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Levocetirizine, an antihistamine, has been analyzed in relation to temperature by volumetric, acoustic, and spectroscopic methods to investigate its interaction with glucose, the predominant carbohydrate. Density and ultrasonic velocity for LC (0–0.10 mol dm−3) at different temperature (298.15, 308.15 and 318.15 K) in water and in aqueous solution of glucose (0.05, 0.10 and 0.15 mol kg−1) have been recorded using Anton Paar DSA 5000 M. The apparent molar volume (Vϕ), limiting apparent molar volume (Vϕ0), apparent molar compressibility (Kϕ,S), limiting apparent molar compressibility (Kϕ,S0) were computed utilizing the experimental data. In addition, the transfer parameters of LC from water to aqueous glucose solutions were identified and elucidated using the co-sphere model. The transfer volumes have been utilized to estimate the interaction coefficients. Limiting apparent molar expansibility (ϕE0) and Hepler’s constant was obtained to throw light upon the structure-making or structure-breaking effect of solute. Multiple acoustical parameters like isentropic compressibility (KS), relaxation strength (r), intermolecular free length (Lf), specific acoustic impedance (Z), Wada’s constant (W), relative association (RA), Rao’s constant (Rm), molar volume (Vm), Van der Waals constant (b), and free volume (Vf) were determined to validate the thermodynamic results.

Background: Mallampati grading (MPG) classification in a sitting position is the most commonly used method for airway assessment. The study aimed to compare the predictive value of MPG in the sitting and supine positions to predict difficult tracheal intubation (DTI). Patients and Methods: The present study was a prospective, blinded, and observational study. Three hundred nine patients aged 18–60 years, scheduled for surgery requiring orotracheal intubation, were included. Airway assessment was performed preoperatively, including sitting MPG with and without phonation. Supine MPG with and without phonation was noted in the operation theater. The ease of bag-mask ventilation (BMV) and laryngoscopy view were graded according to the Han scale and the Cormack and Lehane scores, respectively. A receiver operating characteristic curve was used to assess the cutoff point, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV) of MPG, and body mass index for predicting DTI. Results: Difficult BMV, DTI, and both (difficult BMV and DTI) were observed in 22.7%, 12.9%, and 5.2% of patients, respectively. MPG in the sitting position without phonation yielded the highest diagnostic accuracy (76.38%), specificity (79.55%), and PPV (28.6%), with good sensitivity (55%) and NPV (92.2%). Supine MPG without phonation showed comparable results. Conclusion: Sitting position MPG without phonation is the best predictor of DTI, followed by supine MPG without phonation. Therefore, supine MPG without phonation is equivalent to sitting without phonation MPG and can be used for predicting DTI whenever the patient cannot be made upright.

Background: Novel coronavirus (COVID-19) first came to China in December 2019 and had become a public health emergency. There was a sudden rise of COVID-19 cases and its deaths. Aims and Objectives: This study intends to study the estimation of breakthrough infection among COVID-19 patients and to estimate the vaccination effectiveness among COVID-19 patients concerning the severity of the disease. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted in Mc Gann teaching hospital. The patients who were attending the Ayush Triage were included in the study. The sample size of 200 was estimated and the study was conducted for July 5–August 4, 2021, (1 month). A retrospective study design was planned and ethical board clearance was taken before starting the study. Patients were interviewed by telephone. The basic information such as contact number was collected by secondary data available in the triage center. Later details about Vaccination status and outcome of the disease were collected through telephonic interviews. Results: Among 200 COVID-19 patients, 28.5% of the patients had taken vaccination. The breakthrough (COVID-19 patients who had taken both doses) infection rate was 10.5% among the people who had been diagnosed with the COVID-19 infection. Most breakthrough infections were mild. The majority of the 163 (81.50%) did not know the source of infection. The majority of the patients 143 (71.50%) were not vaccinated. After the COVID-19 infection, only around 12 (6%) patients were not recovered completely, that is, they had a history of death or hospitalization, and the remaining 188 (94%) patients were completely recovered. Conclusion: Overall, one in every tenth individual after complete vaccination against COVID-19 infection had contracted the infection. Most of the breakthrough infections were mild and many of the subjects did not know the source of the infection.

