Barrientos, 2020) y una serie de entrevistas realizadas en Chile y España a académicos de diversas escuelas que se consignan en esta comunicación, se develan relaciones entre el contexto eminentemente práctico e íntimo del proceso formativo y aquel administrativo e institucional, los que en conjunto definen un espectro dentro del cual las comunidades formativas disciplinares devienen. Desde una mirada intimista y un enfoque cualitativo, osamos aproximarnos a un sondeo del inefable espíritu universitario contemporáneo que, dentro de este espectro, emerge en las escuelas de arquitectura. Esto, con el objetivo de enunciar un principio de reflexión informada y actualizada en torno a los efectos que tienen los abstractos marcos normativos en el mundo dinámico y eminentemente vital de la formación universitaria y vislumbrar futuros posibles en tiempos de cambio.

InArabidopsis thaliana, root high-affinity nitrate (NO3-) uptake depends mainly on NRT2.1, 2.4 and 2.5, which are repressed by high NO3-supply at the transcript level. ForNRT2.1, this regulation is due to the action of (i) feedback downregulation by N metabolites and (ii) repression by NO3-itself mediated by the transceptor NRT1.1(NPF6.3). However, forNRT2.4andNRT2.5the signaling pathway(s) remain unknown along with the molecular elements involved. Here we show that unlikeNRT2.1, NRT2.4andNRT2.5are not induced in a NO3-reductase mutant but are strongly upregulated following replacement of NO3-by ammonium (NH4+) as the N source. Moreover, increasing NO3-concentration in a mixed nutrient solution with constant NH4+concentration results in a gradual repression ofNRT2.4andNRT2.5, which is suppressed in anrt1.1mutant. This indicates thatNRT2.4andNRT2.5are subjected to repression by NRT1.1-mediated NO3-sensing, and not to feedback repression by reduced N metabolites. We further show that key regulators of NRT2s transporters, such as HHO1, HRS1, PP2C, LBD39, BT1 and BT2, are also regulated by NRT1.1-mediated NO3-sensing, and that several are involved in NO3-repression ofNRT2.1, 2.4and2.5. Finally, we provide evidence that it is the phosphorylated form of NRT1.1 at the T101 residue, which is most active in triggering the NRT1.1-mediated NO3-regulation of all these genes. Altogether, these data led to propose a regulatory model for high-affinity NO3-uptake inArabidopsis, highlighting several NO3-transduction cascades downstream the phosphorylated form of the NRT1.1 transceptor.One sentence summaryCharacterisation and identification of molecular elements involved in the signaling pathways repressing NRT2s transporters and root nitrate uptake in response to nitrate.

Resumen Este artículo plantea una reflexión sobre la importancia histórica de la dimensión bélica de los procesos de desintegración y colapso de las monarquías ibéricas en América y de establecimiento de los Estados nacionales a partir del ámbito mexicano como estudio de caso. Una de sus intenciones es mostrar la pertinencia del concepto “cultura de guerra” para evaluar los múltiples impactos de aquellos conflictos en las sociedades iberoamericanas del primer cuarto del siglo XIX y las formas en que individuos, grupos y comunidades modificaron sociabilidades, organización y conductas a partir de la violencia y la movilización armada. Con el énfasis puesto en las prácticas, las experiencias y las intenciones de los sujetos involucrados en la guerra revolucionaria de Nueva España que resultaron en la independencia de México, la propuesta evalúa las perspectivas de los combatientes, los no combatientes y los impulsos institucionales de control, vigilancia y seguridad del nuevo orden. Abstract This article offers a discussion on the historical importance of the war dimension of the processes of disintegration and collapse of the Iberian monarchies in America and the establishment of national states, using Mexico as a case study. One of its intentions is to show the relevance of the concept “ war culture” to evaluate the multiple impacts of those conflicts in the Ibero-American societies of the first quarter of the 19th century and the ways in which individuals, groups and communities modified sociability, organization and behaviors through violence and armed mobilization. With an emphasis on the practices, experiences and intentions of the subjects involved in the revolutionary war in New Spain that produced the Mexican Independence, the proposal evaluates the perspectives of combatants, non-combatants and the institutional impulses of control, vigilance and security of the new order.

