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Exploring the physics and potential applications of vectorially structured light with propagation-invariant transverse structures has benefited many areas of modern optics and photonics. In this paper, we investigate the non-eigen vector modes of paraxial light fields, focusing on the propagation variations and revivals of their transverse structures, including both spatial and polarization structures. We show that the physical mechanism behind the variations and revivals of their transverse structure is linked to the evolution of the intramodal phases between the constituting spatial modes. Such evolution originates from fractional Gouy phases, or rather, Geometric-phase difference between spatial modes with different orders under a same unitary transformation. This underlying principle, provides a general guideline for shaping vectorially structured light with custom propagation-evolution properties, and may also inspire a wide variety of new applications based on structured light.

In this work, the normal density $\rho_n$ and moment of inertia of a moving superfluid are investigated. We find that, even at zero temperature, there exists a finite normal density for the moving superfluid. When the velocity of superfluid reaches sound velocity, the normal density becomes total mass density $\rho$, which indicates that the system losses superfluidity. At the same time, the Landau's critical velocity also becomes zero. The existence of the non-zero normal density is attributed to the coupling between the motion of superflow and density fluctuation in transverse directions. With Josephson relation, the superfluid density $\rho_s$ is also calculated and the identity $\rho_s+\rho_n=\rho$ holds. Further more, we find that the finite normal density also results in a quantized moment of inertia in a moving superfluid trapped by a ring. The normal density and moment of inertia at zero temperature could be verified experimentally by measuring the angular momentum of a moving superfluid in a ring trap., Comment: 6 pages

Electromagnetic field excitation is mainly used in prospecting, and the control system was designed according to the emission control principle of full bridge inverter, which used the mode of cooperation of GPS and high precision constant temperature crystal oscillator. The result shows that the synchronization error of the emission current is not more than 32 ns. It can ensure the synchronization accuracy. At the same time, the design process of the adaptive load is given to ensure the power stability of the generator. The experimental results show that the adaptive load can effectively restrain the current distortion caused by the power sudden change of the generator and ensure the stability of the output current.

Urolithiasis is one of the common diseases in urinary system, among which calcium oxalate stone is the most common one with a high recurrence rate. An important pathological factor for the formation of calcium oxalate stone is the increased absorption of oxalate from intestine, which leads to a high urine oxalate concentration. Intestinal bacteria known to be able to degrade oxalate includes Oxalobacter formigenes, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, Eubacterium lentum, Providencia rettgeri, Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium species, etc. Among those, Oxalobacter formigenes is the first oxalate-degrading obligate anaerobe found in human, while the rest are just conditioned bacteria with the function to degrade intestinal oxalate. There are three kinds of enzymes in Oxalobacter formigenes involved in the metabolism of oxalate, namely oxalate-formate antiporter (OxlT), formyl-CoA transferase (Frc) and oxalyl-CoA decarboxylase (Oxc). Animal experiments have verified that Oxalobacter formigenes could reduce intestinal oxalate absorption by promoting the secretion of oxalate and degradation as well, thus decrease the excretion of urine oxalate. The present review will focus on the research progress of probiotics treatment for the calcium oxalate stones so as to provide reference for further research and development. DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2016.08.16

Nanocomposite dielectrics show a great potential application in high voltage direct current cables for their obvious improvements in electrical properties. In the present manuscript, nanocomposite composed of low-density polyethylene and nanoscale polystyrene particles is studied by using low-density polyethylene grafted with polystyrene molecule. Fourier-transform infrared spectra reveal successful grafting of the polystyrene molecule onto the low-density polyethylene chain and the scanning electron microscope image shows the homogeneously dispersed nanoscale polystyrene particles. The presence of the polystyrene nanoparticles obviously improves the dielectric properties, such as the direct current breakdown strength and space charge inhibition. The conductivity and thermally stimulated current characteristics imply the deep traps in the composite increase obviously. Density functional theory calculation reveals that the grafted polystyrene can accommodate both shallow and deep electron carriers, and the depth of the hole traps are as deep as 2.07 eV.

