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Aim: To assess the student's satisfaction with online teaching and assessment during the Covid-19 pandemic. Methodology: This cross-sectional squestionnaire based study was performed across six Medical and Dental colleges of Lahore. A questionnaire consisting of thirty questions was distributed through google forms. A total of (N = 460) students responded, and the results were presented in percentage frequency. Result: The present study revealed that 46% of the students believed that e-learning tool is not adequatefor basic and clinical sciences.The learning outcomes (35.1%) and objectives (33.8%) were not achieved through e-learning. The majority of the students agreed thatproblem-based learning is an effective way of teaching (37.7%). Online lectures were difficult to understand (35.1%). The students were not satisfied (23.4%) with the online assessment.The technical issues affected the performance of the students. Practical implication: This sudy identified different challenges of online teaching.Online education is a valuable learning tool and the online learning approach has been successfully integrated worldwide with conventional teaching of the curriculum. In order to keep up with the contemporary methods and with the introduction of newer technology and tools it is imperative that our teaching should incorporate e-learning strategies and curricula designed to match it. The policymakers and universities should enable teachers and students with proper training and facilities in this age of technological advancement.. Conclusion: Our study revealed that students were not satisfied withonline teaching however, they were indecisive about online assessment methodology. The students believed that lack of infrastructure and inadequate learning tools affected their performance.. Keywords: E-learning, online assessment, COVID-19, e-learning, problem based learning, learning management system

The aim of the present study was to find out the reasons of low frequency of dental visits by the patients having one or less than one visit per year. Materials and Methods: A questionnaire-based survey was carried out using convenient sampling technique, in the female dental OPD of College of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia. Proformas were filled after interviewing patients having one or less than one per year frequency of dental visits and attending dental OPD on duty days of interviewing doctors. 159 questionnaires were filled. Frequency and percentage of each response were calculated through descriptive statistics using SPSS (V.16). Results: Lack of time was the reason given by 29% of patients, high cost of treatment by 24.5%, fear by 23.9%, difficulty in approaching dental clinics by 23.3%,unawareness by 21%, low income by 20%, personal dislike for dental treatment by 14.5%, pending the visits by 13% and lack of family support for dental treatment by 12% of patients for not attending dental clinics for regular check-ups. Conclusion: Lack of time, high cost of treatment and dental anxiety were the most common reasons for low frequency of dental visits by the patients. Unawareness about the importance of dental health was also a significant factor. Strategies should be adopted to address all the factors and to educate patients at all levels regarding importance of oral and dental health. Proper implementation of these strategies should improve the frequency of visits by the patients for regular dental-checkups. Key words: Dental visits, Frequency, Low attendance, Reasons.

Objectives: To determine the maternal and fetal outcome in patients presented with major degree Placenta previa and to evaluate the Potential risk factors. Study Design: Descriptive Case Series study. Setting: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Independent University Hospital Faisalabad. Period: January 2020 to February 2021. Material & Methods: All patients with major degree previa confirmed by ultrasonography beyond 28 weeks of gestation were selected irrespective of their parity, type of placenta previa and with live or dead fetus. Results: Total 38 patients were selected with Major degree placenta previa in 1 year of duration. 47% patients were in age group 31-35 years and 65.7% patients were grand multi-para. In our study 73.6% patients were having previous scar uterus. All patients received blood transfusions and cesarean hysterectomy in 36.8% of patient’s done due to placenta previa and uncontrolled hemorrhage. Only 2 patients got bladder injuries during surgery and in one patient required hysterectomy has to be done later. Regarding neonatal outcome 47.3% neonates were active and required no resuscitation and 21% neonates expired within 48 hours. Conclusions: Now a day’s major degree placenta previa is a main obstetrical challenge associated with blood transfusion, ICU admissions and Obstetrical hysterectomy. Fetal outcome was relatively satisfactory. Maternal complications can be reduced by early diagnosis, Identification of the risk factors, correction of Anemia, Blood arrangement & Team work in Territory care hospital.

