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5. Linguistic Analysis behind Innovative Renderings of אִישׁ‎ in a Newly Published Translation

Author

Stein, David E. S.

Abstract

The Revised Jewish Publication Society translation of the Hebrew Bible (RJPS, 2023), an adaptation of the meaning-based English version known as NJPS (1985, 1999), has changed many renderings of the personal noun אִישׁ‎ (usually glossed as “man; person”). This article explains the cognitively based, communication-oriented thinking behind seventy new renderings. In these cases, singular אִישׁ‎ appears in construct with a group name (most often יִשְׂרָאֵל‎ “Israel”) and refers to a specific plurality of persons regarded as a single body. The analysis views אִישׁ‎ as a situating noun, that is, its use profiles its referent in terms of the depicted situation. The proposed motivation for singular collective usage is to make a pragmatic contrast with אֲנָשִׁים‎ (the standard plural of אִישׁ‎) to situate the participant in the bigger picture. This situation-oriented approach readily yields coherent and informative texts while solving interpretive cruxes. Principles for translating a situating noun are also briefly discussed.

Published
2024
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6. Cognitive Factors as a Key to Plain-Sense Biblical Interpretation: Resolving Cruxes in Gen 18:1–15 and 32:23–33

Author

Stein David E. S.

Subjects
agency, angels, cognitive scripts, communication, lexical semantics, online language processing, messaging, messengers, narrative conventions, participant reference tracking, pragmatics, ’ish (the hebrew word), Religion (General), BL1-50
Abstract

Both the accounts of Abraham’s three visitors (Gen 18:1-15) and of Jacob’s nighttime intruder (32:23- 33) are famous interpretive cruxes. This article shows why the plain sense is that both Abraham and Jacob recognize right away that the newly introduced figures represent their deity. It does this by: (1) accounting for the place of messengers in the mental life of ancient Israel; (2) recovering an under-appreciated yet cognitively based narrative convention regarding messengers; (3) setting the starting point of each narrative with care; (4) attending to the semantics and pragmatics of the main noun in both accounts; and (5) emulating the online processing of language that an audience’s mind automatically employs, which is incremental and prediction-driven. In the emulation exercise, the audience’s mental parser arrives at a “recipient recognition” (RR) construal quickly-already before the end of 18:2, and by the end of 32:25. Furthermore, handling 32:25 in this manner resolves a third crux at the same time (32:2-3). An RR construal is cognitively favored because it yields a coherent and informative text, unlike the “obscured origin” (OO) construal that theologians presently favor. Meanwhile, the emulation validates a previously proposed hypothesis that the noun אִישׁ ’îš functions as the generic label for designating an “agent”-that is, someone who is representing the interests of another party. All told, this article employs a variety of cognitive factors as keys to plain-sense interpretation. Finally, it touches upon the theological implications of the RR construal of the two passages under study.

Published
2018
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22. Contributors