We present an overview of our recent theoretical studies on the quantum phenomena of the spin-1 Bose-Einstein condensates, including the phase diagram, soliton solutions and the formation of the topological spin textures. A brief exploration of the effects of spin-orbit coupling on the ground-state properties is given. We put forward proposals by using the transmission spectra of an optical cavity to probe the quantum ground states: the ferromagnetic and polar phases. Quasi-one-dimension solitons and ring dark solitons are studied. It is predicted that characteristics of the magnetic solitons in optical lattice can be tuned by controlling the long-range light-induced and static magnetic dipoledipole interactions; solutions of single-component magnetic and single-, two-, three-components polar solitons are found; ring dark solitons in spin-1 condensates are predicted to live longer lifetimes than that in their scalar counterparts. In the formation of spin textures, we have considered the theoretical model of a rapidly quenched and fast rotating trapped spin-1 Bose-Einstein condensate, whose dynamics can be studied by solving the stochastic projected Gross-Pitaevskii equations. Spontaneous generation of nontrivial topological defects, such as the hexagonal lattice skyrmions and square lattice of half-quantized vortices was predicted. In particular, crystallization of merons (half skyrmions) can be generated in the presence of spin-orbit coupling.

Background: Stroke is the second most common cause of death and a major cause of disability worldwide. Risperidone is an atypical antipsychotic drug that may increase the risk of stroke. The present work examined whether risperidone enhances the vulnerability to stroke in hypertensive rats and the potential mechanisms underlying such action. Methods: Experiment 1: Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats, spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) and stroke-prone SHRs (SHR-SPs) were treated with risperidone (0.8 and 2.4 mg/kg/d) or vehicle for 30 consecutive days. Tissue damage in response to middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) was measured microscopically. The activity of superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, the levels of malondialdehyde were also determined. Experiment 2: Survival data were recorded in SHR-SPs that received daily risperidone perpetually. Experiment 3: Effect of risperidone on interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α was examined in quiescent or LPS-activated cortical microglias from WKY rats. Experiment 4: Potential damage of risperidone exposure to neurons was examined in primary neuronal culture obtained from WKY rats, SHRs, and SHR-SPs. Results: Risperidone increased infarct areas upon MCAO in SHR-SPs and SHRs, but not in WKY rats. Survival time in SHR-SPs was shortened by risperidone. Apoptosis was augmented by risperidone through enhanced Bax. Risperidone also increased endothelial injury. Conclusions: Risperidone enhances the vulnerability to stroke in hypertensive rats through increasing neuronal apoptosis and endothelial injury. © 2012 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.

Aims Angiogenesis is critical for re-establishing blood supply to ischaemic myocardium after myocardial infarction (MI). Human studies have associated arterial baroreflex (ABR) deficiency with higher rate of sudden death after MI. The present work was designed to examine whether ABR deficiency affects angiogenesis in MI rats. Methods and results Baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) was determined in conscious rats at 1 month after occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery. The survival time was significantly shorter in Sprague-Dawley rats with BRS

AIM This study was designed to investigate the effects of telmisartan and amlodipine on reduction of blood pressure (BP), myocardial hypertrophy, and renal injury in hypertensive rats. METHOD In acute experiments, the BP was measured in conscious freely moving rats. Spontaneously hypertensive rats were treated with intragastric administration of amlodipine (1, 2, 4 mg/kg), telmisartan (4, 8, 12, 16, 20 mg/kg), and their different combinations (4 + 4, 2 + 4, 4 + 8, 4 + 12, 1 + 4, 2 + 8, 4 + 16, 2 + 12, 1 + 8, 2 + 16, 2 + 20, 1 + 12, 1 + 16, 1 + 20 mg/kg). The probability sum test (q test) was used to evaluate the synergistic action on BP reduction. In two-kidney, one-clip rats, the effects of amlodipine (1 mg/kg), telmisartan (6 mg/kg) and their combination on BP reduction were observed. In the chronic study, spontaneously hypertensive rats were treated with amlodipine (1 mg/kg), telmisartan (6 mg/kg), and their combination for 4 months. Histopathologic examinations were performed after the determination of BP and BP variability. RESULTS There is a synergistic interaction between amlodipine and telmisartan on BP reduction. The optimal dose ratio was found at 1:6. The synergistic effect of this dose ratio (1:6) was also seen in two-kidney, one-clip rats. Long-term treatment with this combination results in a beneficial effect on the reduction of BP and BP variability. The end-organ damage, including myocardial hypertrophy, glomerular atrophy, and fibrosis, was significantly attenuated by this combination. CONCLUSION The optimal dose ratio of amlodipine and telmisartan on BP was 1:6. This combination is beneficial for the BP and BP variability reduction and end-organ damage prevention.