La tara es una especie forestal originaria de la zona andina, cuenta con un gran potencial en la agroexportación y agroindustria, ya que puede usarse como materia prima para la producción de gomas, misma que se caracteriza por ser uno de los subproductos más demandados en el mercado internacional al ser aplicado como aditivo en la industria alimentaria, tomando en cuenta esto, en la presente investigación se planteó la evaluación del método químico con ácido sulfúrico para la extracción de goma de tara (Caesalpinia spinosa), con el propósito de generar valor agregado a la especie, para conseguirlo, primero se determinó las condiciones óptimas para la extracción de goma de tara por el método químico con ácido sulfúrico, para ello se realizó 5 tratamientos con diferentes tiempos de solubilización (rango de 15 minutos), a los cuales se evaluó las características físico-químico y organoléptico; además, los tratamientos fueron analizados en función del rendimiento de extracción de la goma de tara, tomando en cuenta que el rendimiento sea lo más alto posible sin descuidar la calidad de la goma. Los resultados muestran que el tratamiento T3 (temperatura de solubilización 80ºC, concentración de ácido sulfúrico 72 % y tiempo de contacto de 60 minutos) presenta las mejores características de calidad de goma, en función del análisis organoléptico (color, olor y textura); el rendimiento de extracción de la goma de tara fue 22%.

Los únicos virreyes que efectivamente gobernaban en la América española en 1821 y que habían sido designados para ello por Fernando VII fueron obligados por sus propias cúpulas militares a renunciar al mando. Este artículo analiza comparativamente ambos fenómenos y recupera su importancia y significados históricos a través del examen de sus caracterizaciones históricas e historiográficas y sus contextos, marcos institucionales, argumentos e instancias involucradas. La propuesta consiste en observar, a partir de los golpes, la capacidad de injerencia política de las fuerzas armadas en el proceso de descomposición del orden de la monarquía española en América y de construcción de los estados nacionales determinados tanto por el constitucionalismo cuanto por la guerra.

The use of a tourniquet in total knee replacement has advantages and drawbacks. Some studies suggest that using ischaemia at low pressures could reduce its negative effects. Our objective is to verify whether the use of ischaemia at low pressures (100 mmHg above the systolic blood pressure) produces greater pain and loss of strength than surgery without a tourniquet. By the means of a prospective randomized clinical trial, patients were assigned to the control group (no tourniquet, NT) or the experimental group (tourniquet, T). The main variables measured were pain (VAS) and isometric muscle strength (preoperatively, 10 days and 3 months after surgery). Secondary variables were haemoglobin at 24 h, transfusion index, need for rescue drugs and days of admission. A total of 71 patients (73 prosthesis) were studied. Both groups were homogeneous in terms of age, body mass index, sex ratio, preoperative strength and level of anesthetic risk. We did not find significative differences in any of the main variables (pain and strength) nor in the secondary ones. We could only find differences in the days of admission (2.77 vs. 3.05; p = 0.031). Use of a tourniquet at low pressures (100 mmHg above systolic blood pressure) did not result in an increase in postoperative pain or a decrease in quadriceps extension force within the first 3 months after surgery. Level 1—Randomized controlled trial

This study describes, to some extent, the VCC contribution as an early stimulation of the macrophage lineage. Regarding the onset of the innate immune response caused by infection, the β form of IL-1 is the most important interleukin involved in the onset of the inflammatory innate response. Activated macrophages treated in vitro with VCC induced the activation of the MAPK signaling pathway in a one-hour period, with the activation of transcriptional regulators for a surviving and pro-inflammatory response, suggesting an explanation inspired and supported by the inflammasome physiology. The mechanism of IL-1β production induced by VCC has been gracefully outlined in murine models, using bacterial knockdown mutants and purified molecules; nevertheless, the knowledge of this mechanism in the human immune system is still under study. This work shows the soluble form of 65 kDa of the Vibriocholerae cytotoxin (also known as hemolysin), as it is secreted by the bacteria, inducing the production of IL-1β in the human macrophage cell line THP-1. The mechanism involves triggering the early activation of the signaling pathway MAPKs pERK and p38, with the subsequent activation of (p50) NF-κB and AP-1 (cJun and cFos), determined by real-time quantitation. The evidence shown here supports that the monomeric soluble form of the VCC in the macrophage acts as a modulator of the innate immune response, which is consistent with the assembly of the NLRP3 inflammasome actively releasing IL-1β.