Author

Abernathy, Brett B., primary, Alexander, Jason Q., additional, Altman, David, additional, Andersen, Nancy C., additional, Anderson, Benjamin O., additional, Babu, Ashok N., additional, Bak, Thomas E., additional, Barnett, Carlton C., additional, Baumgartner, Joel, additional, Baxter, Bernard Timothy, additional, Beauchamp, Kathryn, additional, Belshaw, Allen T., additional, Bensard, Denis D., additional, Biffl, Walter L., additional, Bir, Natasha D., additional, Brew, Elizabeth C., additional, Brinckerhoff, Laurence H., additional, Brown, Jamie M., additional, Cain, Mark P., additional, Calhoun, Kristine E., additional, Callahan, Brian P., additional, Campsen, Jeffrey, additional, Cannon, Anne, additional, Chammas, Mario F., additional, Ciesla, David J., additional, Cleveland, Joseph C., additional, Cothren, C. Clay, additional, Crisostomo, Paul R., additional, Cureton, Elizabeth L., additional, DiMatteo, Laura, additional, Ereso, Alexander Q., additional, Fenoglio, Michael E., additional, Finlayson, Christina A., additional, Fullerton, David A., additional, Geelhoed, Glenn W., additional, Gonzalez, Ricardo J., additional, Gurunluoglu, Raffi, additional, Ha, Richard-Tien V., additional, Haenel, James B., additional, Harken, Alden H., additional, Harken, Tabetha R., additional, Hendrickson, Richard J., additional, Imhoff, Laurel R., additional, Jamshidi, Ramin, additional, Johnson, Jeffrey L., additional, Jones, Darrell N., additional, Jordan, Janeen R., additional, Judkins, Sarah, additional, Karrer, Frederick M., additional, Kashuk, Jeffry L., additional, Keith, Jarrod N., additional, Kim, Fernando J., additional, Kimm, G. Edward, additional, Kulungowski, Ann Marie, additional, Lackey, Adam H., additional, Lepore, Michael L., additional, Liscum, Kathleen R., additional, Luckey, Andrew E., additional, Majure, Joyce A., additional, McCarter, Martin D., additional, McIntyre, Robert C., additional, McMillan, Nadia, additional, McQuiggan, Margaret M., additional, Meacham, Randall B., additional, Meldrum, Daniel R., additional, Meldrum, Kirstan K., additional, Merkow, Ryan P., additional, Moore, Ernest E., additional, Moore, Frederick A., additional, Morgan, Steven J., additional, Nehler, Mark R., additional, Nguyen, Tony T., additional, Norton, Lawrence W., additional, Nydam, Trevor L., additional, Ozer, Kagan, additional, Parsa, Cyrus J., additional, Partrick, David A., additional, Pearlman, Nathan W., additional, Peltz, Erik, additional, Peterson, Steven L., additional, Pomerantz, Marvin, additional, Rabb, Craig H., additional, Raeburn, Christopher D., additional, Reece, T. Brett, additional, Rehring, Thomas F., additional, Ridge, John A., additional, Roach, Jonathan P., additional, Robinson, Thomas N., additional, Roland, Christina L., additional, Rueda, Carlos A., additional, Selzman, Craig H., additional, Singh, Amandeep, additional, Smith, Wade R., additional, Stein, David E., additional, Stiegmann, Gregory V., additional, Stitzenberg, Karyn, additional, Swift, U. Mini B., additional, Vanni, Alex J., additional, Victorino, Gregory P., additional, Whitehill, Thomas A., additional, Worth, Jennifer M., additional, Wright, Franklin L., additional, and Zimmerman, Michael, additional

Published
2009
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23. List of contributors

