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Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) act as estrogen receptor (ER) agonists or antagonists in a tissue-specific manner. ERs exert effects via nuclear actions but can also utilize membrane-initiated signaling pathways. To determine if membrane-initiated ERα (mERα) signaling affects SERM action in a tissue-specific manner, C451A mice, lacking mERα signaling due to a mutation at palmitoylation site C451, were treated with Lasofoxifene (Las), Bazedoxifene (Bza), or estradiol (E2), and various tissues were evaluated. Las and Bza treatment increased uterine weight to a similar extent in C451A and control mice, demonstrating mERα-independent uterine SERM effects, while the E2 effect on the uterus was predominantly mERα-dependent. Las and Bza treatment increased both trabecular and cortical bone mass in controls to a similar degree as E2, while both SERM and E2 treatment effects were absent in C451A mice. This demonstrates that SERM effects, similar to E2 effects, in the skeleton are mERα-dependent. Both Las and E2 treatment decreased thymus weight in controls, while neither treatment affected the thymus in C451A mice, demonstrating mERα-dependent SERM and E2 effects in this tissue. Interestingly, both SERM and E2 treatments decreased the total body fat percent in C451A mice, demonstrating the ability of these treatments to affect fat tissue in the absence of functional mERα signaling. In conclusion, mERα signaling can modulate SERM responses in a tissue-specific manner. This novel knowledge increases the understanding of the mechanisms behind SERM effects and may thereby facilitate the development of new improved SERMs.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a Gram‐negative bacterium and an opportunistic pathogen ubiquitously present throughout nature. LecB, a fucose‐, and mannose‐binding lectin, is a prominent virulence factor of P. aeruginosa, which can be expressed on the bacterial surface but also be secreted. However, the LecB interaction with human immune cells remains to be characterized. Neutrophils comprise the first line of defense against infections and their production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and release of extracellular traps (NETs) are critical antimicrobial mechanisms. When profiling the neutrophil glycome we found several glycoconjugates on granule and plasma membranes that could potentially act as LecB receptors. In line with this, we here show that soluble LecB can activate primed neutrophils to produce high levels of intracellular ROS (icROS), an effect that was inhibited by methyl fucoside. On the other hand, soluble LecB inhibits P. aeruginosa‐induced icROS production. In support of that, during phagocytosis of wild‐type and LecB‐deficient P. aeruginosa, bacteria with LecB induced less icROS production as compared with bacteria lacking the lectin. Hence, LecB can either induce or inhibit icROS production in neutrophils depending on the circumstances, demonstrating a novel and potential role for LecB as an immunomodulator of neutrophil functional responses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is associated with development of generalized osteoporosis. Bone-degrading osteoclasts are derived from circulating precursor cells of monocytic lineage, and the intermediate monocyte population is important as osteoclast precursors in inflammatory conditions. T cells of various subsets are critical in the pathogenesis of both RA and associated osteoporosis, but so far, no studies have examined associations between circulating intermediate monocytes, T cell subsets and bone characteristics in patients with RA. The aim of this study was to investigate the frequency of intermediate monocytes in patients with untreated early rheumatoid arthritis (ueRA) compared to healthy controls (HC), and to explore the correlation between intermediate monocytes and a comprehensive panel of T helper cell subsets, bone density and bone microarchitecture in ueRA patients. Methods: 78 patients with ueRA fulfilling the ACR/EULAR 2010 criteria were included and compared to 29 age- and sex-matched HC. Peripheral blood samples were obtained before start of treatment and proportions of monocyte subsets and CD4+ helper and regulatory T cell subsets were analyzed by flow cytometry. Bone densitometry was performed on 46 of the ueRA patients at inclusion using DXA and HR-pQCT. Results: Flow cytometric analyses showed that the majority of ueRA patients had frequencies of intermediate monocytes comparable to HC. The intermediate monocyte population correlated positively with CXCR3+ Th17 cells in ueRA patients but not in HC. However, neither the proportions of intermediate monocytes nor CXCR3+ Th17 cells were associated with bone density or bone microarchitecture measurements. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that in early RA, the intermediate monocytes do not correlate with bone characteristics, despite positive correlation with circulating CXCR3+ Th17 cells. Future longitudinal studies in patients with longer disease duration are required to fully explore the potential of intermediate monocytes to drive bone loss in RA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Probiotic bacteria can protect from ovariectomy (ovx)-induced bone loss in mice. Akkermansia muciniphila is considered to have probiotic potential due to its beneficial effect on obesity and insulin resistance. The purpose of the present study was to determine if treatment with pasteurized Akkermansia muciniphila (p Akk) could prevent ovx-induced bone loss. Mice were treated with vehicle or p Akk for 4 wk, starting 3 days before ovx or sham surgery. Treatment with p Akk reduced fat mass accumulation confirming earlier findings. However, treatment with p Akk decreased trabecular and cortical bone mass in femur and vertebra of gonadal intact mice and did not protect from ovx-induced bone loss. Treatment with p Akk increased serum parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels and increased expression of the calcium transporter Trpv5 in kidney suggesting increased reabsorption of calcium in the kidneys. Serum amyloid A 3 (SAA3) can suppress bone formation and mediate the effects of PTH on bone resorption and bone loss in mice and treatment with p Akk increased serum levels of SAA3 and gene expression of Saa3 in colon. Moreover, regulatory T cells can be protective of bone and p Akk -treated mice had decreased number of regulatory T cells in mesenteric lymph nodes and bone marrow. In conclusion, treatment with p Akk protected from ovx-induced fat mass gain but not from bone loss and reduced bone mass in gonadal intact mice. Our findings with p Akk differ from some probiotics that have been shown to protect bone mass, demonstrating that not all prebiotic and probiotic factors have the same effect on bone.

Intracellular membrane trafficking is a highly dynamic process to sort proteins into either the recycling or degradation pathway. The late endosome is a major component of this endosomal biogenesis toward degradation by the lysosome. The endocytotic system is spread throughout the cytoplasm, and vesicle motility is achieved by multiple proteins including Rabs, motor proteins, and cytostructural elements. The subcellular localization of the late endosome is distributed from the accumulation in the perinuclear region toward the cell periphery. Using immunofluorescence methods combined with live-cell microscopy, we want to show that the preservation of the peripheral late endosomal compartment can be successfully achieved by two different techniques. On one hand, we compare two different widely used permeabilization methods: Triton X-100 and saponin. Comparing live-cell microscopic pictures of the same cell with immunofluorescences after fixation and permeabilization revealed improved results by the use of saponin. On the other hand, we present here a protocol of mild fixation to preserve peripheral structures like focal adhesion in combination with endosomes and actin filaments., (© 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)