Background: COVID-19 pandemic continues to be a public health threat. Rapid antigen tests (RATs) for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 infection will help in formulation of clinical and public health strategies for the control of transmission. In India, 49% of COVID-19 tests done are RATs.1 The sensitivity of RAT is 50.6–84%. RAT has specificity ranging from 99.3% to 100%.2 The present study aims at evaluating the RAT screening test done on people attending fever clinic of Shimoga Institute of Medical Sciences, Shivamogga. Aims and Objectives: The objectives of the study were to evaluate the COVID-19 RAT screening test with reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) as the gold standard test done at fever clinic of SIMS, Shimoga. Materials and Methods: An observational, cross-sectional analytical study was conducted for a period of 1 month, May 2021. The study participants included all the people attending fever clinic of SIMS, Shimoga. Assuming the sensitivity of RAT to be 85%, power of 80%, and precision of 5%, the calculated sample size was 204. Considering non-response rate of 10%, the final sample size was 224. Secondary data regarding contact number of the people attending fever clinic were collected from the COVID-19 test register. Oral consent was taken after explaining about study and assuring confidentiality. Telephonic interview was done to collect relevant information. Analysis was done using Epi Info software version 7.2.4.0. Descriptive statistics such as percentages and analytical statistics such as Student’s t-test and Chi-square test were used. Results: Overall positivity rate was 43.7%. About 71% of people had contact history. Sensitivity and specificity of RAT test were found to be 64.2% and 97.2%, respectively, and were comparable with the previous studies. Significant difference was found (P

Background: Since the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in 2019, the virus has evolved drastically, presenting with sets of mutations that influence its properties, including transmissibility and antigenicity. The oral mucosa is postulated as probable portal entry and several oral manifestations have been identified, which places dental professionals in a position to recognize probable COVID-19 patients depending on oral signs and symptoms in the initial phases of the disease itself. As co-existing with COVID-19 seems to be a new reality, greater understanding is required regarding early oral signs and symptoms which can be predictors for timely intervention and prevention of complications in COVID-19 patients. The objective of the study is to identify the distinguishing oral signs and symptoms among COVID-19 patients and to establish possible correlation between severity of COVID-19 infection and oral symptoms. Methods: This study recruited 179 ambulatory, non-hospitalized COVID-19 patients from the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia’s Eastern Province's designated hotels for COVID-19 and home isolated patients from the same region using a convenience sample method. Data was collected by qualified and experienced investigators, including two physicians and three dentists, using a validated comprehensive questionnaire through telephonic interviews with the participants. The X2 was used to assess the categorical variables, and odd's ratio was calculated to determine the strength of the association between general symptoms and oral manifestations. Results: Oral and nasopharyngeal lesions or conditions like loss of smell and taste, xerostomia, sore throat, and burning sensation were predictors of COVID-19-related systemic symptoms such as cough, fatigue, fever, and nasal congestion were identified to be statistically significant (p

Exclusive physicochemical and biological properties of carbon allotrope graphene have attracted the peer attention of researchers for the synthesis and development of newer topical remedies including films, scaffolds, microspheres, and hydrogels. Here, graphene nanoplatelets (GN) were embedded into a different ratio of polymeric ERL100/ERS100 solution and fabricated in the form of a scaffold through the electrospinning process. FTIR spectra displayed characteristic similar peaks present both in GN and GN-loaded scaffold owing to the compatibility of GN and polymeric mixture. XRD curve revealed a distinct GN peak at nearly 26° whereas from DSC/TGA thermal stability was observed between polymers and graphene nanoplatelets. FESEM images showed ultrathin architecture of GN-loaded scaffold in a range of 280 ± 90 nm. The fabricated scaffold exhibited hydrophilicity (contact angle 48.8 ± 2.8°) and desirable swelling index (646% in skin pH media) which were desired criteria for the scaffold for topical application. In vitro, antifungal activity was conducted through the broth microdilution method against different virulent dermatophytes i.e., Microsporum gypseum, M. canis, M. fulvum, and Trychophyton rubrum. For in vivo evaluation, T. rubrum inoculum was applied on the dorsal surface of each group of Swiss albino mice, and the degree and intensity of mycelial growth or erythema on skin surfaces was visually investigated. The study depicted complete signs of cure after 14 days of application of G3-loaded scaffold on the infected dorsal site. Hence graphene-loaded scaffold represented a possible alternative for the treatment of topical fungal infections caused by dermatophytes.

Background: The application of metallic nanoparticles as a novel therapeutic tool has significant potential to facilitate the treatment and diagnosis of mitochondria-based disorders. Recently, subcellular mitochondria have been trialed to cure pathologies that depend on their dysfunction. Nanoparticles made from metals and their oxides (including gold, iron, silver, platinum, zinc oxide, and titanium dioxide) have unique modi operandi that can competently rectify mitochondrial disorders. Materials: This review presents insight into the recent research reports on exposure to a myriad of metallic nanoparticles that can alter the dynamic ultrastructure of mitochondria (via altering metabolic homeostasis), as well as pause ATP production, and trigger oxidative stress. The facts and figures have been compiled from more than a hundred PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus indexed articles that describe the essential functions of mitochondria for the management of human diseases. Result: Nanoengineered metals and their oxide nanoparticles are targeted at the mitochondrial architecture that partakes in the management of a myriad of health issues, including different cancers. These nanosystems not only act as antioxidants but are also fabricated for the delivery of chemotherapeutic agents. However, the biocompatibility, safety, and efficacy of using metal nanoparticles is contested among researchers, which will be discussed further in this review.