The tara (Caesalpinia spinosa) is a forest species native to South America, which presents a great potential in the world industry in the field of agro-export and agribusiness, for the use of its derivatives as tannins, which has an unmet demand in the market to be used in tanning and food industries; the research work was developed in the months of September 2019 to March 2020 and had the purpose of determining the amount of tannins present in the fruits collected in El Portete neighborhood, for this purpose, aqueous extracts were elaborated by maceration and heating, to which were make organoleptic (color and smell) and physical-chemical (pH and density) analyses, and, the quantification of tannins to each extract, considering two concentrations of potassium permanganate solution (0.025 and 0.1 N). The results show that the organoleptic and physicochemical characteristics of the extracts obtained by heating and maceration did not present significant differences between them, except for the pH that ranges from moderately (3,7) to slightly acid (4,3); as regards the quantification of tannins, there is a similarity between the values obtained with the two extraction methods; however, there were differences between the values reached with the two concentrations of potassium permanganate, obtaining the best yields (52,50%) at the concentration of KMnO4 at 0,1 N. Finally, it was elaborated an explanatory manual about the applied methodology and the obtained results, in order to transfer the information to the producers and institutions related to the production and commercialization of this species and its derivatives.

The tara (Caesalpinia spinosa)is a forest species native to South America, which presents a great potential in the world industry in the field of agro-export and agribusiness, for the use of its derivatives as tannins, which has anunmet demand in the market to be used in tanning and food industries; the present thesis project had the purpose of determining the amount of tannins present in the fruits collected in El Portete neighborhood, for this purpose, aqueous extracts were elaborated by maceration and heating, to which were make organoleptic (color and smell) and physical-chemical (p H and density) analyses, and, the quantification of tannins to each extract, considering two concentrations ofpotassium permanganate solution (0.025and 0.1 N). The results show that the organoleptic and physicochemical characteristics of the extracts obtained by heating and maceration did not present significant differences between them, except fo r the pH that ranges from moderately (3,7) to slightlyacid (4,3); as regards the quantification of tannins, there is a similarity between the values obtained with th e tw o extraction methods; however, there were differences between the value s re a ch e d w ith the two concentrations of potassium permanganate, obtaining the best yields (52,5 %) at the concentration of KMnO4at 0,1 N. Keywords:Potentiality, Quantification of tannins, Concentrations and Yield

Nitrate is an important source of inorganic nitrogen. Nitrate modulates many plant metabolic, physiological, and developmental processes. This minireview highlights recent findings on the intricate molecular wiring that allows plants to adapt to environmental nitrate conditions. We focus on the role of regulatory pathways and their components - transporters, receptors, second messengers, kinases, and transcription factors - in mediating plant metabolic and developmental responses to nitrate. Work is still needed to identify missing components of the nitrate signaling pathway and their interplay with known and well-characterized master regulators and to validate their molecular interactions to explain the complexity of phenotypical responses to nitrate. Understanding how plants perceive nitrate and transduce it into responses at the molecular level is crucial to optimize nitrogen-use efficiency, improve crop yield and mitigate the adverse environmental impacts of fertilizer overuse in a changing world.