Objective: To study the efficacy of Progesterone supplementation for prevention of preterm birth. Study Design: Descriptive Interventional Study. Setting: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology at Independent University Hospital, Faisalabad. Period: January 2018 to December 2020. Material & Methods: Data collected by using Non probability consecutive sampling techniques. Total 156 patients were included in study. Data was collected after informed consent, on pre designed proforma. Patient presented in 1st trimester and having previous history spontaneous preterm labour and recurrent miscarriages. We included patient presenting after 24 weeks of pregnancy and patient having threatened or actual preterm labour. Results: Among 156 patients, more than 82% of patient were delivered after 34 weeks of gestation and 18% were delivered before 34 weeks of gestation. Fetal outcome was very good in those patients who were delivered after 34 weeks of gestation with the use of Prophylactic progesterone therapy. Conclusion: Prophylactic use of progesterone helps in prolongation of pregnancy beyond 36 weeks and also help in decreasing the morbidity associated with premature delivery.

Objective: To compare the efficacy of Letrozole and clomiphene citrate in Patients of Anovulation polycystic ovarian syndrome with Infertility. Study Design: Randomized Controlled Trial Setting: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Independent Medical College Faisalabad. Period: 30-09-2019 to 29-6-2020. Material & Methods: This study included 100 patients with 50 patients in each group. Group A received 2.5 to 5mg letrozole in each cycle from day 3 to 7. Group B received clomiphene citrate 50 to 100 mg incremental dose depending on ovarian response. Both Drugs were given for consecutive 3 to 6 cycles to see response. Main outcome Measure included optimal follicle size (> 18mm), endometrial thickness, and pregnancy rate. Epidemiological data and efficacy outcome measures were recorded on a Performa. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS version 13. Chi-square test applied and p-value

Objective: To observe maternal and fetal outcome in pregnant patients with diabetes. Aim of my study is to access the poor fetal maternal outcome with diabetes so that we can focus more on early and proper disease and have fair management throughout the pregnancy. Study Design: Descriptive study. Setting: Independent University Hospital Faisalabad. Period: January 2017 to January 2019. Material & Methods: It is descriptive study, 200 patients were selected who were pregnant with diabetes. The patients included who were newly diagnosed by glucose challenge test (GCT) or by glucose tolerance test (GTT) or who already had elevated HbA1c. The study was started after acquiring permission from ethical committee. Result: The above study concluded that the adverse outcome with diabetes is increased in terms of congenital malformation, miscarriage, preterm labour, pre eclampsia and postpartum haemorrhage. There is dire need to concentrate more on early diagnosis and timely management of diabetes with pregnancy. The tenet of management is to maintain euglycemic state throughout pregnancy. Conclusion: Prepregnancy care was associated with improved glycemic control in early pregnancy and significant reductions in adverse pregnancy outcome (malformation, stillbirth, and neonatal death) and very premature delivery. However, prepregnancy care failed to have an impact on glycemic control in later pregnancy or to reduce the risk of macrosomia and preeclampsia.

This study was to evaluate the clinical presentation and management of fibroid uterus. Study Design: Retrospective Descriptive study. Setting: Independent University Hospital Faisalabad, which is a Tertiary Care Hospital providing health care facilities to poor socioeconomic group. Period: 1st May 2015 to 30th April 2017. Material & Methods: All patients with fibroid uterus who were admitted in gynae ward and operated. Patients having fibroid uterus with pregnancy and patients on medical management were excluded. Results: 56 patients of various ages included in study. The age distribution of patients was 20-70 years with a mean age of 45 years. Parity of patients range from 0-8, 58% were multiparous and 21% were nulliparous. The most common complaints of patients were menorrhagia 83% with anemia and dysmenorrheal 25%. Regarding management total abdominal hysterectomy was performed in 67% of patients preferably in with multiparity and myomectomy in 32% of total patients. Conclusion: Fibroid uterus is the most common benign tumor of reproductive age influencing fertility outcomes and general health of females. This study reinforces the fact that large number of patients requires surgical management because of its varied clinical presentations and often with failure of medical treatment.