Author

Abadi, Arad, Abdoli, Sherwin, Acton, Benjamin, Adams, Alexandra M., Aderonmu, Aderinsola A., Ahuja, Rakesh, Aiyash, Saleh, Akopian, Gabriel, Allar, Benjamin G., Amendola, Michael F., Anderson, Taylor, Andreadis, Athena, Ang, Darwin N., Anghel, Ersilia, Anthony, Favour Mfonobong, Anthony, Precious Idorenyin, Apfeld, Jordan C., Aref, Youssef, Arias, Fernando D., Arnold, Margaret, Badami, Abbasali, Bakal, Jeffrey Alexander, Bansal, Varun V., Barney, J., Barson, Jessica, Beck, Lauren L., Bender, Andrew R., Bhat, Vivek, Biswas, Saptarshi, Blitzer, David, Boeckholt, Tayt, Bolton, John S., Bose, Sourav K., Bowers, Gerald M., Brindle, Mary E., Brown, Matthew A., Brunicardi, F. Charles, Burkhart, Richard A., Byk, Jennifer L., Campbell, M., Carmona Matos, Danilea M., Castro-Ochoa, Kenny J., Cendan, Juan, Charles, Shane, Chavez-Rivera, Angel D., Chen, Hao Wei, Chen, Herbert, Chen, Kevin, Chen, Wendy, Cheng, Darren C., Cherng, Nicole B., Chopra, Christina Shree, Clifton, G. Travis, Crowner, Jason, Curtis, Houston, Daramola, Temilolaoluwa O., Darbandi, Aria, Dasani, Serena, DeJarnette, Kaci, Deneve, Jeremiah, Dewan, Karuna, Dial, Marcus, DiGiacomo, Jody C., DiMatteo, Andrew L., Dirkhipa, Tsering Y., Dittman, James M., Dodd, Ashley C., Dowlat, Israel, Drawbert, Hans E., Duchesne, Juan, Elfanagely, Omar, Elfanagely, Yousef, Eliyas, Javed Khader, Eruchalu, Chukwuma N., Etheridge, James C., Faridmoayer, Erfan, Faruqi, Arjumand, Feliz, Jessica Dominique, Fleming, Martin D., Fluke, Laura M., Flynn, Jason M., Fowler, Kathryn L., Garcia, Miguel, Garg, Tushar, Gedeon, Patrick C., Gilmor, Ruby, Goldman, Julie, Gonzalez, Christian, Guenter, Rachael E., Gulack, Brian C., Handmacher, Matthew, Haskins, Ivy N., Haupt, Carl, Hemal, Kshipra, Hey, Matthew T., Holguin, Perez, Hollenbeak, Christopher S., Holmes, Andrew, Hong, Hyo Jung, Huerta, Nicholas, Hussain, Mohamad A., Inostroza-Nieves, Yaritza, Kahn, Marc J., Karhadkar, Sunil S., Kashem, Mohammed A., Kawaji, Qingwen, Kazim, Syed Faraz, Kelley, Kathryn C., Khajanchi, Monty U., Khan, Shaarif Rauf, Kieu, Quynh, Kim, Charissa, Klein, Roger, Kool, Suzanne, Kruger, Jessica S., Kulaylat, Afif N., Kulaylat, Audrey S., Laikhter, Elizabeth, Lance, Samuel, LeBlanc, Megan, Lee, David, Lefevre, Frank V., Levy, Jacob, Lile, Deacon J., Lin, Carol A., Luo, Xinyi, Machado-Aranda, David A., Majeed, Kashif, Mamidala, Madhu, Mamode, Nizam, Mane, Abhishek, Manstein, Samuel M., Maroney, Jenna, Maxwell, Jessica, McCarthy, Patrick M., McCarthy, Philip, Mejia, Hector, Menon, Pallavi, Moeller, Albert, Morris, Dennis Spalla, Nadone, Haley, Nanda, Anil, Nauta, Allison, Navarro, Matthew, Nelson, Daniel W., Neubauer, Daniel C., Nguyen, Kaitlin A., Nguyen, Louis L., Nielson, Katherine, O. McCrea, Austin, Ocaña Narváez, Delia S., Oro, Peter, Ortega, Gezzer, Osband, Adena J., Ozair, Ahmad, Palanki, Rohan, Palau, Jaime Pardo, Panichella, Juliet, Patankar, Panini, Patel, Aneri, Patel, Nirmit, Pendlebury, Gehan A., Poa-Li, Christina, Prabhakaran, Sangeetha, Qamar, Hashir, Raghupathi, Ramesh, Rahman, Faique, Ramalingam, Mohan, Razi, Syed S., Razzack, Aminah Abdul, Razzaq, Abdul, Reich, Amanda J., Reid, Christopher, Resweber, Clay, Riddle, Mark, Rojas-Alexandre, Mehida, Rowell, Susan, Roxo, Vanessa, Roy, Debosree, Russell, Jacqueline L., Sachdev, Mala, Salas-Parra, Ruben D., Salim, Ali, Sampson, John H., Sanchez, Andrea Valquiria, Sanchez, Tiffany R., Schubart, Jane R., Schwartz, C., Schwartzman, Alexander, Scott, Erin M., Seifi, Ali, Sekhani, Aditya, Shen, Chan, Shiah, Eric, Shupp, Jeffrey W., Sievers, Meaghan, Silver, Rachel E., Singh, Kirit, Sinyard, Robert D., Smith, Kevin L., Soltani, Tandis, Sonkar, Abhinav Arun, Soyland, Dallas J., Stanley, Mackinzie A., Stein, David E., Stuart, Sean C., Tran, Linh, Vierra, Andrew, Welten, Vanessa M., Whelihan, Kate, White, Brandon M., Williams-Karnesky, Rebecca L., Witt, Emily E., X. Rhodes, Heather, Yamaguchi, Seiji, Yenduri, Ravali, Yiu, Andrew, Zambetti, Benjamin R., Zino, Christa, and Zlomke, Haley A.

Published
2023
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25. Reinstating Elective Surgeries in MedStar Health

Author

Stein, David E., primary, Chia, Stanley H., additional, Breakey, Thomas H., additional, Song, David H., additional, Woo, Edward Y., additional, Fairbanks, Rollin J., additional, Jordan, David, additional, Curl, Leigh Ann, additional, Boucher, Henry R., additional, Boyle, Lisa, additional, Edwards, Karol, additional, Friedrich, Hanna, additional, Gilbert, Robert J., additional, Matton, Jeffrey, additional, Mucci, Kathy, additional, Chambers, Bradley, additional, Sachtleben, Michael, additional, and Watson, Thomas J., additional

Published
2020
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30. Malate–aspartate shuttle promotes l‐lactate oxidation in mitochondria.