The role of a series of functionalized graphene additives in power cable insulation in suppressing the growth of electrical treeing and preventing the degradation of the polymer matrix has been investigated by density functional theory calculations. Bader charge analysis indicates that pristine, doped or defect graphene could effectively capture hot electrons to block their attack on cross-linked polyethylene (XLPE) because of the π–π conjugated unsaturated structures. Further exploration of the electronic properties in the interfacial region between the additives and XLPE shows that N-doped single-vacancy graphene, graphene oxide and B-, N-, Si- or P-doped graphene oxide have relatively strong physical interaction with XLPE to restrict its mobility and rather weak chemical activity to prevent the cleavage of the C–H or C–C bond, suggesting that they are all potential candidates as effective additives. The understanding of the features of functionalized graphene additives in trapping electrons and interfacial interaction will assist in the screening of promising additives as voltage stabilizers in power cables.

We show that double-quantum spin vortices, which are characterized by doubly quantized circulating spin currents and unmagnetized filled cores, can exist in the ground states of SU(3) spin-orbit coupled Bose gases. It is found that the SU(3) spin-orbit coupling and spin-exchange interaction play important roles in determining the ground-state phase diagram. In the case of effective ferromagnetic spin interaction, the SU(3) spin-orbit coupling induces a three-fold degeneracy to the magnetized ground state, while in the antiferromagnetic spin interaction case, the SU(3) spin-orbit coupling breaks the ordinary phase rule of spinor Bose gases, and allows the spontaneous emergence of double-quantum spin vortices. This exotic topological defect is in stark contrast to the singly quantized spin vortices observed in existing experiments, and can be readily observed by the current magnetization-sensitive phase-contrast imaging technique.

We obtain analytically two kinds of inhomogeneous spin domain configurations endowed with time-dependent periodic domain walls in spin-1 Bose-Einstein condensate, which result from the positive and negative quadratic Zeeman effects, respectively. It is shown analytically that the topological defects are given by the unmagnetized atoms, at which the order parameter is of polar phase, but besides them, the order parameter is of axisymmetrybroken phase. The quadratic Zeeman effect can be tuned to induce the dynamical phase transition of the spin domain, and its sign can affect the topological structure of the spin pattern. These features arise from the axisymmetry breaking due to the pointwise-different population exchange between the sublevels determined uniquely by the quadratic Zeeman effects. The related experimental observations for the spin-1 87 Rb and 23 Na condensates are also discussed.

The electric field distributions in high voltage direct current cable termination are investigated with silicone rubber nanocomposite being the electric stress control insulator. The nanocomposite is composed of silicone rubber, nanoscale carbon black and graphitic carbon. The experimental results show that the physical parameters of the nanocomposite, such as thermal activation energy and nonlinearity-relevant coefficient, can be manipulated by varying the proportion of the nanoscale fillers. The numerical simulation shows that safe electric field distribution calls for certain parametric region of the thermal activation energy and nonlinearity-relevant coefficient. Outside the safe parametric region, local maximum of electric field strength around the stress cone appears in the termination insulator, enhancing the breakdown of the cable termination. In the presence of the temperature gradient, thermal activation energy and nonlinearity-relevant coefficient work as complementary factors to produce a reasonable electric field distribution. The field maximum in the termination insulator show complicate variation in the transient processes. The stationary field distribution favors the increase of the nonlinearity-relevant coefficient; for the transient field distribution in the process of negative lighting impulse, however, an optimized value of the nonlinearity-relevant coefficient is necessary to equalize the electric field in the termination.

