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The purpose of this essay is to analyse some of the perspectives regarding the Swedish NATO membership. For this, I have gathered and analysed the collected information that involves statements and discussions between Swedish politicians, entrepreneurs, and military personnel in order to find arguments for and against, the Swedish NATO membership. All of the analysed arguments are from 2022.What this study has shown is that there is a collective sense of responsibility between the Swedish actors and a shared belief in shaping a new Swedish foreign policy. The result of this study also indicates that the Swedish actors call for further actions to secure an international system based on the idea of sovereignty.

In recent years, both the price and the security of supply of plannable energy have changed drastically with increasing uncertainty regarding pricing and availability. The political will to ensure access to plannable and safe energy supply nationally has increased significantly during the same period. The study examines the question of whether the lack of cheap planable energy with the threat of energy poverty has led to the prevailing liberal view of energy supply being replaced by more realistic view of national energy supply? A comparative analysis shows that the energy policy in Sweden has gone from having a global liberal energy policy to having a more national realistic orientation to strengthen resilience in society and protect the own national robustness in domestic production and society. The congruence analysis shows that this adjustment has been driven by the events in our surrounding world and the currents in society, which confirms the study's purpose of proving that Sweden has moved towards a more realistic energy policy.

Experiments examining potential impacts of growth hormone (GH) transgenesis in fish typically use a single source strain and do not address potential differential impacts in strains of different genetic backgrounds. Here, we examine the effects of differing genetic backgrounds when reared in culture on the growth of transgenic and nontransgenic coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch ) produced by mating sires from different rivers with transgenic dams from a single origin. We found a significant difference in size between offspring of sires originating from various river systems in British Columbia. This difference was independent of differences between transgenotypes (i.e., transgenic vs. nontransgenic offspring). However, the effects of strain or sire were relatively small compared to the effects of the transgene, which were consistent regardless of sire origin. Thus, results derived from studies of GH transgenic fish from a single source population can provide useful information for assessments of GH transgenic salmon from other systems. This has important implications for examining potential risks from introgression of a transgene into different populations.

This study investigates the cyber security threats and risks that are associated with forced teleworking during the period of Covid-19, when organizations have been forced to telework. Three different main aspects from two theories have been crucial when investigating the threats and risks associated with forced teleworking, which are the Social, Technical and Risk Tolerance aspects. This study is of a qualitative nature, where five different interviews have been conducted to see similarities and differences between literature and practice of threats, practices, standards and frameworks used. From the three aspects, the findings show that cyber security threats and risks have increased during this time period, but nothing that could not be handled. It has been concluded that legislation and regulations needs to be highlighted when deciding certain practices to prevent risks and threats, and that employee training is the most important cyber security practice. Furthermore, new trends of social engineering have risen and the scaled up teleworking cannot be seen as a crisis from a cyber security perspective. Finally, it can also be noted that employees with more knowledge about threats, risks and practices might lead to a more risk taking behaviour which could harm teleworking organizations.

Allt fler organisationer genomför digitala transformationer för att kunna effektivisera och för-bättra interna affärsprocesser. Denna studie fokuserar på hur komponenter från CIA-triaden och den mänskliga faktorn påverkar informationssäkerhet och varför dessa är viktiga att ta i beaktning vid genomförandet av digital förändring. Vidare definieras digital transformation i studien som en digital förändring som påverkar en organisation utifrån ett teknologiskt, organisatoriskt och socialt perspektiv. Studien introducerar även teorin Technology Threat Avoidance Theory (TTAT) som ett förstoringsglas för det sociala perspektivet i ett led att bättre förstå varför och hur människor beter sig i relation till informationssäkerhetsrisker. Studiens insamling av empiri skedde genom en kvalitativ ansats med intervjuer av fem olika företag med hög källtriangulering för att se hur små till medelstora organisationer förhåller sig till informationssäkerhet. Efter att ha analyserat intervjuerna och sammankopplat resultatet med både litteratur och teori påvisade studien att små till medelstora företag kan se inkluderingen av informationssäkerhet som en iterativ process där sociala, organisatoriska och teknologiska perspektiv ges lika utrymme. Denna process presenteras slutligen i rapportens slutsats som en modell med olika steg och komponenter som besvarar studiens frågeställning.