Background: Non-invasive and patient-friendly nose-to-brain pathway is the best-suited route for brain delivery of therapeutics as it bypasses the blood–brain barrier. The intranasal pathway (olfactory and trigeminal nerves) allows the entry of various bioactive agents, delivers a wide array of hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs, and circumvents the hepatic first-pass effect, thus targeting neurological diseases in both humans and animals. The olfactory and trigeminal nerves make a bridge between the highly vascularised nasal cavity and brain tissues for the permeation and distribution, thus presenting a direct pathway for the entry of therapeutics into the brain. Materials: This review portrays insight into recent research reports (spanning the last five years) on the nanoemulsions developed for nose-to-brain delivery of actives for the management of a myriad of neurological disorders, namely, Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s, epilepsy, depression, schizophrenia, cerebral ischemia and brain tumours. The information and data are collected and compiled from more than one hundred Scopus- and PubMed-indexed articles. Conclusions: The olfactory and trigeminal pathways facilitate better biodistribution and bypass BBB issues and, thus, pose as a possible alternative route for the delivery of hydrophobic, poor absorption and enzyme degradative therapeutics. Exploring these virtues, intranasal nanoemulsions have proven to be active, non-invasiveand safe brain-targeting cargos for the alleviation of the brain and other neurodegenerative disorders.

The nature of global dietary supplements is transitioning from animal derivatives to plant based. Industries around the world are seeking vegan alternatives to animal-derived supplements. The microalgal industry is expected to undergo a market boom in the current decade. Microalgal supplements (power based and extracts) as well as microalgal fuels are expected to show a significant increase in market value. Microalgae are an under-utilized source of high-value products. They are rich reservoirs of multiple compounds capable of enhancing immunity, fortifying nutritional diets and improving cardiovascular health. Microalgae are also high lipid producing organisms, which make them viable candidates in the global search for energy alternatives. However, the inability to translate in vitro results onto the industrial scale is a major drawback of the microalgal research landscape. It is therefore, vital to find a robust microalgal species capable of producing a feasible quantity of high-value compounds. This paper investigates the potential of four microalgae sourced from the coastal town of Mangalore, India as candidates for nutraceutical industries and the clean energy industry. Desmodesmus komareikii (MK990101) was found to be rich in total lipid, while the three Chlorella species were found to be relatively richer in total protein yields. Chlorella thermophila (MN006612) is capable of yielding harvests up to nearly 280 tonnes/acre/year. Chlorella thermophila (MN006612) yielded the highest amount of both mono and polyunsaturated fatty acids. The fatty acid profiles of Chlorella thermophila (MN006612), Chlorella vulgaris (MN252517-18) and Chlorella sorokiniana (MN011568) can be explored as an alternative edible oil. Desmodesmus komareikii (MK990101) yielded the highest amount of saturated fatty acids, which are used in the production of clean and quality biofuels.

Orchids with their sheer variety of species are amazing, a major sharer in global floriculture trade. Papilionanthe Miss Joaquim, well known hybrid orchid, also recognized as official National flower of Singapore is a resilient, sun loving orchid, which blossoms throughout the year. Though a seed pod derived from a single flower contains millions of dusty seeds, due to lack of endosperm, seeds cannot germinate without the help of symbiont fungus. Commercial production of seedlings thus remains challenging. Therefore, in this study, we report a novel asymbiotic seed germination protocol standardized for ‘Papilionanthe Miss Joaquim’ (a hybrid of Papilionanthe hookeriana x Papilionanthe teres) which could be adapted for mass cultivation in a commercial setup. Seed of Papilionanthe Miss Joaquim were treated with 0.1% H 2O2 and 0.1% KNO 3 to increase the germination rates. Seed pods were also subjected to various regimes of surface sterilization methods to reduce contaminations. Employing Carbendazim (1% w v-1), Tricyclazole (1% w v-1), Sodium hypochlorite (0.5% v v-1) and Ethanol (80% v v-1) in surface sterilization process, resulted in highest percentage of aseptic cultures. Seeds were inoculated on to Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with BAP (6-Benzylaminopurine), NAA (1-Naphthaleneacetic acid) and 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) combination of 3 mg L-1 BAP (6-Benzylaminopurine) + 0.5 mg L-1 NAA (1-Naphthaleneacetic acid) found to be most effective to induce germination (84.67 ± 3.2%). Subsequently, germinated seedlings were subjected to different levels of BAP and NAA levels to achieve the highest number of plantlets. thus, multiplied plantlets were later subcultured onto MS medium containing 0.5 mg L-1 BAP and 3 mg L-1 NAA to induce rooting. Consequently, developed plantlets were acclimatized on a substratum containing coconut husk and charcoal pieces.