We investigate the confinement induced resonance in spin-orbit coupled cold atoms with Raman coupling. We find that the quasi-bound levels induced by the spin-orbit coupling and Raman coupling result in the Feshbach-type resonances. For sufficiently large Raman coupling, the bound states in one dimension exist only for sufficiently strong attractive interaction. Furthermore, the bound states in quasi-one dimension exist only for sufficient large ratio of the length scale of confinement to three dimensional s-wave scattering length. The Raman coupling substantially changes the confinement-induced resonance position. We give a proposal to realize confinement induced resonance by increasing the Raman coupling strength in experiments., 5 pages, 4 figures

The fragmentation of spin-orbit coupled spin-1 Bose gas with a weak interaction in external harmonic trap is explored by both exact diagonalization and mean-field theory. This fragmentation tendency, which originates from the total angular momentum conservation, is affected obviously by the spin-orbit coupling strength and the spin-dependent interaction. Strong spin-orbit interaction raises the inverse participation ratio, which describes the number of significantly occupied single-particle states. As the spin-dependent interaction changes from anti-ferromagnetic to ferromagnetic, the peak values in the inverse participation ratio become lower. Without the confinement of the appointed total angular momentum, the condensate chooses a zero or finite total angular momentum ground state, which is determined by both the interaction and the spin-orbit coupling strength., 7pages,8figures

Background Endothelium‐derived acetylcholine ( eAC h) plays an important role in the regulation of vascular actions in response to hypoxia, whereas arterial baroreflex (ABR) dysfunction impairs the eAC h system. We investigated the effects of ABR dysfunction on ischemia‐induced angiogenesis in animal models of hindlimb ischemia with a special focus on eAC h/nicotinic ACh receptor ( nAChR ) signaling activation. Methods and Results Male Sprague‐Dawley rats were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 groups that received (1) sham operation (control group), (2) sinoaortic denervation (SAD)‐induced ABR dysfunction (SAD group), or (3) SAD rats on diet with an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor pyridostigmine (30 mg/kg per day, SAD+Pyr group). After 4 weeks of the SAD intervention, unilateral limb ischemia was surgically induced in all animals. At postoperative day 14, SAD rats exhibited impaired angiogenic action (skin temperature and capillary density) and decreased angiogenic factor expressions (vascular endothelial growth factor [VEGF] and hypoxic inducible factor [HIF]‐1α) in ischemic muscles. These changes were restored by acetylcholinesterase inhibition. Rats with ABR dysfunction had lower eAC h levels than did control rats, and this effect was recovered in SAD+Pyr rats. In α7‐ nAChR knockout mice, pyridostigmine improved ischemia‐induced angiogenic responses and increased the levels of VEGF and HIF‐1α. Moreover, nicotinic receptor blocker inhibited VEGF expression and VEGF receptor 2 phosphorylation (p‐VEGFR2) induced by ACh analog. Conclusions Thus, ABR dysfunction appears to impair ischemia‐induced angiogenesis through the reduction of eAC h/α7‐ nAChR ‐dependent and ‐independent HIF‐1α/VEGF‐VEGFR2 signaling activation.

