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The purpose of the study was to establish quantitative changes in the expression of CD68+ cells in the interstitial space and vessels of the testes under conditions of central blockade of luteinizing hormone synthesis by triptorelin with the addition of quercetin to the diet. The study was conducted on 35 sexually mature white male rats. The experimental group's animals were injected with a solution of triptorelin acetate at a rate of 0.3 mg of the active substance per kg of animal weight to simulate the central deprivation of the luteinizing hormone synthesis with the addition of quercetin. The central effect of blocking the synthesis of luteinizing hormone by triptorelin in the hypothalamus leads to an increasing increase in the distribution of the CD68 receptor in the interstitial space and in the vessels of the testis from the 30th to the 180th day of the experiment with a gradual decrease to the control indicators on the 365th day of observation. Adding the riboflavonoid quercetin to the diet significantly reduces oxidation processes and reduces triptorelin's negative impact on testicular tissue.

The objective of this study was to assess the morphological changes in the interstitial space of rat testes, determine the sources of nitric oxide production, and evaluate the intensity of oxidative stress in the rat testes during longterm experimental central blocking of the synthesis of luteinising hormone by tryptorelin, with the addition of quercetin to the diet. The experimental group of ten animals received a subcutaneous injection of tryptorelin at a dose of 0.3 mg/kg of active ingredient for 270 days, with simultaneous addition of quercetin to the diet, to model central blocking of luteinising hormone synthesis. Morphologically, the number of macrophages on day 270 was increased at the expense of perivascular macrophages. During the biochemical study of the testicular interstitium, we found that the main production of superoxide anion radical on the 270th day of observation was slightly reduced. The addition of quercetin to the diet reduces changes in the structure of the interstitial space of the testes and impaired nitric oxide production by constitutive isoforms of NO synthase induced by tryptorelin on the 270th day of observation.

This study is a part of the research project "Experimental morphological study of the effect of cryopreserved preparations of umbilical cord blood and embryofetoplacental complex, diferelin, ethanol and 1% methacrylic acid on the morphofunctional state in a number of internal organs", state registry No. 0119U102925.

Quercetin is a flavonoid with potential health benefits and it may help prevent cardiovascular diseases, reduce the risk of degenerative brain processes and cancer, and has antioxidant properties that neutralise free radicals. Substances in this group also have antioxidant properties, which help the body protect itself from the harmful effects of free radicals by neutralising these unstable molecules. Research indicates that the impact of free radicals on cell structure is associated with the development of chronic diseases such as diabetes, cancer, and cardiovascular pathologies. The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of quercetin administration on electron microscopic changes in the interstitial endocrinocytes of the testes under long-term central blockade of the synthesis of luteinising hormone by tryptorelin. The experiment involved 35 sexually mature male white rats. They were divided into two groups: the control group (I) received saline, while group II received subcutaneous injections of tryptorelin at a dose of 0.3 mg of active ingredient per kg of rat body weight to induce experimental central deprivation of luteinising hormone synthesis and additionally, quercetin was administered three times a day by gastric tube in terms of body weight. The study has demonstrated that the administration of tryptorelin results in structural and functional changes in the connective tissue components of rat testes. Specifically, there are quantitative and qualitative disorders in the population of interstitial endocrine cells, as well as electron microscopic changes at the subcellular level. Various pathological changes and abnormalities in the functional activity of the internal components of the cell were detected on days 270 and 365 of the experiment. The frequency, number, and size of Reinke crystals in relation to the cell volume correlated with changes in cells and increased at later stages of the study. A similar correlation with testosterone levels has n

Hepatic macrophages play a central role in maintaining liver homeostasis and in the pathogenesis of liver injury. Liver macrophages are composed of functionally distinct cellular subpopulations. Currently, there is interest in the effect of androgens and their receptors on different liver cells and the development of liver pathology as well as the potential impact of quercetin on androgen synthesis inhibition. The blockade of luteinising hormone synthesis by administration of triptorelin acetate on day 180 of the experiment caused morphological changes in the structure of the rat liver, in particular in the cellular, connective tissue and vascular components. Total activity of NO synthases in the liver rose up as well as nitrite concentration. Arginase activity was decreased. Administration of quercetin leads to a decrease in the total activity of NO synthases. The shift in macrophage polarization toward the predominance of M1 may be a consequence of endothelial dysfunction as a result of luteinizing hormone synthesis inhibition.