Abstract Background While clinical factors such as age, grade, stage, and histological subtype provide physicians with information about patient prognosis, genomic data can further improve these predictions. Previous studies have shown that germline variants in known cancer driver genes are predictive of patient outcome, but no study has systematically analyzed multiple cancers in an unbiased way to identify genetic loci that can improve patient outcome predictions made using clinical factors. Methods We analyzed sequencing data from the over 10,000 cancer patients available through The Cancer Genome Atlas to identify germline variants associated with patient outcome using multivariate Cox regression models. Results We identified 79 prognostic germline variants in individual cancers and 112 prognostic germline variants in groups of cancers. The germline variants identified in individual cancers provide additional predictive power about patient outcomes beyond clinical information currently in use and may therefore augment clinical decisions based on expected tumor aggressiveness. Molecularly, at least 12 of the germline variants are likely associated with patient outcome through perturbation of protein structure and at least five through association with gene expression differences. Almost half of these germline variants are in previously reported tumor suppressors, oncogenes or cancer driver genes with the other half pointing to genomic loci that should be further investigated for their roles in cancers. Conclusions Germline variants are predictive of outcome in cancer patients and specific germline variants can improve patient outcome predictions beyond predictions made using clinical factors alone. The germline variants also implicate new means by which known oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, and driver genes are perturbed in cancer and suggest roles in cancer for other genes that have not been extensively studied in oncology. Further studies in other cancer cohorts are necessary to confirm that germline variation is associated with outcome in cancer patients as this is a proof-of-principle study.

The dataset presented in this article is associated with the TMT (Tandem mass tag) labeled proteomics of chili pepper plant (Capsicum frutescens) infested by a broad mite (Polyphagotarsonemus latus). Data was captured using a nano liquid chromatography system coupled with high-resolution Orbitrap FusionTribridmass spectrometer. Proteomics data was analyzed using the Proteome Discoverer version 2.4 tool using MASCOT and SequestHT algorithms. We have identified a total of 5,807 proteins supported by 48,555 unique peptides and 1,279,655 peptide-spectrum matches. Individually, 5,186 proteins were detected in healthy leaf samples, 5,193 in infested leaf sample, 5,194 proteins in healthy meristem sample, and 5,196 proteins in infested meristem samples. Datasets obtained from reciprocal blast against the Arabidopsis thaliana proteome database enabled the prediction of protein-protein interactions, and subcellular localization of differentially expressed proteins, which are also included in this article. Data presented in this article has been deposited in the ProteomeXchange Consortium via the PRIDE repository, which can be accessed through the accession ID: PXD018653.

Introduction: Laghu sankhaprakshalana (LSP) is a type of yogic cleansing technique (Shatkarma) which is being practiced since ancient time. In this technique, set of Asanas that aid the intestinal motility are practiced along with intake of lukewarm saline water. It is an easy and effective technique to clean the gastrointestinal canal. This study aims to study the effect of LSP on bowel health. Aim and Objectives: The main objective of this study is to evaluate the effect of LSP practice on bowel health in normal individuals and safety of it. Materials and Methods: Sixty healthy individuals (males – 30 and females – 30) of the mean age 20.70 ± 2.89 were randomly recruited for study group (n = 30) and control group (n = 30). The study group was made to practice LSP once a week, for 4 weeks. The control group received no intervention. Constipation score (CS) was recorded by using the Cleveland Clinic CS, before and after completion of four sessions of LSP. Results: There was a significant reduction in CS, p < 0.0001 after the four sessions of LSP practice. Conclusion: The present study showed that LSP has a tendency to improve the bowel health. The practice of LSP once a week, for 4 weeks is safe and effective in a normal individual.

Purpose: The oral cavity is the most common site for squamous cell carcinoma, which has a distinct predilection for lymphatic spread before distant systemic metastasis. The cervical lymph node status is a very important consideration in the assessment of squamous cell carcinoma. Ultrasound is a noninvasive and inexpensive technique that can be used to differentiate between the benign and metastatic nodes. So the aim of this study was to evaluate reliability of ultrasound for such differentiation and to correlate them with histopathological finding. Materials and Methods: A total of 200 lymph nodes from 38 patients histopathologically proven for oral squamous cell carcinoma who underwent surgical neck dissection were considered. The patients underwent ultrasound examination of cervical lymph nodes prior to surgical neck dissection. The lymph nodes were differentiated into benign and metastatic based on the assessment of size, shape, shortest diameter/longest diameter (S/L ratio), margin, and internal architecture, and also the internal echo structure of the lymph nodes and histopathological findings were analyzed. Results: On correlation of ultrasonographic diagnosis with histopathological evaluation for metastatic lymph nodes, the overall accuracy of ultrasonographic analyses was 77.83%, and the sonographic criterion of irregular margin showed the highest predictability followed by the size. The correlation of internal echo structure with histopathological findings was highly variable. Conclusion: The ultrasound parameters such as size, shape, margin, S/L ratio, and internal echo structure might assist in differentiation between benign and metastatic lymph nodes. Combining these findings should raise the accuracy, as each sonographic parameter has some limitation as a sole criterion.