Arabidopsis TGA class II transcription factors are part of a signaling network that controls ROS levels and oxidative damage in the tolerance response to UV-B and photooxidative stress., Plants possess a robust metabolic network for sensing and controlling reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels upon stress conditions. Evidence shown here supports a role for TGA class II transcription factors as critical regulators of genes controlling ROS levels in the tolerance response to UV-B stress in Arabidopsis. First, tga256 mutant plants showed reduced capacity to scavenge H2O2 and restrict oxidative damage in response to UV-B, and also to methylviologen-induced photooxidative stress. The TGA2 transgene (tga256/TGA2 plants) complemented these phenotypes. Second, RNAseq followed by clustering and Gene Ontology term analyses indicate that TGA2/5/6 positively control the UV-B-induced expression of a group of genes with oxidoreductase, glutathione transferase, and glucosyltransferase activities, such as members of the glutathione S-transferase Tau subfamily (GSTU), which encodes peroxide-scavenging enzymes. Accordingly, increased glutathione peroxidase activity triggered by UV-B was impaired in tga256 mutants. Third, the function of TGA2/5/6 as transcriptional activators of GSTU genes in the UV-B response was confirmed for GSTU7, GSTU8, and GSTU25, using quantitative reverse transcription–PCR and ChIP analyses. Fourth, expression of the GSTU7 transgene complemented the UV-B-susceptible phenotype of tga256 mutant plants. Together, this evidence indicates that TGA2/5/6 factors are key regulators of the antioxidant/detoxifying response to an abiotic stress such as UV-B light overexposure.

Nitrate (NO3-) is a signaling molecule that regulates gene expression in plants. The nitrate response has been extensively characterized at the transcriptome level. However, we know little about RNA nucleocytoplasmic dynamics during nitrate response. To understand the role of mRNA localization during the nitrate response, we isolated mRNA from the nucleus, cytoplasm, and whole-cells from nitrate-treated Arabidopsis roots and performed RNA-seq. We identified 402 differentially localized transcripts (DLTs) in response to nitrate. DLTs were enriched in GO-terms related to metabolism, response to stimulus, and transport. DLTs showed five localization patterns: nuclear reduction, cytoplasmic reduction, nuclear accumulation, cytoplasmic accumulation, or delayed-cytoplasmic accumulation in response to nitrate. DLTs exhibited large changes in RNA polymerase II occupancy of cognate genes and high mRNA turnover rates, indicating these are rapidly replaced mRNAs. The NITRATE REDUCTASE 1 (NIA1) transcript exhibited the largest changes in synthesis and decay. Using single-molecule RNA FISH, we showed that NIA1 nuclear accumulation occurs mainly at transcription sites. The decay profiles for NIA1 showed a higher half-life when the transcript accumulated in the nucleus than in the cytoplasm. We propose that regulating nucleocytoplasmic mRNA distribution allows tuning transcript availability of fastly replaced mRNAs, controlling plants’ adaptive response to nitrogen nutrient signals.

Zero Waste Project. Circularity in Architectural Design, plantea una serie de reflexiones teóricas y metodológicas, basadas en la circularidad material e intelectual para la definición de soluciones arquitectónicas alternativas.

The Atacama Desert in Chile—hyperarid and with high–ultraviolet irradiance levels—is one of the harshest environments on Earth. Yet, dozens of species grow there, including Atacama-endemic plants. Herein, we establish the Talabre–Lejia transect (TLT) in the Atacama as an unparalleled natural laboratory to study plant adaptation to extreme environmental conditions. We characterized climate, soil, plant, and soil–microbe diversity at 22 sites (every 100 m of altitude) along the TLT over a 10-y period. We quantified drought, nutrient deficiencies, large diurnal temperature oscillations, and pH gradients that define three distinct vegetational belts along the altitudinal cline. We deep-sequenced transcriptomes of 32 dominant plant species spanning the major plant clades, and assessed soil microbes by metabarcoding sequencing. The top-expressed genes in the 32 Atacama species are enriched in stress responses, metabolism, and energy production. Moreover, their root-associated soils are enriched in growth-promoting bacteria, including nitrogen fixers. To identify genes associated with plant adaptation to harsh environments, we compared 32 Atacama species with the 32 closest sequenced species, comprising 70 taxa and 1,686,950 proteins. To perform phylogenomic reconstruction, we concatenated 15,972 ortholog groups into a supermatrix of 8,599,764 amino acids. Using two codon-based methods, we identified 265 candidate positively selected genes (PSGs) in the Atacama plants, 64% of which are located in Pfam domains, supporting their functional relevance. For 59/184 PSGs with an Arabidopsis ortholog, we uncovered functional evidence linking them to plant resilience. As some Atacama plants are closely related to staple crops, these candidate PSGs are a “genetic goldmine” to engineer crop resilience to face climate change.