Objectives: To determine prevalence of Hepatitis C among pregnant female visiting a tertiary care hospital. Study Design: Observational study. Setting: Independent University Hospital Faisalabad. Period: 1-1-2018 to 31-12-2018. Material & Methods: Total 4210 pregnant patients visited during this time period. Results: During the study period i-e from 1-1-2018 to 31-12-2018, total 4210 obstetric patients visited Independent University Hospital. Among them 463 were Anti HCV +with % age of 10.9. Our study showed that 28 patients (6%) were

This study is an attempt to investigate the impact of information and communication technologies (ICTs) development on the participation of women in economic activities in Pakistan. Data for the period 1991-2017 was used for this research work and regressed on female economic involvement and ICTs development and another set of control variables like GDP, FDI and trade liberalization. Data sources are the WDI, IFS, and ESP. Johansen cointegration test, VECM and Granger causality tests were used to estimate data. Estimation techniques were applied after checking the properties of time series data. Results indicate the positive and significant relationship of dependent variable female economic participation and independent variables ICTs development and macro-economic variables in the long run. The study findings indicate that female economic participation has increased with the increase in ICTs in Pakistan. However, the rate of women's economic participation was not found as increasing as in other developed countries, and it is not as rapid as technology developed in the last decade.

This study investigated the impact of the use of social networking sites on university graduate students’ green sustainable entrepreneurial intentions by developing a mediating effect. This study provided a research framework using Ajzen’s theory of planned behavior and Shapero’s model to illustrate the relationship between self-efficacy and risk propensity towards green and sustainable entrepreneurial intentions. This research model posited a relationship between the use of social networking sites and green and sustainable entrepreneurship intentions with a mediating role of risk propensity and self-efficacy. The structural questionnaire was adopted, validated, and disseminated to the 300 respondents of university students. This study’s findings confirmed that there was a significant positive effect of the use of social networking sites on green and sustainable entrepreneurship intentions with the indirect impact of risk propensity and self-efficacy. These substantial outcomes have essential practices and academic implications for representatives, policy makers, and entrepreneurial institutes, such as how to direct the use of such relative niche technologies for communication and the role of the internet to promote green and sustainable entrepreneurial practices among young people.

This research was aimed to investigate the connection between the social networking sites and green entrepreneurship intentions through a mediated-moderated model. The study was based on the Shepero’s model of entrepreneurship intentions and Ajzen’s theory of planned behavior. The study design reflects that social networking sites and green entrepreneurship intentions are mediated by risk propensity and self-efficacy, while self-efficacy and green entrepreneurship intentions’ relationship is further moderated by subjective norms. A well-structured and self-administered questionnaire was used to collect data from 500 respondents. The data were analyzed, and hypotheses were tested using PLS-SEM. The study findings confirmed that there exists a positive and significant link between social networking sites and green entrepreneurship intentions through the indirect effect of risk propensity and self-efficacy. However, the findings regarding moderating effect indicated that subjective norms have no significant impact between the self-efficacy and green entrepreneurship intentions. The study findings have significant academic and practical implications for government representatives, policymakers, and entrepreneurial educational institutes that can use these findings.

This study investigated the impact of the use of social networking sites on university graduate students’ green sustainable entrepreneurial intentions by developing a mediating effect. This study provided a research framework using Ajzen’s theory of planned behavior and Shapero’s model to illustrate the relationship between self-efficacy and risk propensity towards green and sustainable entrepreneurial intentions. This research model posited a relationship between the use of social networking sites and green and sustainable entrepreneurship intentions with a mediating role of risk propensity and self-efficacy. The structural questionnaire was adopted, validated, and disseminated to the 300 respondents of university students. This study’s findings confirmed that there was a significant positive effect of the use of social networking sites on green and sustainable entrepreneurship intentions with the indirect impact of risk propensity and self-efficacy. These substantial outcomes have essential practices and academic implications for representatives, policy makers, and entrepreneurial institutes, such as how to direct the use of such relative niche technologies for communication and the role of the internet to promote green and sustainable entrepreneurial practices among young people.