Background: “Oblique subcostal” transversus abdominis plane (TAP) block is a combination of rectus abdominis and TAP block which is currently used in a wide variety of abdominal procedures. Dexamethasone and tramadol are both used as adjuvants in several blocks for improving efficacy and prolonging analgesia. The present study was intended to compare both these drugs along with ropivacaine in ultrasound-guided subcostal TAP block following open cholecystectomy. Materials and Methods: The present prospective, randomized, and double-blind study was conducted in 60 adult patients of either sex undergoing open cholecystectomy. The patients were randomized into two groups; Group D (n = 30) and Group T (n = 30). Former received 18 ml of 0.75% ropivacaine with 2 ml (8 mg) of dexamethasone whereas latter received 18 ml of 0.75% ropivacaine with 2 ml (25 mg/ml) of tramadol through right-sided ultrasound-guided oblique subcostal TAP block after the induction of general anesthesia following standard protocol. Postoperative pain at rest and knee flexion as per visual analog scale (VAS) score, time for first and second rescue analgesia, total tramadol consumption in 24 h, sedation and nausea score, and quality of healing at discharge were noted. Results: Requirement for first and second rescue analgesia was similar in two groups but overall 24 h tramadol consumption was less in Group D. VAS score was similar in two groups except at 4 and 24 h. None of the patients were sedated, but nausea score was less in Group D. The quality of wound healing was good in both groups. Conclusion: The addition of 8 mg dexamethasone or 50 mg tramadol as adjuvants to ropivacaine is effective and safe drugs to administer in TAP block for postoperative analgesia following open cholecystectomy.

Background: Pain management is an everyday challenge in dentistry. Analgesics are the group of drugs prescribed for effective pain management, of which nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are the most commonly prescribed drugs. Selection of NSAIDs must be judiciously made considering their pharmacological properties and adverse effects. Aim: This study aimed to analyze the attitude toward analgesic prescription among practicing dentists and the awareness to update their knowledge about them. Materials and Methods: The study was carried out among 100 dental practitioners, where a questionnaire consisting of 16 questions was formulated based on the awareness of indication and contraindication, actual practice, and required future trends for updating the knowledge. The questionnaire was distributed among the practitioners; the answered questionnaire was collected and tabulated. Statistical analysis included χ2 test to evaluate the significance. Results: Of 100 dental practitioners, 63% prescribed drugs based on the diagnosis. Aceclofenac was found to be the effective drug in postoperative pain management, whereas paracetamol was considered to be the safest among NSAIDs in clinical conditions such as bleeding disorders, gastric irritation, chronic kidney disease, and during pregnancy. All practicing dentists showed their willingness to participate in awareness programs in updating their knowledge. Conclusion: This study showed that dental clinical practitioners are well aware of the drugs to be prescribed in different clinical conditions but pitfalls have been observed in areas of systemic complication, where continuous educational programs are needed to overcome the same.

SIRT7 belongs to the family of “NAD+ dependent deacetylases” called Sirtuins. In the present work we report a novel role of SIRT7 in regulating cellular polarity. SIRT7 overexpression in immortalized mouse fibroblasts (NIH3T3) induced epithelial transition. This transition was accompanied by typical N- to E- cadherin transition, stabilization of β-catenin, and the downregulation of transcription factors responsible for maintenance of mesenchymal phenotype (Snail, Slug, and Zeb1). Interestingly, a subpopulation of cells overexpressing SIRT7 exhibited an intermediate stage between mesenchymal and epithelial characters. Transformed epithelial cells showed a loss of heterochromatisation as evidenced by a loss of HP1α and H3K9 dimethylation staining. In conclusion, we report a role of SIRT7 in mesenchymal cells, which may have implications for health and disease.

Approximately two-third of the compounds in the pharmaceutical industry were developed through combinatorial chemistry and high throughput screening of particulate solids. Poor solubility and bioavailability of these pharmaceuticals are challenging attributes confronted by a formulator during product development. Hence, substantial efforts have been directed into the research on particle generation techniques. Although the conventional methods, such as crushing or milling and crystallization or precipitation, are still used; supercritical fluid technology introduced in the mid-1980s presents a new method of particle generation. Supercritical fluid processes not only produce micro- and nanoparticles with a narrow size distribution, they are also employed for the microencapsulation, cocrystallization, and surface coating with polymer. Recognized as a green technology, it has emerged as successful variants chiefly as Rapid Expansion of supercritical solutions (RESS), Supercritical anti-solvent (SAS) and Particles from Gas Saturated Solution (PGSS) depending upon type of solvent, solute, antisolvent and nebulization techniques. Being economical and eco-friendly, supercritical fluid technolgy has garnered considerable interest both in academia and industry for modification of physicochemical properties such as particle size, shape, density and ultimately solubility. The current manuscript is a comprehensive update on different supercritical fluid processes used for particle generation with the purpose of solubility enhancement of drugs and hence bioavailability.