Author

Altinok, Oya, Poggio, Juan L., Stein, David E., Bowne, Wilbur B., Shieh, Adrian C., Snyder, Nathaniel W., and Orynbayeva, Zulfiya

Subjects
GLYCOLYSIS, NAD (Coenzyme), OXIDATIVE phosphorylation, CELL metabolism, LACTATE dehydrogenase, COLON cancer, OXIDATION
Abstract

Metabolism in cancer cells is rewired to generate sufficient energy equivalents and anabolic precursors to support high proliferative activity. Within the context of these competing drives aerobic glycolysis is inefficient for the cancer cellular energy economy. Therefore, many cancer types, including colon cancer, reprogram mitochondria‐dependent processes to fulfill their elevated energy demands. Elevated glycolysis underlying the Warburg effect is an established signature of cancer metabolism. However, there are a growing number of studies that show that mitochondria remain highly oxidative under glycolytic conditions. We hypothesized that activities of glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation are coordinated to maintain redox compartmentalization. We investigated the role of mitochondria‐associated malate–aspartate and lactate shuttles in colon cancer cells as potential regulators that couple aerobic glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation. We demonstrated that the malate–aspartate shuttle exerts control over NAD+/NADH homeostasis to maintain activity of mitochondrial lactate dehydrogenase and to enable aerobic oxidation of glycolytic l‐lactate in mitochondria. The elevated glycolysis in cancer cells is proposed to be one of the mechanisms acquired to accelerate oxidative phosphorylation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2020
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46. The Contemporary Torah : A Gender-sensitive Adaptation of the JPS Translation

Author

Stein, David E. S. and Stein, David E. S.

Subjects
Judaism--Texts
Abstract

This adaptation of the JPS translation of the Torah (1962) will appeal to readers who are interested in a historically based picture of social gender roles in the Bible as well as those who have become accustomed to gender-sensitive English in other aspects of their lives. Many contemporary Bible scholars contend that the Bible's original audience understood that the references to God as male simply reflected gendered social roles at the time. However, evidence for this implicit assumption is ambiguous. Accordingly, in preparing this new edition, the editors sought language that was more sensitive to gender nuances, to reflect more accurately the perceptions of the original Bible readers. In places where the ancient audience probably would not have construed gender as pertinent to the text's plain sense, the editors changed words into gender-neutral terms; where gender was probably understood to be at stake, they left the text as originally translated, or even introduced gendered language where none existed before. They made these changes regardless of whether words referred to God, angels, or human beings. For example, the phrase originally translated in the 1962 JPS Torah as'every man as he pleases'has been rendered here'each of us as we please'(Deut. 12:8). Similarly,'man and beast'now reads'human and beast'(Exod. 8:14), since the Hebrew word adam is meant to refer to all human beings, not only to males. Conversely, the phrase'the persons enrolled'has been changed to'the men enrolled'(Num. 26:7), to reflect the fact that only men were counted in census-taking at this time. In most cases, references to God are rendered in gender neutral language. A special case in point: the unpro-nounceable four-letter name for the Divine, the Tetragammaton, is written in unvocalized Hebrew, conveying to the reader that the Name is something totally'other'-- beyond our speech and understanding. Readers can choose to substitute for this unpronounceable Name any of the numerous divine names offered by Jewish tradition, as generations have before our time. In some instances, however, male imagery depicting God is preserved because it reflects ancient society's view of gender roles. David Stein's preface provides an explanation of the methodology used, and a table delineates typical ways that God language is handled, with sample verses. Occasional notes applied to the Bible text explain how gender is treated; longer supplementary notes at the end of the volume comment on special topics related to this edition. In preparing this work, the editors undertook a thorough and comprehensive analysis of the Torah's gender ascriptions. The result is a carefully rendered alternative to the traditional JPS translation. The single most innovative aspect of the gender-sensitive translation offered in The Contemporary Torah is its treatment of the Hebrew word'ish as a term of affiliation more than of gender. Scholars seeking a fuller explanation of that treatment are invited to read David E.S. Stein's articles in the Journal of Hebrew Scriptures (2008) and in Hebrew Studies (2008).

Published
2006

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