Objectives: (1) to find out of aetiological factors of preterm labour. (2) To makea proposed remedy for prevention of preterm lobour. Material and Methods: This study wascarried out at Independent University Hospital. This is located at richly populated area ofFaisalabad, providing health care facilities to poor socioeconomic group. The patient who fitinto inclusion criteria was included in study and a well designed Proforma was used to collectthe sample. Duration of study: One year study from 1 May, 2014 to 30 April, 2015. Studydesign: It is a descriptive study. Sampling technique: A purposive random sample techniquewas used to collect the sample. Sample size: A total of 80 cases ware collected who wereadmitted through antenatal outdoor and emergency of IUH. Inclusion Criteria: All patients withdiagnosed preterm labour who had attended outdoor or emergency of Independent UniversityHospital were included in study. Exclusion Criteria: (1) Patients with Iatrogenic preterminduction of labour due to maternal factors like patients on chemo therapy or any debilitatingillness causing threat to maternal life. (2) Patients with congenitally abnormal foetus & intrauterine death of fetus. Results: A total of 80 cases with preterm labour were included in studyat Independent University Hospital. In current study 30 (37.5%) patients had age between 18 –25 years, 30 (37.5%) patients had age between 26-35 years and rest of the 20 (25%) patientshad age > 35 years. Among 80 patients 25 (31.3%) patients had parity b/w 1-3 while 28 (35%)patients had parity b/w 4-5 and rest of the 27 (33.8%) had parity > 5. More patients i.e 50(62.5%) patients were admitted through emergency while 30 (37.5%) patients were admittedthrough Out Patient Department (OPD). 37 (46.3%) patients had Spontaneous vaginal deliveryand 43 (53.8%) patients underwent lower segment cesarean section. In our study, the mostcommon risk factor associated with preterm labour was bacterial vaginosis 20 (25%) patientshad bacterial vaginosis. 10 (12.5%) patients had chorioamniotis. Previous history of pretermbirth was present in 10 (12.5%) patients. History of Preterm Premature ruptures of membranesin 8 (10%) patients. 11(13.5%) patients has history of previous C-section and impending scardehiscence. History of anti partum hemorrhage and pregnancy induce in hypertension waspresent in 5 (6.5%) patients. FGR with oligohydramnios was present in 6 (7.5%) patients. 3((3.75%) patients presented with preterm breech

Intrapartum complications that are classically associated with grandmultiparasinclude fetal malpresentation, dysfunctional labour, chronic hypertension, abruptio placentae,postpartum haemorrhage and macrosomic babies. Excellent maternal and fetal outcome ispossible in grandmultiparas with improvement in health care system and free provision of healthfacilities to all pregnant women. Objectives: The objective of the study was: to find the frequencyof hypertension, placental abruption and primary postpartum hemorrhage in grandmultiparas.Study Design: It was a prospective study with descriptive pattern. Setting: Gynaecologyand Obstetric unit-I of Allied Hospital, Punjab Medical College Faisalabad. Period: January toJune 2006. Methods: Eighty patients were included in the study. Eighty grandmultiparas wererandomly selected for the study. Detailed evaluation of all patients was done by thorough history,examination and investigation. Patients were analyzed for complications during pregnancy,labour and delivery, especially hypertension, placental abruption and primary post partumhaemorrhage. Results: Hypertensive disorders found to be in 32 (33.8%), placental abruptionin 7(8.8%) and postpartum hemorrhage in 19( 23.8%) of grandmultiparas. Conclusions: It wasconcluded from the result of my study that grandmultiparity is still a major obstetric hazard indeveloping countries like Pakistan with higher incidence of complications. Safe maternal andperinatal outcome is possible in grandmultiparas with improvement in health care system andfree provision of health care facilities to all pregnant women.

A study was conducted to assess the allelopathic effects of aqueous extract of sun-dried neem (Azadirachta indica A) leaves on wheat yield and its components in the agronomic research area, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad. Grain yield and different yield components of wheat, such as number of fertile tillers, grain/spike and 1000-grain weight, and spike length showed no significant either promotive or suppressive effect with the application of 0, 50 and 100% aqueous leaf extract of neem. However, the aqueous leaf extract of neem did not inhibit the wheat yield and yield components. Natural weedicide (aqueous leaf extract of neem) certainly had no polluting effect of chemicals on the wheat quality. Keywords: Allelopathy, aqueous extract of leaves, wheat quality improvement, bio -weed eradication.