The natural polymer chitosan is the second most abundant biopolymer on earth after chitin and has been extensively explored for preparation of versatile drug delivery systems. The presence of two distinct reactive functional groups (an amino group at C2, and a primary and secondary hydroxyl group at C3 and C6) of chitosan are involved in the transformation of expedient derivatives such as acylated, alkylated, carboxylated, quaternized and esterified chitosan. Amongst these, quaternized chitosan is preferred in pharmaceutical industries owing to its prominent features including superior water solubility, augmented antimicrobial actions, modified wound healing, pH-sensitive targeting, biocompatibility, and biodegradability. It has been explored in a large realm of pharmaceuticals, cosmeceuticals, and the biomedical arena. Immense classy drug delivery systems containing quaternized chitosan have been intended for tissue engineering, wound healing, gene, and vaccine delivery. This review article outlines synthetic techniques, basic characteristics, inherent properties, biomedical applications, and ubiquitous challenges associated to quaternized chitosan.

Articular eminence fractures are a rarity in practice and documented cases of articular eminence fractures are far and few and range around 3 to 4, and are due to trauma. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case of self-inflicted articular eminence fracture documented to date. A high degree of clinical acuity, suspicion, and cutting edge imaging techniques are required to identify and diagnose fractures of the articular eminence. In this case report, we report a case presenting with unexplained facial pain and diagnosed using cone-beam volumetric imaging as fracture of the articular eminence. We attempt to highlight cone-beam volumetric imaging as a diagnostic tool with considerable benefits in the identification and diagnosis of sublime pathologies of the maxillofacial region.

The six-subunit Origin Recognition Complex (ORC) is believed to be an essential eukaryotic ATPase that binds to origins of replication as a ring-shaped heterohexamer to load MCM2-7 and initiate DNA replication. We have discovered that human cell lines in culture proliferate with intact chromosomal origins of replication after disruption of both alleles of ORC2 or of the ATPase subunit, ORC1. The ORC1 or ORC2-depleted cells replicate with decreased chromatin loading of MCM2-7 and become critically dependent on another ATPase, CDC6, for survival and DNA replication. Thus, either the ORC ring lacking a subunit, even its ATPase subunit, can load enough MCM2-7 in partnership with CDC6 to initiate DNA replication, or cells have an ORC-independent, CDC6-dependent mechanism to load MCM2-7 on origins of replication

Introduction: Hip fractures are often encountered in the elderly and present special problems to the anaesthesiologist. Fascia iliaca compartment block is another technique with the intent to block all the three nerves like 3-in-1 nerve block. Aim: To evaluate the analgesic efficacy of ultrasound guided fascia iliaca compartment block to facilitate positioning of patients with hip fracture for spinal anaesthesia. Materials and Methods: This prospective study was conducted in 50 patients aged between 40-80 years, belonging to American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status I-III undergoing surgery for hip fracture. All 50 patients received an ultrasound guided Fascia Iliaca Compartment Block (FICB) in the premedication room with 30 mL of 0.5% ropivacaine by 23G spinal needle. Sensory blockade was evaluated 5, 10 and 20 minutes after ropivacaine administration using loss of perception to cold in the lateral, anterior and medial part of the thigh. Visual analogue scale scores were noted before the block, 20 minutes after block and during positioning for spinal anaesthesia. Patient’s acceptance for FICB was evaluated 24 hour after arriving back to the orthopaedics ward using a twopoint score. Any episode of hypotension or bradycardia was noted and managed accordingly. Results: In lateral part of thigh, at 5 minutes sensory blockade was present in 33 patients (66%) and at 10 minutes sensory blockade was present in 45 cases (90%). In anterior part of thigh, sensory blockade was present in 34 cases (68%) at 5 minutes time interval and at 10 minutes sensory blockade was present in 48 cases (96%). In medial part of thigh, 28 cases (56%) had sensory blockade at 5 minutes and at 10 minutes in 43 cases (86%). Sensory blockage was same at 20 minutes as on 10 minutes interval in all thigh parts. Before FIC block average VAS was 7.5 which was decreased to average of 2.94 at 20 minutes after block which was statistically significant (p