Among the most common diseases of the hepatobiliary system are chronic cholecystitis, cholangitis, gallstone disease, and post-cholecystectomy syndrome, which are increasingly prevalent. Gallstone disease affects more than 10 % of the adult population in various countries around the world. There is a doubling of the number of patients every ten years in all economically developed countries. This pathology is found in women 3-4 times more often than in men. The incidence of the disease increases with age. The intrahepatic bile ducts of humans consist of two layers: an outer adventitial layer and an inner mucosal layer. In the initial part of the liver's biliary system, the biliary pathways in the mucous membrane are composed of cuboidal epithelium resting on the basal membrane. In the middle section of the human biliary system, not only cuboidal but also columnar epithelial cells appear. In the terminal section of the biliary system, the number of columnar epithelial cells in the inner lining increases. Epithelial cells change their shape from cuboidal to columnar. The outer layer is composed of loose connective tissue, with fibroblastic cell rows and an intercellular substance containing collagen fibers and amorphous material.

The study of red bone marrow features and morphological and functional characteristics is relevant because it plays the role of a central organ of haemopoiesis and immunopoiesis. In our study, we focused on the course of monocytopoiesis, since the monocyte sprout is a source of monocytes that proliferate and transform into macrophages in the tissues of the body. In turn, the cells of the environment of RBM consist of many cell types, and the relative impact of each of these cells on the maintenance of a haematopoietic clone remains largely unclear under the influence of various endogenous and exogenous factors on these cells. In contemporary urological practice and according to European Association of Urology's suggestions, Tryptorelin is extensively employed for androgen deprivation therapy. Quercetin, a flavonoid present in fruits and vegetables possesses distinctive biological properties. The administration of tryptorelin with a long-term effect (1 year) and oral administration of the riboflavonoid "Quercetin" leads to statistically significant changes in the quantitative and qualitative composition of RBM, in particular, the studied cells of monocyte sprout and cells of environment. The maximum quantitative changes in MS cells were observed at 3 and 6 months of the study followed by a gradual recovery to the control group. Cells of environment had a significant variability of changes: the quantitative characteristics of macrophages and reticular cells remained constant, but the NSC index for macrophages was lower at all observation periods compared to the control group due to a decrease in nucleus area. Adipocytes responded with a positive increase in quantitative and qualitative characteristics.

Testosterone, the production of which is stimulated by the release of luteinizing hormone (LH) has a remarkable anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effect, and in conditions of testosterone deficiency tissue damage can occur due to excessive differentiation of macrophages into a proinflammatory M1 phenotype. The aim of this study was to determine the spread of CD68 receptors as the marker of inflammation on the cells in the interstitial space and testicular vessels under LH synthesis blockade with tryptorelin. Sexually mature white male rats were randomly divided into control (10 animals) and experimental (25 animals) groups. Animals in the experimental group were injected with a tryptorelin acetate solution (0.3 mg/kg). Immunochemical analysis of CD68+ expression was estimated at Olympus FV10i-LIV laser scanning confocal microscope using fluorescent labeling dye. It was shown that luteinizing hormone deprivation led to an increase in the distribution of the CD68 receptor in the interstitial space and in the testicular vessels from day 30 to 180 of the experiment, associated with the increase of inducible NO synthase activity in testis tissue.