Ghrelin, an endogenous ligand for the GH secretagogue receptor, has been shown to decrease arterial pressure. Obestatin, a sibling of ghrelin derived from preproghrelin, opposes several physiological actions of ghrelin. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of bolus intravenous injection of obestatin on blood pressure in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Three different dosages of obestatin (10, 50, and 100 microg/kg) and one dosage of ghrelin (10 microg/kg) were applied. The mean arterial pressure and heart period were continuously recorded for 30 min after injection of drugs. Baroreflex sensitivity was also investigated. In this study, we first demonstrated that intravenous injection of obestatin showed no significant effects on mean blood pressure (10 microg/kg: 113.8+/-2.0 mmHg vs. 114.4+/-1.6 mmHg; 50 microg/kg: 110+/-2.4 mmHg vs. 109+/-3.2 mmHg; 100 microg/kg: 115.9+/-1.5 mmHg vs. 115.8+/-2.4 mmHg; all P0.05), heart period (10 microg/kg: 184.7+/-3.9 ms vs. 185.5+/-4.1ms; 50 microg/kg: 185.9+/-4.1 ms vs. 193.4+/-4.5 ms; 100 microg/kg: 137.7+/-4.5 ms vs. 143.9+/-5.6 ms; all P0.05), or baroreflex sensitivity (10 microg/kg: 0.414+/-0.03 ms/mmHg vs. 0.442+/-0.02 ms/mmHg; 50 microg/kg: 0.453+/-0.04 ms/mmHg vs. 0.439+/-0.01 ms/mmHg; 100 microg/kg: 0.398+/-0.02 ms/mmHg vs. 0.401+/-0.01 ms/mmHg; all P0.05), however, intravenous injection of ghrelin could decrease mean arterial pressure (115.9+/-1.5 mmHg vs. 108.6+/-3.6 mmHg, P0.01) and increase heart period (132.4+/-2.8 ms vs. 152.6+/-7.4 ms, P0.05), but did not change baroreflex sensitivity (0.36+/-0.009 ms/mmHg, P0.05) in spontaneously hypertensive rats.

Since humanin, a 24-amino acid polypeptide, was first found in the surviving neurons of human patients with Alzheimer disease in 2001, it was reported that humanin protected neurons from beta-amyloid-induced apoptosis by binding to specific receptor and triggering a Jak/STAT prosurvival pathway [1]. As we know, apoptosis and Jak/STAT prosurvival pathway were also mechanisms involved in cell responses induced by anoxia, ischemia, and so on [2]. But the effects of humanin on neurons induced by anoxia or ischemia remain unknown. In particular, anoxia responses of cells occurred through a number of mechanisms including electrophysiological mechanism. Voltage-dependent potassium ion currents, such as transient outward potassium current (Ito) and delayed rectifier potassium current (IK), are known to initiate apoptosis in Alzheimer disease [3]. So, based on the hypothesis that humanin could protect neuronal cells from anoxia impairment as well as from beta-amyloid impairment, the effect of humanin (Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA) 2 mmol/L on activity and on potassium currents of hippocampal neurons in presence of dithionite (Sigma) was investigated. The neuronal viability and potassium currents in neurons being cultured for 12 days were determined by MTT method and patch clamp technique, after dissociated from hippocampus of neonatal Wistar rats as reported [4]. Voltage-dependent potassium ion currents, both IK and Ito (shown in Figure 1A–C), were recorded using a patch clamp amplifier (EPC-10, HEKA, Pfalz, Lambrecht, Germany) and Pulse 8.5 software (HEKA) by whole-cell manner. Tetrodotoxin 1 lmol/L was employed to abolish sodium ion current of neurons. Cultures treated by external solution containing dithionite 2 mmol/L for 5 min by a continuous perfusion pump were referred to as anoxia, as dithionite deprived oxygen out of the neurons [5]. Compared with that of controls, the viability of neurons treated by dithionite 2 mmol/L for 6 h decreased to 63 10% (n = 10) significantly (P < 0.05),but not the neurons treated by mixture of humanin and dithionite 2 mmol/L for 6 h. Meanwhile, neuronal viability was not decreased significantly by anoxia, even if anoxia could change potassium current properties. Anoxia significantly decreased Ito amplitudes (P < 0.05), but had no significant effect on IK amplitude. IK amplitudes of neurons were significantly decreased (P < 0.05) by humanin or by mixture of humanin and anoxia. Pretreatment with humanin for 5 min, anoxia did not decrease Ito amplitudes significantly any more. While humanin and dithionite were washed out, IK and Ito amplitudes recovered partly within several minutes. The effect of humanin on Ito amplitudes was not found in the present experiment (shown in Figure 1D,E). Steady-state activation of IK and Ito was fitted by Boltzmann function as follows: G/Gmax = [1 + exp(V V1/2)/k] , in which Gmax is the maximal membrane conductance, V1/2 is the potential at which the conductance is half steady activation, and k is a factor describing the slope of the activation curves. As shown in Table 1, after anoxia, V1/2 of IK and Ito was altered significantly (P < 0.05) toward depolarization. On the contrary, humanin shifted V1/2 of IK significantly toward repolarization (P < 0.05), but not altered V1/2 of Ito. Meanwhile, mixture of humanin and anoxia had no effect on V1/2 of IK or Ito, and neither humanin nor anoxia altered k slope as well.