Salmonids show a high degree of phenotypic plasticity that can differ among genotypes, and this variation is one of the major factors contributing to uncertainty in extrapolating laboratory-based risk assessment data to nature. Many studies have examined the relative growth and survival of transgenic and non-transgenic salmonids, and the results have been highly variable due to genotype x environment interactions. The relative survival of fast- and slow-growing strains can reverse depending on the environment, but it is not clear which specific environmental characteristics are driving these responses. To address this question, two experiments were designed where environmental conditions were varied to investigate the contribution of rearing density, food amount, food type, habitat complexity, and risk of predation on relative growth and survival of fast-growing transgenic and slow-growing wild-type coho salmon. The first experiment altered density (high vs. low) and food amount (high vs. low). Density impacted the relative growth of the genotypes, where transgenic fish grew more than non-transgenic fish in low density streams, regardless of food level. Density also affected survival, with high density causing increased mortality for both genotypes, but the mortality of transgenic relative to non-transgenic fish was lower within the high-density streams, regardless of food level. The second experiment altered habitat complexity (simple vs. complex), food type (artificial vs. natural), amount of food (normal vs. satiation), and risk of predation (present vs. absent). Results from this experiment showed that genotype affected growth and survival, but genotype effects were modulated by one or more environmental factors. The effect of genotype on survival was influenced by all examined environmental factors, such that no predictable trend in relative survival of transgenic versus non-transgenic fry emerged. This was primarily due to variations in survival of non-transge

Concerns with transgenic animals include the potential ecological risks associated with release or escape to the natural environment, and a critical requirement for assessment of ecological effects is the ability to distinguish transgenic animals from wild type. Here, we explore geometric morphometrics (GeoM) and human expertise to distinguish growth-hormone-transgenic coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) specimens from wild type. First, we simulated an escape of 3-month-old hatchery-reared wild-type and transgenic fish to an artificial stream, and recaptured them at the time of seaward migration at an age of 13 months. Second, we reared fish in the stream from first-feeding fry until an age of 13 months, thereby simulating fish arising from a successful spawn in the wild of an escaped hatchery-reared transgenic fish. All fish were then assessed from photographs by visual identification (VID) by local staff and by GeoM based on 13 morphological landmarks. A leave-one-out discriminant analysis of GeoM data had on average 86% (72–100% for individual groups) accuracy in assigning the correct genotypes, whereas the human experts were correct, on average, in only 49% of cases (range of 18–100% for individual fish groups). However, serious errors (i.e., classifying transgenic specimens as wild type) occurred for 7% (GeoM) and 67% (VID) of transgenic fish, and all of these incorrect assignments arose with fish reared in the stream from the first-feeding stage. The results show that we presently lack the skills of visually distinguishing transgenic coho salmon from wild type with a high level of accuracy, but that further development of GeoM methods could be useful in identifying second-generation fish from nature as a nonmolecular approach.Read More: http://www.esajournals.org/doi/abs/10.1890/14-1905.1

The competitive ability and habitat selection of juvenile all-fish GH-transgenic common carp Cyprinus carpio and their size-matched non-transgenic conspecifics, in the absence and presence of predation risk, under different food distributions, were compared. Unequal-competitor ideal-free-distribution analysis showed that a larger proportion of transgenic C. carpio fed within the system, although they were not overrepresented at a higher-quantity food source. Moreover, the analysis showed that transgenic C. carpio maintained a faster growth rate, and were more willing to risk exposure to a predator when foraging, thereby supporting the hypothesis that predation selects against maximal growth rates by removing individuals that display increased foraging effort. Without compensatory behaviours that could mitigate the effects of predation risk, the escaped or released transgenic C. carpio with high-gain and high-risk performance would grow well but probably suffer high predation mortality in nature.

The diffusion of genetically modified (GM) animals has generated a demand for accurate and unique identification to assure compliance with relevant national and international legislation. Individual identification of GM animals is essential to improve safety and traceability, as well as to fulfill the present and future expectations of producers, consumers, and authorities.

This study explored if boldness could be used to predict social status. First, boldness was assessed by monitoring individual zebrafish behaviour in (1) an unfamiliar barren environment with no shelter (open field), (2) the same environment when a roof was introduced as a shelter, and (3) when the roof was removed and an unfamiliar object (Lego® brick) was introduced. Next, after a resting period of minimum one week, social status of the fish was determined in a dyadic contest and dominant/subordinate individuals were determined as the winner/loser of two consecutive contests. Multivariate data analyses showed that males were bolder than females and that the behaviours expressed by the fish during the boldness tests could be used to predict which fish would later become dominant and subordinate in the ensuing dyadic contest. We conclude that bold behaviour is positively correlated to dominance in zebrafish and that boldness is not solely a consequence of social dominance.