Triptorelin is a gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist that is a potent inhibitor of testosterone (in men) and estrogen (in women) synthesis and is used to treat advanced prostate cancer. Studies of the mechanisms of regulation and synthesis of testosterone formation in testicular interstitial cells demonstrate multiple endogenous targets that can increase testosterone biosynthesis, which may moderate the effects of testosterone depletion. Triptorelin, a synthetic analog of the neurohormone gonadoliberin, suppresses the expression of the GnRH receptor in the pituitary gland, but does not change the functioning of the pituitary-testicular complex. The purpose of the work is to study the electron microscopic changes in the interstitial endocrinocytes of the testes of rats after the administration of triptorelin for 365 days.The experiment was conducted on 35 sexually mature male white rats. The rats were divided into 2 groups: the control group (I) was injected with a physiological solution, the II group with central deprivation of the synthesis of luteinizing hormone was injected subcutaneously with triptorelin at a dose of 0.3 mg of the active substance per kg of the rat's body weight. The study of the interstitial space in the testicles of white rats showed that long-term administration of triptorelin causes hormonal dysregulation of the hypothalamus-pituitary-testis system, which leads to quantitative and qualitative changes in the endocrine cells of the interstitial space of the testis, which is confirmed by electron microscopic changes in subcellular structures. The maximum effect of triptorelin is determined from the 180th day of observation, which is characterized by an increase in degenerative changes in endocrinocytes, and the detection of Reinke crystals in the cytoplasm of interstitial endocrinocytes from the 270th day of observation.

Minor salivary glands are very sensitive to pathological processes in the body. However, until now, the reactivity of minor salivary glands in response to neuroendocrine changes in the body has not been sufficiently studied and is, therefore, one of the unsolved problems of modern morphology. Triptorelin administration has a negative effect on the structural components of the secretory and excretory ducts of the minor salivary glands of rats. They were manifested by a statistically significant increase in all structural elements with a maximum on the 30th day, without restoring them to the indicators of the control group on the 180th. Comparing the morphometric indicators of the experimental group on the 30th and 180th days, a statistically significant decrease in morphometric indicators was determined. Mucous cell height decreased by 21 %, the outer diameter of the terminal secretory unit – by 22 %, the lumen of the terminal secretory unit – by 27 %; the height of the principal cells of the excretory ducts – by 9 %, the outer diameter of the excretory ducts – by 24 %, the lumen of the excretory ducts – by 27 %. In our opinion, this happened due to decreased compensatory properties of the tissues of the minor salivary glands.

Leydig cells are responsible for the production of testosterone in the male testicles when stimulated by luteinizing hormone (LH). Dysfunction of Leydig cells, which occurs during inflammation or oxidative stress, is one of the main causes of male infertility. The purpose of the study is to determine the effect of quercetin on the microscopic organization of rat testes, nitric oxide production and the intensity of oxidative stress in rat testes on the 90th day of the experiment, during the experimental central deprivation of LH synthesis caused by the administration of triptorelin acetate solution. The experiment was conducted on 20 sexually mature male white rats. Rats were divided into 2 groups of 10 animals in each group: control group (I), group with central deprivation of LH + quercetin synthesis (II). Animals from the group with central blockade of LH synthesis were injected subcutaneously with triptorelin acetate at a dose of 0.3 mg of the active substance per kg and quercetin at 100 mg per kg of body weight 3 times a week, while the control group was injected with saline. Our study of the interstitial space in the testes of white rats showed heterogeneity of macrophage populations and variability of structural and functional parameters. Central blockade of LH synthesis by the administration of treptorelin with the parallel administration of quercitin to the studied animals on the 90th day of the experiment causes changes in the structure of the interstitial space of rat testes, which is characterized by high variability both in the populations of interstitial endocrinocytes and macrophages. Biochemical indicators on the 90th day of the experiment indicate an increase in NO production in conditions of central blocking of the synthesis of luteinizing hormone by more than three times, which is ensured by the activity of the inducible isoform of NOS (iNOS). At the same time, the increase in the activity of iNOS with a decrease in the activity of the arginase pat