The Zitterbewegung effect in spin-orbit coupled spin-1 cold atoms is investigated in the presence of the Zeeman field and a harmonic trap. It is shown that the Zeeman field and the harmonic trap have significant effect on the Zitterbewegung oscillatory behaviors. The external Zeeman field could suppress or enhance the Zitterbewegung amplitude and change the frequencies of oscillation. A much slowly damping Zitterbewegung oscillation can be achieved by adjusting both the linear and quadratic Zeeman field. Multi-frequency Zitterbewegung oscillation can be induced by the applied Zeeman field. In the presence of the harmonic trap, the subpackets corresponding to different eigenenergies would always keep coherent, resulting in the persistent Zitterbewegung oscillations. The Zitterbewegung oscillation would display very complicated and irregular oscillation characteristics due to the coexistence of different frequencies of the Zitterbewegung oscillation. Numerical results show that, the Zitterbewegung effect is robust even in the presence of interaction between atoms., Comment: 9 pages, 8 figures

Starting from the Hamiltonian of the second quantization form, the weakly interacting Bose–Einstein condensate with spin–orbit coupling of Weyl type is investigated. It is found that the SU(2) nonsymmetric term, i.e., the spin-dependent interaction, can lift the degeneracy of the ground states with respect to the z component of the total angular momentum J z , casting the ground condensate state into a configuration of zero J z . This ground state density profile can also be affirmed by minimizing the full Gross–Pitaevskii energy functional. The spin texture of the zero J z state indicates that it is a knot structure, whose fundamental group is π 3(M) π 3(S 2) = Z.

The ring dark solitons in spin-1 $^{23}$Na and $^{87}$Rb Bose-Einstein condensates are studied numerically in the framework of the time-dependent Gross-Pitaevskii equations. By simulating the phase engineering technique in real experiments, we explore the roles of the parameters characterizing the far-off resonant laser pulse which can be used to generate the ring dark solitons. The variations of these parameters have dramatic effect on the lifetime and the decay profiles of the ring dark solitons. If only one ring dark soliton is generated in one component of the condensate, ring dark solitons in other components are inclined to be induced, resulting in a coexistence state composed of interdependent ring dark solitons coming from different components of the condensate. Ring dark solitons in this coexistence state exhibit dynamical oscillations for hundreds of milliseconds. By studying the lifetime and decaying profiles of ring dark solitons, we explore the similarities and differences of $^{23}$Na and $^{87}$Rb condensates. Besides, taking into account the fact that the center of the ring may not be coincide with that of the trap, we study the dynamics and decaying profiles of the off-centered ring dark solitons in the presence of symmetry breaking effect., 9 pages, 12 figures

We present theoretical analysis and numerical studies of the quantized vortices in a rotating Bose-Einstein condensate with spatiotemporally modulated interaction in harmonic and anharmonic potentials, respectively. The exact quantized vortex and giant vortex solutions are constructed explicitly by similarity transformation. Their stability behavior has been examined by numerical simulation, which shows that a new series of stable vortex states (defined by radial and angular quantum numbers) can be supported by the spatiotemporally modulated interaction in this system. We find that there exist stable quantized vortices with large topological charges in repulsive condensates with spatiotemporally modulated interaction. We also give an experimental protocol to observe these vortex states in future experiments.

