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4 Abstract: This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of dietary Flammulina velutipes mycelium (FFVM) fermented with Bacillus subtilis A8-8 and Klebsiella sp. Sc on the performance of laying hens including the egg quality, the pathogenic bacterial (Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp.) counts in caecal contents and the NH production in excreta. One hundred eighty Hy-Line Brown hens were fed one of six diets, including 3 a corn-soybean meal based control diet and control diets supplemented with FFVM at 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5% (n = 30 per experimental group). During the 5 week experimental period, laying hen performance, egg quality, pathogenic bacteria number in caecum and fecal NH3 gas production were estimated. Although there were no significant differences in egg production, feed intake and feed conversion among experimental groups, egg weight was significantly increased in the 1 and 3% FFVM groups compared with the control diet group (p

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of dietary Flammulina velutipes mycelium (FVM) on physico-chemical properties and nutritional components of chicken meat. Ninety-six broiler chicks (HanHyup No. 3, Korea) were divided into four groups: control (basal diet), T1 (supplemented with 1% FVM), T2 (3%), and T3 (5%). Broiler chicks in each group were slaughtered at 7 weeks of age, and their breast and thigh meat were collected. Lightness () and yellowness () in the T2 and T3 groups were higher than in the control group (p

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of dietary Flammulina velutipes mycelium (FVM) on broiler chick performance, pathogenic bacterial (E. coli, Salmonella) counts in caecal contents and amount of NH3 in excreta. Ninety-six broiler chicks (HanHyup No. 3, Korea) were divided into four groups: 1) Control (basal diet), 2) T1 (supplemented with 1% FVM), 3) T2 (3% FVM), and T3 (5% FVM), and rose for 7 weeks. In results, there were no significant differences among treatments in weight gain, feed intake, feed efficiency and carcass yield. However, giblets were significantly increased in FVM treatments compared with control group (p

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary probiotics and immunomodulator on growth performance, carcass characteristics, fecal content and pathogenic bacteria counts in ileum and cecum and ileum of broiler chicken (Korean native chicken, HanHyup No. 3). A total of 120 (day-old) chicks were randomly divided into 5 treatments with 3 replicates and there were 8 birds per replicate. Dietary treatments consisted of five diets; the corn-soybean based control diet (C), the diet containing antibiotics (Avilamycin) 10 ppm (T1), the diet containing probiotics 1 [(Lactobacillus () + yeast () + Bacillus subtilis ()] at 0.5% level (T2), probiotics 2 [(Lactobacillus () + yeast ()] at 0.5% level in diet (T3), and the diet containing probiotics 3 [T2 + -glucan + organic acid] (T4) and raised for 9 weeks. There were no significant differences among treatments in weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion. Carcass ratios of broilers were higher in T3 and T4 than other treatments, however, the differences were non-significant. Internal organs and liver, heart weight were significantly increased in T4 (p gas content was decreased (p

Two diallelic markers at candidate gene loci, the prolactin receptor 3 (PRLR3) gene and the retinol-binding protein 4 (RBP4) gene were evaluated for their association with growth and litter size traits in Berkshire. Genetic evaluation was conducted for 5,919 pigs with pedigree information, which included 3,480 growth performance records and 775 litter size records of 224 sows. From the same herd, genotyping was carried out on 144 and 156 animals for PRLR3 and RBP4, respectively. After assigning a genotype to subjects in which both parents had a homozygous genotype, numbers of genotyped animals increased to 474 and 338, for the PRLR3 gene and RBP4 gene, respectively. The genotype effects of two markers were estimated with breeding values of the genotyped animals. The additive effects of total number of piglets born and number of piglets born alive in the PRLR3 locus were -0.28 and -0.13, respectively. The dominance effect of the RBP4 locus on average daily gain was -10.58 g. However, the polymorphism of the RBP4 locus in total number of piglets born and number of piglets born alive has shown -0.34 and -0.33 of the additive genetic effects. In view of the results, MAS (marker-assisted selection) favoring B alleles of RBP4 and PRLR3 loci could potentially accelerate the rate of the genetic improvement in the litter size traits.

This study was conducted to investigate the amount of CLA synthesized endogenously by rat mammary tissues in response to TVA (a precursor for cis-9, trans-11 CLA endogenous synthesis) treatment as well as the differences in the protein expression of genes encoding the biosynthesis of CLA in rat mammary tissue and mouse mammary gland epithelia cells (HC11). Treatment with TVA resulted in improved CLA productivity. Furthermore, 2-DE revealed two spots in samples of mammary tissues and one spot in samples of mammary gland epithelia cells (HC11) that were consistently altered in the TVA treatment groups when compared with the control group (non-fatty acid). The mRNA expression patterns of three of the proteins (PDI, PRDX2, LAMR1), as measured by real-time PCR, were similar to the pattern of protein abundance. In addition, the expression of SCD mRNA in the mammary tissue of rats and HC11 cell treated with TVA was higher than in the control group. Our results suggest that the identified proteins may be related to CLA biosynthesis in mammary tissue.