Red bone marrow (RBM) is the main organ of human haemopoiesis. Monocytopoiesis plays an important role in the formation of transitional states: from normal to pathology and in the transformation of pathological processes from one stage to another. In modern urological practice, the substance triptorelin is widely used for androgen deprivation therapy, according to the recommendations of the European Association of Urology. Ki67, a commercially available monoclonal antibody that reacts with a nuclear antigen detected only in proliferating cells, is used to assess immunohistochemical changes. CD68 is a valuable cytochemical marker for immunostaining of monocytes/macrophages during histochemical analysis of tissues in inflammation, cancer and other immunohistopathological purposes. The purpose of the study is to evaluate the proliferative activity and differentiation of progenitor cells through the expression of Ki67 and CD68+ monocyte sprouting of RBM under chemical castration of central origin in male rats caused by the administration of triptorelin solution with quercetin addition to the diet for one year.

The development of the inflammatory process in the liver, including under the influence of hepatitis B and C viruses, is controlled by cells of the immune system, namely, sinusoidal endothelial cells, Ito cells and Kupffer cells. Macrophages play one of the key roles in creating the line of defense. The way in which specific populations of macrophages contribute to liver disease and regeneration is a matter of constant debate. Therefore, identifying the characteristics of these populations of human macrophages is of undeniable value in studying their role in the development of liver pathology. The flavonoid quercetin has capillary-stabilizing properties due to its antioxidant and membrane-stabilizing action. The aim of our study was to determine the changes in immunocompetent liver cells, both qualitative and quantitative, caused by inhibition of central testosterone synthesis in male rats due to the introduction of triptorelin acetate on the 270th day, and the potential effect of quercetin on morphology and liver antigen-presenting cells count against the background of previous administration of triptorelin acetate solution. The experiments were performed on 30 adult male white rats. Rats were divided into 3 groups: control (10), experimental I (10), and experimental II (10). Animals from experimental group I were injected triptorelin acetate subcutaneously at a dose of 0.3 mg of active substance per kg of body weight. In experimental group II, animals received triptorelin acetate in the same dosage and quercetin 100 mg per kg body weight 3 times a week, whereas the control group was administered saline. We conducted biochemical studies in 10% liver tissue homogenate. The main production of superoxide anionic radical (SAR) and superoxide dismutase activity were determined. Peroxynitrite and superoxide anion radical are powerful oxidants that can damage biological polymers (DNA, proteins and biological membranes) and lead to the development of oxidative-nitrosative

The uterus is a muscle-elastic-collagen system of levers involved in stabilizing a woman's posture during pregnancy; being in an unusual state due to changes in the connective tissue elements of both the uterus and extrauterine structures. With the increase of the uterus during pregnancy, the recovery of the typical posture changes due to changes in its muscular and elastic apparatus and in elastic-collagen connections with the bones of the pelvis. It is important that the dense area of the ligaments is a collagen structure and is the least elastic component of this chain. The uterus is attached to the pelvis from the inside. In contrast, the areas of the external spiroid dynamic muscle chains are attached from the outside, thus entwining the body both homolaterally and heterolaterally. Based on the above, we hypothesize that these are synergistic and mutually competing biomechanical structures. Disturbance in the balance of these structures can lead to a suboptimal condition of the pregnant woman's body in statics and dynamics.