Background Ketanserin, a 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor antagonist, is clinically used as an antihypertensive agent and could enhance baroreflex function. The present work tested the hypothesis that restoration of baroreflex function is an effective treatment for lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced shock. Methods Kunming mice were injected with LPS (30 mg/kg; intraperitoneal) to induce endotoxic shock. Ketanserin (0.3, 1, 3, or 10 mg/kg; intraperitoneal) was administered immediately after LPS injection. Survival time was monitored, and serum cytokines were analyzed after the onset of LPS. Effects of ketanserin were also examined in IL-10-deficient mice and mice with sinoaortic denervation. Finally, effects of ketanserin on blood pressure, heart rate, and baroreflex sensitivity were examined in Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats with endotoxic shock. Results Ketanserin significantly increased survival time and decreased serum levels of tumor necrosis factor α and interleukin (IL) 1β in mice with endotoxic shock. At a dose of 10 mg/kg, ketanserin also significantly increased serum IL-10 concentration. The antishock effect of ketanserin was also apparent in IL-10-knockout mice. In mice with sinoaortic denervation, however, ketanserin had little antishock effects. In WKY rats, ketanserin significantly prevented the baroreflex impairment induced by LPS and prolonged the survival time. Conclusions Ketanserin could ameliorate endotoxic shock by restoring baroreflex function.

Inflammatory responses are associated with the genesis and progression of end-organ damage (EOD) in hypertension. A role for the α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7nAChR) in inflammation has recently been identified. We tested the hypothesis that α7nAChR dysfunction contributes to hypertensive EOD. In both spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) and rats with abdominal aorta coarctation–induced hypertension, atropine-induced tachycardia was blunted compared with normotensive controls. Both models of hypertension were associated with deficits in expression of the vesicular acetylcholine transporter and the α7nAChR in cardiovascular tissues. In hypertension induced by abdominal aorta coarctation, deficits in aortic vesicular acetylcholine transporter and α7nAChR were present both above and below the coarctation site, indicating that they were independent of the level of arterial pressure itself. Hypertension in 40-week-old SHRs was associated with cardiac and aortic hypertrophy. Morphological abnormalities consistent with EOD, along with elevated tissue levels of proinflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β, and interleukin-6) were observed in the heart, kidney, and aorta. Chronic treatment of SHRs with the α7nAChR agonist PNU-282987 relieved EOD and inhibited tissue levels of proinflammatory cytokines and activation of nuclear factor κB. Greater serum levels of proinflammatory cytokines and more severe damage in the heart, aorta, and kidney were seen in α7nAChR −/− mice subjected to 2-kidney-1-clip surgery than in wild-type mice. A deficit in the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway appears to contribute to the pathogenesis of EOD in models of hypertension of varying etiology. This pathway may provide a new target for preventing cardiovascular disease resulting from hypertension.

To reinvestigate the characteristics of reserpine-induced gastric mucosal lesions (GMLs). The GML-inducing effect of reserpine and the time-course of recovery from reserpine-induced GMLs were examined in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. The GML-inducing and blood pressure-decreasing effects of Compound Hypotensive Tablets (CHTs) were investigated in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs). Intracerebroventricular (icv) injection and vagotomy were performed to verify the central vagal mechanism in reserpine-induced GMLs. Single intraperitoneal (ip) injections of reserpine (0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, and 6 mg/kg) dose-dependently induced GMLs in SD rats. Both single and repeated (2 weeks) oral administrations of reserpine led to slight GMLs at doses of 24 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg, respectively. Blood pressure was significantly decreased in SHRs after 2 months of CHT administration (0.01 and 0.03 mg/kg; doses were expressed as the amount of reserpine in the CHT). CHT doses of 0.3 mg/kg induced GMLs, but 0.1 mg/kg did not. Examining the time course of recovery from GMLs, severe GMLs occurred 18 h after ip reserpine (4 mg/kg), obviously lessened at 1 week and healed spontaneously at 3 weeks. Intracerebroventricular injections of reserpine caused GMLs at much lower doses (0.08 and 0.4 mg/kg), and reserpine-induced GMLs were greatly inhibited by vagotomy, suggesting the involvement of a central vagal mechanism. Reserpine-induced GMLs were dose-dependent, and the lesions healed spontaneously within 3 weeks. Long-term treatment with CHT at doses adequate to decrease blood pressure will not induce GMLs. A central vagal mechanism was involved in reserpine-induced GMLs.

