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Background: Neurosurgical interventions and trauma are common causes of damage to the optic nerve. This determines the relevance of research for solutions aimed at restoration of the nerve's anatomical integrity, electrical conductivity, and subsequently - restoration of its function. Restore a damaged (cut) optic nerve using n. suralis autograft in vivo., Methods: The experiment involved reconstruction of the optic nerve through injury modulation, graft placement and restored nerve harvest and evaluation. Injury modulation included removal of a fragment of the optic nerve. Autograft harvesting and placement involved resection of a fragment of the sural (sensory) nerve and its subsequent anastomosis in place of the removed fragment of the optic nerve. As an experimental model, a rabbit of the "Burgundy" breed was used. The animal was previously examined for the presence of infectious and other diseases to confirm its health., Results: Four months post operatively when stimulating the operated right eye, low-amplitude components altered in shape are registered. Thus, signs of mild restoration of electrical conductivity on the treated optic nerve were seen., Conclusions: Our initial experience shows the technical feasibility of reconstructing the optic nerve using an autograft, the possibility of axonal growth through the graft and, in the future, using this method for direct optic nerve reconstruction, as well as a bypass method for damage to the optic nerve with various tumor diseases of the optic nerve, tumors of the chiasmatic-sellar localization, orbital injuries., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Treatment of clival meningiomas is still one of the unresolved issues in modern neurosurgery. There are several treatment strategies. These ones include various combinations of follow-up, surgical CSF drainage, tumor resection and radiotherapy., Objective: To assess postoperative outcomes in patients with clival meningiomas., Material and Methods: We analyzed 18 patients with large or giant clival meningiomas., Results: We assessed extent of resection using the scale by G. Frank and E. Pasquini (2002): total resection - 95-100%, subtotal - 80-95%, partial - 50-80%, extended biopsy - <50% of tumor. Total resection was achieved in 1 patient (5.5%), subtotal - 5 (27.8%), partial - 12 (66.7%). At the same time, brainstem decompression and regression of hydrocephalus were observed in all cases. Fourteen patients were followed-up. Median follow-up was 8.5 months. Seventeen patients underwent radiotherapy due to predominant partial and subtotal resection. Total focal dose ranged from 50 to 57 Gy in standard fractionation mode. None patient had residual tumor enlargement throughout the follow-up period. There were no lethal outcomes., Conclusion: Endoscopic transnasal access to clival meningiomas in appropriate anatomical features of tumor and surrounding structures is a full-fledged alternative to transcranial treatment in these patients. This approach provides total resection and brainstem decompression. These facts increase life expectancy without deterioration of the quality of life.

Odontoidectomy is indicated for anterior compression of the brainstem by invaginated odontoid process. This procedure can currently be performed via transoral microsurgical and transnasal endoscopic access., Objective: To analyze the results of endoscopic transnasal odontoidectomy., Material and Methods: We assessed treatment outcomes in 10 patients with anterior compression of the brainstem by invaginated odontoid process. All patients underwent endoscopic transnasal odontoidectomy., Results: Brainstem decompression was achieved in all cases., Conclusion: Currently, endoscopic transnasal approach is gradually replacing the transoral one in some patients requiring anterior odontoidectomy. Analysis of literature data reflects the development of this technique taking into account various features of surgical treatment including optimization of dimensions of surgical field, attempts to perform C1-sparing surgeries and analysis of sufficient size of trepanation. Nasopalatine and nasoclival lines are used to select optimal access. Nevertheless, the choice of access depends on equipment of the hospital and surgical experience in most cases.

Objective: To develop the algorithm for correction of defects following high-voltage electrical trauma with revascularized autografts, to assess the incidence and risk factors of postoperative complications., Material and Methods: Surgical interventions were performed in 16 men. Autografts were selected considering localization of defect and preoperative ultrasound data on perfusion of donor and recipient areas. We applied a sample with temporary compression of the vessels and ultrasound scanning of arteries and veins (a small-sized Doppler sound indicator of blood flow velocity - MINIDOP, BIOSS)., Results: Nine patients underwent microsurgical transplantation of revascularized flaps. Six patients with electrical trauma of the upper extremities underwent transplantation of free skin autografts and transposition of flexor and extensor muscles of the fingers in various combinations. In 1 patient, simultaneous microsurgical graft transplantation and plasty with local tissues were carried out. Microsurgical transplantation of thoracodorsal flap was performed in 2 patients with maxillofacial defect (with preliminary deepidermization of the flap in one case). In 3 patients with traumatic amputation of the penis, 2 patients underwent phalloplasty with a thoracodorsal flap and prefabrication of a radial forearm graft at the first stage. At the next stage, urethroplasty with a prefabricated radial forearm graft was performed. In 1 patient, closure of the penis defect was carried out using scrotal flaps., Conclusion: An integrated surgical approach, the use of free revascularized autografts and adequate postoperative management ensure high-quality aesthetic and functional restoration, improvement of the quality of life and social adaptation of patients with defects and deformations following high-voltage electrical injury.

The use of allogenic materials in reconstructive surgery is of great scientific interest due to high availability of donor tissues. The positive aspects of allogenous tissue transplantation are complicated by the histological incompatibility of donor tissue and recipient organism. This incompatibility results hypersensitivity reaction towards the allogenous transplant followed by rejection of allogenic tissue and even death in some cases. Cellular biological incompatibility may be managed by decellularization of allogenous organs and tissues prior to transplantation. The improvement of decellularization techniques will facilitate application of allogenous tissues in complex reconstructive procedures and significantly increase the capabilities of reconstructive surgery.

Endoscopic surgery is being actively developed in China due to scientific and technological progress and state support. Video-endoscopic surgery as one of these directions is actively used for lymph node dissection during mastectomy and breast reconstruction. This method results not only good functional and aesthetic results, but also positive outcomes of cancer treatment.