Recently, the topic of vocational guidance for high school students has become extremely relevant. Along with the already existing factors that make it difficult to determine the professional affiliation of the population, others appear, among which, in particular, the emergence of a large number of new professions, the purpose of which is not always clear to an ordinary citizen, increased requirements for applicants for a certain position, which is caused by quite tough competition. Career guidance projects make it possible to inform the younger generation in more detail about the features of the high-quality training of highly qualified medical specialists, namely their training in a higher medical institution. Such an approach to choosing the type of activity arouses interest among schoolchildren, encourages them to consciously choose a profession in accordance with their own abilities and interests, taking into account the needs of society in personnel. The staff of the Department of Histology, Cytology and Embryology created optimal conditions for the formation of an understanding among schoolchildren of the importance and responsibility of taking the first step towards choosing a future profession that meets the interests, inclinations and abilities of the individual. High school students were able to feel in the place of medical students. They received meaningful and useful information about the peculiarities of forms of education at the department, the requirements for the applicant of higher medical education. The students’ attention was focused on the importance of mastering such a fundamental discipline as histology, which lays the foundation of professional knowledge and skills of future doctors. Training will be interesting and useful if combined with research activities. Modern career guidance work of the Department of Histology, Cytology and Embryology is part of the educational process and aims to prepare young people for conscious choice o

Macrophages play a central role in both tissue homeostasis and inflammation. Understanding the origin, development and involvement of tissue-resident macrophages in the regulation of homeostatic processes is fundamental to the development of future intervention strategies to modulate macrophage functions in specific areas. Resident liver macrophages include Kupffer cells, which together with sinusoidal cells and Ito cells form a significant population of non-parenchymal, antigen-presenting cells. The androgen / androgen receptor (AR) interaction plays a role in the development of the liver in the embryonic stage, the maximum dimorphism of the effects of androgen / AR occurs after puberty due to the activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. Quercetin effect on the inflammatory process is explained by the blockade of the lipoxygenase pathway of arachidonic acid metabolism, reduced synthesis of leukotrienes. The aim of our study was to determine the qualitative and quantitative changes in Kupffer cells during chemical castration of male rats of central origin, which was caused by the introduction of a solution of triptorelin acetate. And also to elucidate the results of the quercetin action on antigen-presenting liver cells on the background of the effects caused by the use of triptorelin solution. The experiments were performed on 30 adult male white rats. Rats were divided into 3 groups: control (10), experimental 1 (10) and experimental 2 (10). Animals from experimental group 1 were injected subcutaneously with triptorelin acetate at a dose of 0.3 mg of active substance per kg of body weight. Animals from experimental group 2 received triptorelin acetate in the same dosage and quercetin 100 mg per kg body weight 3 times a week. Changes in the liver of animals from group 1 occur on cellular and subcellular levels, causing minor venous stasis, erythrocyte sludge and macrophage infiltration. Concomitant oral administration of quercetin minimizes structural a

Central deprivation of luteinizing hormone synthesis for 365 days leads to the development of oxidative stress in rat hearts. The peak of oxidative damage to the heart under these conditions happens on the 180th day of the central deprivation of luteinizing hormone synthesis. Production of nitric oxide during central deprivation of luteinizing hormone synthesis undergoes complex changes from an initial decrease of NO-synthase-dependent nitric oxide production on the 30th and 90th day to overproduction of nitric oxide from NO-synthases on the 365th day of the experiment.

The purpose of the study was to establish the response of the components of the trigeminal ganglion in rats to aseptic inflammation under experimental conditions. The study was performed on 40 mature white male rats. Trigeminal ganglion of rats was the object of the study. The animals were divided into two groups: the control group of animals (5), which were injected with isotonic NaCl solution and the group of experimental animals (35), which were simulated acute carrageenan-induced inflammation. The rats were sacrificed within days 3, 5, 7, 10, 14, 21, and 30 under thiopental anesthesia overdose. Histological examination showed that carrageenan-induced inflammation in the trigeminal ganglion of rats had a staged course. Reactive changes in the vessels of the hemomicrocirculatory bed were most pronounced on the 5th day of observation. After that, the blood flow gradually stabilised until its complete normalization on the 14th day. Signs of reactive changes in neurons in the form of gradual oedema of the cytoplasm and nucleus and perinuclear chromatolysis were already noticed in the early stages of the experiment. The nature of the changes intensified with the increase in the observation period. Some cells showed signs of degenerative-dystrophic processes. The proliferative activity of glial cells increased in response to changes in neurons. The signs of inflammation in the parenchyma reached their maximum manifestation on the 14th day with an incomplete regeneration process for up to the 30th day.