This study was carried out to examine a concentration of steroid hormones and in vitro development of mouse embryos in culture supernatant of bovine granulosa cells (GC). To obtain the culture supernatant, granulosa cells were retrieved from mature follicles (6~15 mm diameter) and immature follicles (2~5 mm diameter) of bovine ovary and were cultured, respectively, in media of Ham`s F-10 with 15% FCS for 16 days. Mature and immature granulosa cells formed their monolayers easily and showed similar growth patterns in culturing. There was no morphological difference between mature and immature granulosa cells. High levels of both progesterone and estradiol were detected in the culture supernatant of mature granulosa cells and immature granulsa cells, and the endocrine profiles of the two types of cells were similar. Progesterone secretion of granulosa cells was high in the late stage of culturing and estradiol secretion was high in the early stage of culturing. In vitro development rates of mouse embryos to morula, blastocyst and hatched blastocyst were significantly (p

To assist in selection schemes we estimate the genetic diversity of the horse breeds. Genetic diversity at 13 microsatellite loci was compared in six horse breeds : Jeju Native Horse, American Quarter, Jeju Racing Horse, Mongolian Horse, Japanese Horse and Thoroughbred. All of the equine microsatellite used in this study were amplified and were polymorphic. The expected total heterozygosity over all the populations varied between 0.669 and 0.869 and the expected heterozygosity within population range from 0.569 to 0.219 in this study. The low coefficient of gene differentiation value showed that only 0.118 of the diversity was between horses breeds. The constructed dendrogram from the genetic distance matrix showed little differentiation between horse breeds using DISPAN program. The genetic distance using 13 microsatellites ranged between 0.137 and 0.414 for the six horse breeds. These results confirm the potential use of equine microsatellite loci as a tool for genetic studies in horse populations. The genetic diversity of the six horse breeds to each other closed to their geographical distribution. Suggesting that the loci would be suitable for horse breeds parentage testing. Therefore, Microsatellite marker seems to be very useful for clarifying the evolutionary relationships of closely related populations.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of energy supplement on responses of plasma insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 and IGF binding proteins (IGFBPs) to growth hormone-releasing peptide-2 (GHRP-2) administration in normal protein-fed wethers, and to observe the effect of GHRP-2 treatment on hepatic growth hormone (GH) receptor in well-fed wethers. Plasma IGF-1 and 39-42 kDa IGFBP-3 during the HENP (CP, crude protein 0.34 and TDN, total digestible nutrients 1.83 ㎏/day DM, dry matter intake) treatment period were higher than in the LENP (CP 0.32 ㎏ and TDN 0.87 ㎏/day DM intake) period (P＜0.05). The response of GH was stimulated by GHRP-2 (12.5 ㎍/㎏ body weight/day) administration during both of the feed treatment periods (P＜0.05). The area under curve (AUC) increment and average concentration of GH (0-180 min) with GHRP-2 administration was higher during HENP treatment than LENP treatment (P＜0.01). During the HENP treatment period from day 1 to day 7 of twice daily GHRP-2 treatment, the plasma IGF-1 increment was increased on days 2, 6 and 7 of GHRP-2 administration (P＜0.05). On the basis of ligand blotting, the proportions of plasma 39-43 kDa IGFBP-3 during the HENP treatment period only showed a significant difference on days 6 and 7 with GHRP-2 administration. No significant difference in the specific binding of 125I-labeled oGH to hepatic membranes was detected between the saline and GHRP-2 treatments of the HENP-fed wethers. These results suggest that the nutritional balance between energy and protein may affect the endogenous GH / IGF-1 axis as well as plasma IGFBP-3 levels.

Several studies reported quantitative trait loci (QTL) for meat quality on porcine chromosome 2. For application of the chromosomal information to pig industry through using DNA technology, single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers are developed by comparative re-sequencing of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products of 13 candidate genes. A total of 34 SNPs were identified in 11 PCR products, an average of one SNP in every 296 bp.PCR restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) assays were developed for 11 SNPs and used to genotype four commercial pig populations in Korea. The SNP markers were used to map candidate genes in QTL and to clarify the relevance of SNP and quantitative traits.

T cells develop in thymus, where immature progenitors undergo multi-stage developmental processes until mature CD4+ and CD8+ single positive T cells are generated and egress out to the periphery. Signals from T cell receptor are pivotal for T cell development in thymus as well as in periphery. Gene targeted mutant mice have contributed the understanding underlying mechanisms by dissecting the signaling pathways which governing these complex processes. Development of refined mutational system will be imperative to analyze the signaling pathways by taking consideration of context of ‘timing and/or space’ of gene function.