Due to their low friction index, hip arthroplasties with metal-metal friction torque have been an attractive option in young patients with high functional demand, currently they have suffered a decrease in their use due to the complications of some models and physiological reactions adverse reactions related to the elevation of metal ions in the blood. Our objective is to review the patients with M-M pair operated in our center, correlating the ion level with the position of the acetabular component and with the size of the head.Retrospective review of 166 M-M hip prostheses operated between 2002 and 2011. 65 ruled out for different causes (death, loss of follow-up, no current ion control, no radiography or others), leaving a sample of 101 patients to be analyzed. Follow-up time, cup inclination angle, blood ion level, Harris Hip Score, and complications were recorded.One hundred and one patients (25 women and 76 men), 55 years of average age (between 26-70), of these 8 were surface prostheses and 93 total prostheses. The mean follow-up time was 10 years (between 5 and 17 years). The mean head diameters was 46.25 (between 38-56). The mean inclination of the butts was 45.7 ° (between 26-71°) The correlation force between the verticality of the cup and the increase in ions is moderate r = 0.31 for Cr and slight r = 0.25 for Co. The correlation force between head size and ion increase is weak and inverse r = -0.14 for Cr and r = 0.1 for Co. Five patients (4.9%) required revision (2 (1%) due to increased ions with pseudotumor). The mean time to revision was 6.5 years in which the ions increased. The mean Harris Hip Score was 94.01 (between 55.8-100). In the review of patients, we found 3 with a significant increase in ions who had not followed controls, all 3 had an HHS of 100. The angles of the acetabular components were 69º, 60º and 48º and the diameter of the head was 48.42 and 48mm respectively.M-M prostheses have been a valid option in patients with high functional demand. A bi-annual analytical follow-up is recommended, since in our case we have detected 3 patients with HHS 100 who presented unacceptable elevation of cobalt20 µ / L (according to SECCA) of the ions and 4 with very abnormal elevation of cobalt ≥ 10 µ / L (according to SECCA), all of them with cup orientation angles50º. With our review we can conclude that there is a moderate correlation between the verticality of the acetabular component and the increase in blood ions and that the follow-up of this patient with angles50º is essential.

Nitrate commands genome‐wide gene expression changes that impact metabolism, physiology, plant growth, and development. In an effort to identify new components involved in nitrate responses in plants, we analyze the Arabidopsis thaliana root phosphoproteome in response to nitrate treatments via liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. 176 phosphoproteins show significant changes at 5 or 20 min after nitrate treatments. Proteins identified by 5 min include signaling components such as kinases or transcription factors. In contrast, by 20 min, proteins identified were associated with transporter activity or hormone metabolism functions, among others. The phosphorylation profile of NITRATE TRANSPORTER 1.1 (NRT1.1) mutant plants was significantly altered as compared to wild‐type plants, confirming its key role in nitrate signaling pathways that involves phosphorylation changes. Integrative bioinformatics analysis highlights auxin transport as an important mechanism modulated by nitrate signaling at the post‐translational level. We validated a new phosphorylation site in PIN2 and provide evidence that it functions in primary and lateral root growth responses to nitrate., Phosphoproteomic analysis in response to nitrate treatment reveals early nitrate‐induced changes in Arabidopsis thaliana root phosphoproteins associated to signaling while late changes are associated to transport and hormone metabolism. Moreover, nitrate promotes the dephosphorylation of PIN2, impacting PIN2 subcellular localization and root development.

Background : Healthcare workers are at increased risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection. The positivity rates in hospitals that do not receive patients with COVID-19, such as the National Cancer Institute (INCan) in Mexico, and the associated factors are unknown. Objective : To assess the incidence and factors associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection in health workers at INCan. Methods : A cohort study of 531 workers who were followed for 6 months. RT-PCR analysis of saliva and nasopharyngeal swab samples were used in the baseline and to confirm cases during follow-up The incidence rate ratio was calculated according to the measured characteristics and the associated factors were calculated using logistic regression models. Results : Out of 531 workers, 9.6% tested positive for SARS-CoV-2, Being male (RR: 2.07, 95% CI: 1.1-3.8, p=0.02), performing administrative tasks (RR: 1.99, 95% CI: 1.0-3.9, p=0.04), and having relatives also working at INCan (RR: 3.7, 95% CI: 1.4-9.5, p