This study was undertaken to study efficacy of single dose of intravenous magnesium sulphate to reduce post-operative pain in patients undergoing inguinal surgery. One hundred patients undergoing inguinal surgery were divided randomly in two groups of 50 each. The patients of magnesium sulphate group (Group-I) received magnesium sulphate 50 mg/kg in 250 ml of isotonic sodium chloride solution IV whereas patients in control group (Group-II) received same volume of isotonic sodium chloride over 30 minutes preoperatively. Anaesthesia was induced with propofol (2 mg/kg) and pethidine (1 mg/kg). Atracurium besylate (0.5 mg/kg) was given to facilitate insertion of LMA. Pain at emergence from anaesthesia and 2, 4, 6, 12 and 24 hours after surgery was evaluated. The timing and dosage of rescue analgesic during first 24 hrs after operation was noted. Pain in postop period was significantly lower in magnesium sulphate group in comparison to control group at emergence from anaesthesia and 2, 4, 6, 12 and 24 hrs postop [1.86 vs. 1.96 (P=0.138), 1.22 vs. 1.82 (P=0.001), 1.32 vs. 1.88 (P=0.000), 2.74 vs. 3.84 (P=0.000), 1.36 vs. 2.00 (P=0.000) and 0.78 vs 1.30 (P=0.000), respectively]. Patients in group-I were more sedated as compared to group-II [sedation score 1.86 vs. 1.40 (P=0.000)]. Rescue analgesia requirement postoperatively in first 4, 8 and 16 hrs was significantly lower in patients of group-1 than in group- II [1.9 vs. 3.8 (P

Castleman's disease is a benign lympho proliferative disorder of an unknown aetiology, occurring rarely in the paediatric population. It primarily occurs at the sites like chest, abdomen and rarely in the neck. We report two cases of Castleman's disease in 7-year-old girl and 11 year old girl presenting with a localised mass in the left and right neck region respectively, complaints of vague clinical symptoms and local examination revealed a soft, non-tender and immobile mass in the neck. Laboratory studies were non-contributory. Ultrasonography of the head and neck helped in defining the neck mass, though the findings were non-specific. The mass was surgically excised and subjected to pathological examination. Histopathological assessment was consistent with Castleman's Disease, hyaline-vascular type. Follow up studies for a period of 6-months showed no evidence of recurrence of the lesion.

Spasticity is motor alteration characterized by muscle hypertonia and hyperreflexia. It is an important complication of spinal cord injury, traumatic brain injury, cerebral palsy, and multiple sclerosis. If uncorrected, fibrosis and eventually bony deformity lock the joint into a fixed contracture. Chemical neurolysis using various agents is one of the therapeutic possibilities to alleviate spasticity. We are, hereby, reporting 3 patients in whom 65% alcohol was used as neurolytic agent for the treatment of hip adductor spasticity, and the effect lasted for a variable period.

Dermatophytosis, topical fungal infection is the most common cause of skin bug in the world, generally underestimated and ignored. It is commonly caused by immensely mortifying and keratinophilic fungal eukaryotes which invade keratinized tissues and generate different tinea diseases in Mediterranean countries. We herein fabricated nanofibers/scaffolds embedded with thiocarbamate derivative topical antifungal tolnaftatefor the first time to target the complete elimination of dermatophyte at the site of infection. In this regard, variable combinations of biocompatible Eudragit grades (ERL100 and ERS100) were selected to provide better adhesion on the site of dermatophytosis, ample absorption of exudates during treatment, and customized controlled drug release. Surface topography analysis indicated that the fabricated nanofibers were regular and defect-free, comprising distinct pockets with nanoscaled diameters. Characterization and compatibility studies of tolnaftate, polymers, and their nanofibers were performed through ATR-FTIR, TGA, and PXRD. Remarkable hydrophilicity and an excellent swelling index were obtained from a 3:1 ratio of ERL100/ERS100 electrospun D3 nanofibers, which is an essential benchmark for the fabrication of nanofibrous scaffolds for alleviating dermatophytosis. In vitro drug release investigation revealed that a nonwoven nanomesh of nanofibers could control the rate of drug release for 8 h. A microdilution assay exhibited inhibition of more than 95% viable cells of Trichophyton rubrum for 96 h. However, Microsporum species rigidly restricted the effect of bioactive antifungal nanofibers and hence showed resistance. In vivo activity on Trichophyton rubrum infected Swiss albino mice revealed complete inhibition of fungal pathogens on successive applications of D3 nanofibers for 7 days. This investigation suggests potential uses of tolnaftate loaded polyacrylate nanofibers as dressing materials/scaffolds for effective management of dermatophytosis.

Hydatid disease is quite common in temperate climate like in India. The most common organs involved are liver and lung. We report a child in whom three major organs lungs (both), liver and spleen were involved which is quite a rare occurrence. He underwent cyst excision through simultaneous sternotomy and laparotomy.