A total of 5 female elk deer() were included in a study on the changes in physico-chemical properties of deer meat during storage at . The deers were exposed to normal pre-slaughter handling and put under anesthesia before slaughtered. The loin and leg cuts were deboned from the carcass after 24hrs slaughter. The samples weighing approximately 300g were packaged using wrap packaging and stored for 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 months at . During the freezing period, the changes of moisture maintenance was slower for the meats kept at than that at . The meat softness represented higher value after freezing, and it tended to be decreased with the passage of storage time. Comparing the values between freezing temperature, the value at was higher than at . All meats frozen at were edible after storage for 6 months. Loin was inedible, and leg was edible after freezing storage for 6 months. The pH values of the meats were increased during freezing period, even though pH value of the meats stored for 6 months was less than 5.70. Luminosity of loin was significantly increased with the passage of storage time, although loin stored at was darker, and leg stored at was darker. The index of red color was rapidly decreased for loin stored at , and for leg stored at , respectively. There were no changes in the index of yellow color for loin stored at , and the index for leg was increased with regardless of the freezing storage temperature after 6 months.

A total of 5 female elk deer (220 kg) were included in a study on the changes in physico-chemical properties of deer meat during storage at . The deers were exposed to normal pre-slaughter handling and put under anesthesia before slaughtered. The loin and leg cuts were deboned from the carcass after 24hrs slaughter. The samples weighing approximately 300 g were packaged using three packaging methods : Atmospheric packaging(A), Vacuum packaging (V) and Modified atmospheric at packaging (M: 80% +20% )and stored for 3, 7, 11, 15, 20 and 25days at . The ability of moisture maintenance tended to be decreased with the passage of storage time, and that of the meats treated with the vacuum wrapping was lower than that with other wrapping methods. TBARS values of the meats with the regardless of treatments was increased with the passage of storage time, although the values with vacuum wrapping was lowest. VBN values of the meats with the regardless of treatments was also increased with the passage of storage time, although the values with vacuum wrapping was also lowest. The pH values of the meats with the regardless of treatments was also increased with the passage of storage time, although the values with vacuum wrapping was also lowest. For the meat softness, the value of the meats treated with atmospheric packaging was increased with the passage of storage time, but the values with vacuum wrapping and modified atmospheric packaging were respectively decreased. There were no significant differences in luminosity of leg, although loin treated with vacuum wrapping was significantly brighter than that with atmospheric packaging and modified atmospheric packaging. In general, the index of red color of the meats treated with vacuum wrapping was higher than that with atmospheric packaging and modified atmospheric packaging. The index of yellow color tended to be decreased after increment for a time with the passage of storage time, although the value with vacuum wrapping was generally higher than that with other wrapping methods.

This study was carried out to investigate a usefulness of the microsatellite DNA markers for individual identification and parentage verification in three dog breeds. A total of 59 random dog (31 Chiwawa, 20 Poongsan, 8 Labrador Retriever) samples were genotyped by using 14 markers (Chiwawa dog), 16 markers (Poongsan dog), and 12 markers (Labrador Retriever dog) among the 17 international standard markers (PEZ1, 3, 5, 6, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13, 15, 16, 17, 20, 21, FHC2010, FHC2054 and FHC2079), respectively. The number of alleles per locus varied from 4 to 14 with a mean value of 6.07 in Chiwawa dog, 2 to 9 with a mean of 4.75 in Poongsan dog, and 3 to 5 with a mean of 4.00 in Labrador Retriever dog. Observed heterozygosity was ranged 0.419q0.968 (mean 0.755), 0.300q0.950 (mean 0.597) and 0.125q0.750 (mean 0.604), and expected heterozygosity was ranged 0.432q0.883 (mean 0.711), 0.262q0.817 (mean 0.559) and 0.425q0.808 (mean 0.660) in these three dog breeds. PIC value was ranged 0.397q0.856 (mean 0.659), 0.222q0.772 (mean 0.503) and 0.354q0.717 (mean 0.563) in these three dog breeds. Of the 17 markers, PEZ1, PEZ3, PEZ6, PEZ10, PEZ12 loci, PEZ1, PEZ6, PEZ13 loci, and PEZ8, PEZ12 loci have relatively high PIC value ( %0.7) in Chiwawa dog, Poongsan dog and Labrador Retriever dog, respectively. The exclusion probability was ranged 0.240q0.741, 0.111q0.616, and 0.198q0.529, and the combination of microsatellite loci was 0.9999, 0.9991, and 0.9968 in Chiwawa dog, Poongsan dog and Labrador Retriever dog, respectively. These results can give basic information for developing parentage verification and individual identification system in these three dog breeds.(

The ferromagnetic properties of (Zn,Co)O were observed by a magnetometer at low temperatures. This is, however, inconsistent with the results from the magneto-optical measurements. They reflect the presence of Co metal precipitates in (Zn,Co)O. On the other hand, the formation of Co metal precipitates was strongly suppressed by the additional Cu doping. It appears that the formation of Co metal precipitates is related to the carrier concentration in the system.