Chromatin accessibility is directly linked with transcription in eukaryotes. Accessible regions associated with regulatory proteins are highly sensitive to DNase I digestion and are termed DNase I hypersensitive sites (DHSs). DHSs can be identified by DNase I digestion, followed by high-throughput DNA sequencing (DNase-seq). The single-base-pair resolution digestion patterns from DNase-seq allows identifying transcription factor (TF) footprints of local DNA protection that predict TF-DNA binding. The identification of differential footprinting between two conditions allows mapping relevant TF regulatory interactions. Here, we provide step-by-step instructions to build gene regulatory networks from DNase-seq data. Our pipeline includes steps for DHSs calling, identification of differential TF footprints between treatment and control conditions, and construction of gene regulatory networks. Even though the data we used in this example was obtained from Arabidopsis thaliana, the workflow developed in this guide can be adapted to work with DNase-seq data from any organism with a sequenced genome.

El presente artículo busca aportar un modesto y acotado balance de la historiografía independentista publicada en Historia Mexicana desde su fundación con el propósito de analizar la manera en que ha cambiado la interpretación de la independencia mexicana atendiendo a las variaciones temáticas y estilísticas, las perspectivas teóricas y metodológicas, la construcción y el uso de las fuentes, y en última instancia los sentidos subyacentes en los textos dedicados al proceso de independencia mexicana en esta revista. Para cumplir dicho propósito, no sólo se consideraron aquellos trabajos que tratan estrictamente sobre “la guerra de independencia”, sino todos aquellos que, directa o indirectamente, bien por temática y objetivos o bien por la cronología involucrada, se refirieron al proceso independentista mexicano en particular, pero también al hispanoamericano en general.

Nitrate can act as a potent signal to control growth and development in plants. Here we show nitrate is able to stimulate primary root growth via increased meristem activity and cytokinin signaling. Cytokinin perception and biosynthesis mutants displayed shorter roots as compared to wild type plants when grown with nitrate as the only nitrogen source. Histological analysis of the root tip revealed decreased cell division and elongation in the cytokinin receptor double mutant ahk2/ahk4 as compared to wild-type plants under a sufficient nitrate regime. Interestingly, a nitrate-dependent root growth arrest was observed between days 5 and 6 after sowing. Wild-type plants were able to recover from this growth arrest while cytokinin signaling or biosynthesis mutants were not. Transcriptome analysis revealed significant changes in gene expression after, but not before this transition in contrasting genotypes and nitrate regimes. We identified genes involved in both cell division and elongation as potentially important for primary root growth in response to nitrate. Our results provide evidence linking nitrate and cytokinin signaling for the control of primary root growth in Arabidopsis thaliana. Fil: Naulin, Pamela A. Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile; Chile Fil: Armijo, Grace. Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile; Chile Fil: Vega, Andrea. Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile; Chile Fil: Tamayo, Karem P. Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile; Chile Fil: Gras, Diana Ester. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral; Argentina Fil: de la Cruz, Javiera. Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile; Chile Fil: Gutiérrez, Rodrigo A. Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile; Chile

Gallstones Disease (GSD) is one of the most common digestive diseases requiring hospitalization and surgical procedures in the world. GSD has a high prevalence in populations with European or Amerindian ancestry (10–20%) and the influence of genetic factors is broadly acknowledged. However, known genetic variants do not entirely explain the disease heritability suggesting that additional genetic variants remain to be identified. Here, we examined the association of copy number variants (CNVs) with GSD in a sample of 4778 individuals (1929 GSD cases and 2849 controls) including two European cohorts from Germany (n = 3702) and one admixed Latin American cohort from Chile (n = 1076). We detected 2936 large and rare CNVs events (size > 100 kb, frequency

The present project of causal-comparative research focuses on the study of a comparison of the Intelligence Capacity between single women and married women 25 years of age and older in the city of Arequipa. We used a sample of 75 women at least having 31 married and 46 single women, in order to compare the level of intellectual capacity that women from Arequipa have between married and single 25 years old. No causal relationship between the variables was found, assuming the null hypothesis.