Pheochromocytoma is a rare catecholamine secreting tumour arising from chromaffin cells in the adrenal medulla or in the extra adrenal sites. They may produce receptor mediated effect on myocardium causing pressure induced cardiomyopathy leading to left ventricle dilatation, hypokinesia and eventually cardiac failure. Anaesthetic management of a patient with pheochromocytoma and dilated cardiomyopathy posted for open adrenalectomy using proseal laryngeal mask is reported.

This case report discusses issues related to a 56-year-old man from Bangalore who presented with complaints of a gradual protrusion of his eyeballs along with diminishing vision for the previous month. The approach to diagnosis and management issues around this unusual presentation is dicussed.

Background: Since the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in 2019, the virus has evolved drastically, presenting with sets of mutations that influence its properties, including transmissibility and antigenicity. The oral mucosa is postulated as probable portal entry and several oral manifestations have been identified, which places dental professionals in a position to recognize probable COVID-19 patients depending on oral signs and symptoms in the initial phases of the disease itself. As co-existing with COVID-19 seems to be a new reality, greater understanding is required regarding early oral signs and symptoms which can be predictors for timely intervention and prevention of complications in COVID-19 patients. The objective of the study is to identify the distinguishing oral signs and symptoms among COVID-19 patients and to establish possible correlation between severity of COVID-19 infection and oral symptoms. Methods: This study recruited 179 ambulatory, non-hospitalized COVID-19 patients from the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia’s Eastern Province's designated hotels for COVID-19 and home isolated patients from the same region using a convenience sample method. Data was collected by qualified and experienced investigators, including two physicians and three dentists, using a validated comprehensive questionnaire through telephonic interviews with the participants. The X 2 was used to assess the categorical variables, and odd's ratio was calculated to determine the strength of the association between general symptoms and oral manifestations. Results: Oral and nasopharyngeal lesions or conditions like loss of smell and taste, xerostomia, sore throat, and burning sensation were predictors of COVID-19-related systemic symptoms such as cough, fatigue, fever, and nasal congestion were identified to be statistically significant (p Conclusions: The study reveals the occurrence of olfactory or taste dysfunction, dry mouth, sore throat, and burning sensation along with COVID-19 generic symptoms, should be considered as suggestive yet not conclusive indicators of COVID-19.

Background: Since the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in 2019, the virus has evolved drastically, presenting with sets of mutations that influence its properties, including transmissibility and antigenicity. The oral mucosa is postulated as probable portal entry and several oral manifestations have been identified, which places dental professionals in a position to recognize probable COVID-19 patients depending on oral signs and symptoms in the initial phases of the disease itself. As co-existing with COVID-19 seems to be a new reality, greater understanding is required regarding early oral signs and symptoms which can be predictors for timely intervention and prevention of complications in COVID-19 patients. The objective of the study is to identify the distinguishing oral signs and symptoms among COVID-19 patients and to establish possible correlation between severity of COVID-19 infection and oral symptoms. Methods: This study recruited 179 ambulatory, non-hospitalized COVID-19 patients from the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia’s Eastern Province's designated hotels for COVID-19 and home isolated patients from the same region using a convenience sample method. Data was collected by qualified and experienced investigators, including two physicians and three dentists, using a validated comprehensive questionnaire through telephonic interviews with the participants. The X 2 was used to assess the categorical variables, and odd's ratio was calculated to determine the strength of the association between general symptoms and oral manifestations. Results: Oral and nasopharyngeal lesions or conditions like loss of smell and taste, xerostomia, sore throat, and burning sensation were predictors of COVID-19-related systemic symptoms such as cough, fatigue, fever, and nasal congestion were identified to be statistically significant (p Conclusions: The study reveals the occurrence of olfactory or taste dysfunction, dry mouth, sore throat, and burning sensation along with COVID-19 generic symptoms, should be considered as suggestive yet not conclusive indicators of COVID-19.

Heavy metals are lethal and hazardous pollutants for the ecosystem owing to their virtues including acute toxicity, prolonged persistence, and bioaccumulation. These contaminants are not only a threat to aquatic/terrestrial biota but also pose serious health issues to humans. Natural and anthropologic processes consistently upsurge heavy metal concentration beyond acceptable limits and mobilization and hence disturb biogeochemical cycles and the food chain, although several conventional strategies including adsorption, chemical precipitation, ion exchange, and membrane separation methods are being employed for the removal of these lethal heavy metals from the ecosystem but failed due to lower efficiency rates and high application charges. The current scenario highly demands advanced biosorption or bioaccumulation processes that slow down heavy metal mobilization within the acceptable limit in the ecosystem. Genetically modified microorganisms (GMMs) with desired features are developed through interdisciplinary participation of genomics, molecular microbiology, and bioinformatics that have more potential to bioremediate heavy metals than the native microbes from polluted ecosystems. The study focuses on different sources of heavy metals, their impact on the ecosystem, and the bioremediation of toxic heavy metals via GMMs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]