Taking into account the challenges and conditions in which the students and the scientific and pedagogical staff of the university have been for a long period, an additional incentive for the use of a virtual educational environment has appeared. One of its components is the free Google Classroom platform, which was created in 2014 to accelerate the process of information exchange between teachers and students.

Ki67 is not only one of the markers of proliferation, but also an indirect determinant of the rate of cell division. CD68 is exploited as a valuable cytochemical marker to immunostain monocyte/macrophages in the histochemical analysis of inflamed tissues, tumor tissues, and other immunohistopathological applications. The purpose of the study was to determine the cell proliferation index of the monocytic line of red bone marrow using antibodies to CD68+ and Ki-67 in the control and intact groups of animals. There were established an equivalent degree of proliferative activity by progenitor cells with Ki-67 expression in the control and intact groups.

Introduction. The transmission of genetic material to the next generation is the basic principle of species preservation. In this case, the immune system performs the function of protection against genetically foreign material, and plays a crucial role in maintaining structural and functional homeostasis of the organism. It functions in close connection with the surrounding organs, tissues and cells, among which the main ones are macrophages, which are present in all mammalian tissues and form a widespread system in the body. They help maintain homeostasis by responding to internal and external changes in the body, not only as phagocytes in protection against microbes, in the removal of dead and aging cells, but also through the functions of nutrition, cell regeneration and cell regulation. Thus, the phagocytic system, in comparison with the nervous and endocrine systems, can be adapted, regulated and able to perform trophic, protective functions, both locally and systemically. The aim of this study was to establish the diversity of populations and to describe the electronograms of the interstitial space macrophages of the rat’s testes in control and intact group of animals. Object and methods. The study was performed on 20 adult male rats. Animals were randomly divided into 2 groups: control (10 animals) and intact (10 animals). Animals in the control group were injected with saline in dosage 0.3 ml in the thigh. Preparation of material for electron microscopic studies of the interstitial space structures of the testis was performed according to the generally accepted method. Results and discussion. Studying the cells of the macrophage series of connective tissue, we found that in the interstitial space, depending on the location, two groups of macrophages were clearly distinguished, both in the control group and in the intact group of animals. The first type of macrophages, these are cells that were mostly located near blood vessels, were located alone or in group

In recent years, researchers have focused on the problem of the dependence of the functioning of various organs and systems on the level of androgens. The effect of long inhibition of testosterone synthesis by triptorelin on liver tissue is poorly understood. The aim of this research was to establish the microscopic organization of rat livers, production of nitric oxide and the intensity of oxidative stress in the rat livers during experimental central deprivation of luteinizing hormone synthesis by diphereline injection on the 270-360th day of the experiment. The experiments were carried out on 30 sexually mature male white rats of the Wistar line. Rats were divided into 2 groups: the control group (10) and the experimental group (20). Animals from the experimental group were subcutaneously injected triptorelin at a dose of 0.3 mg of the active substance/ per kg of body weight for 360 days, while the control group received an injection of saline. It was found that oxidative stress develops in hepatocytes, which is morphologically confirmed by karyopyknosis of the nuclei, oxyphilia of the cytoplasm with the appearance of a significant number of vacuoles in it. The vessels of the microcirculatory bed react with stasis. An increase in the production of superoxide radical anion in rat liver may be due to the absence of an inhibitory effect of testosterone on macrophages and liver mitochondria, which is accompanied by depletion of antioxidant enzymes and the development of oxidative stress. The intensity of biochemical markers of oxidative stress on the 360th day is lower than on the 270th day, which is due to an increase in the activity of antioxidant enzymes and a decrease in the production of reactive oxygen species.