Blood pressure reduction is an important and effective strategy in stroke prevention in hypertensives. Recently, we found that baroreflex restoration was also crucial in stroke prevention. The present work was designed to test the hypothesis that a combination of blood pressure reduction and baroreflex restoration may be a new strategy for stroke prevention. In Experiment 1, the effects of ketanserin (0.3, 1, 3, 10 mg/kg), amlodipine (0.3, 1, 2, 3 mg/kg) and their combination (1 + 0.3, 1 + 1, 1 + 2, 1 + 3 mg/kg) on blood pressure and baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) of stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR-SP) were determined under conscious state. It was found that both amlodipine and ketanserin decreased blood pressure dose-dependently. Ketanserin enfanced BRS from a very small dose but amlodipine enfanced BRS only at largest dose used. At the dose of 1 + 2 mg/kg (ketanserin + amlodipine), the combination possessed the largest synergism on blood pressure reduction. In Experiments 2 and 3, SHR-SP and two-kidney, two-clip (2K2C) renovascular hypertensive rats received life-long treatments with ketanserin (1 mg/kg) and amlodipine (2 mg/kg) or their combination (0.5 + 1, 1 + 2, 2 + 4 mg/kg). The survival time was recorded and the brain lesion was examined. It was found that all kinds of treatments prolonged the survival time of SHR-SP and 2K2C rats. The combination possessed a significantly better effect on stroke prevention than mono-therapies. In conclusion, combination of blood pressure reduction and baroreflex restoration may be a new strategy for the prevention of stroke in hypertension.

We analytically and numerically investigate the ground state of spin-orbit coupled spin-1 Bose-Einstein condensates in an external parabolic potential. When the spin-orbit coupling is introduced, spatial displacement exists between the atom densities of components with different magnetic quantum numbers. The analytical calculations show this displacement reaches a maximum when the spin-orbit coupling strength is comparable with that of the trapping potential. As the spin-orbit coupling strength gets larger and larger, the spatial displacement decreases at a rate inversely proportional to the spin-orbit coupling strength. Correspondingly, periphery half-skyrmion textures arise; this displacement can be reflected by the non-uniform magnetic moment in the z direction. With the manipulation of the external trap, the local magnitude of the non-uniform magnetic moment can be increased evidently. This kind of increase of the local magnetic moment is also observed in the square vortex lattice phase of the condensate.

The novel phenomena arising from Bose-Einstein condensates with spatially and spatiotemporally modulated nonlinearities in external potential is reviewed from a theoretical viewpoint. We first present theoretical analysis and numerical studies of the localized nonlinear matter waves in one-dimensional single and two-component BECs with spatially and spatiotemporally modulated nonlinearities, respectively. It is shown that the spatially or spatiotemporally modulated nonlinearity can support stable novel localized nonlinear matter waves such as the breathing solitons and moving solitons. Then the quasi-two-dimensional BEC with spatially modulated nonlinearity is investigated and we show that all of the BECs, similar to the linear harmonic oscillator, can have an arbitrary number of localized nonlinear matter waves with discrete energies. Their properties are determined by the principal quantum number and secondary quantum number. Moreover, we investigate the quantized vortices in a rotating BEC with spatiotemporally modulated interaction in harmonic and anharmonic potentials, respectively. The exact quantized vortex and giant vortex solutions are constructed explicitly by similarity transformation. Their stability behavior is examined by numerical simulation, which shows that a new series of stable vortex states which are defined by radial and angular quantum numbers, can be supported by the spatiotemporally modulated interaction in this system. We find that there exist stable quantized vortices with large topological charges in repulsive condensates with spatiotemporally modulated interaction.