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The globe today, practically everyone uses the internet, which is filled with a vast amount of information and content, the majority of which includes pornographic and violent photos and movies. Social media has grown in importance in today's society as a result of the expansion of the internet. This has increased the risk of privacy invasion, which includes the release of private photos that should not be shared because they violate the privacy of some people. Today, even a young child can easily access these materials. Recent image leaks from prominent social media applications and the use of private photos by clever algorithms have caused the public to re-evaluate the need for individual privacy when uploading images on social media. The process of sharing photos on social networking sites is complex in and of itself, and the measures in place to safeguard privacy in daily life are labor-intensive and fall short of providing tailored, precise, and adaptable privacy protection. We have found that techniques like "privacy intelligence" solutions, which concentrate on current privacy issues related to online social networking image sharing, are effective. An optical character recognition-based system that filters photographs with sensitive text, in addition, a visual algorithm that filters out pictures that aesthetically resemble those on an image blacklist is used. These measures can help stop the spread of any delicate content on social media.

Introduction Unnoticed and unrelieved pain is one of the main sources of psychological and physiological stress for intensive care unit (ICU) patients. The eight-item behavior pain assessment tool (BPAT) is a multicountry validated tool to assess pain in ICU patients. However, its feasibility and clinical utility for ICU patients in India need further research. Aims and objectives The Aims and objectives of the study were to assess pain using BPAT and its clinical utility in pain assessment and management in ICU patients. Materials and methods Following ethical approval, 400 consecutive adult patients admitted in the ICUs in a tertiary care teaching hospital were assessed for pain severity using BPAT at intake, baseline pain and procedural pain. Patients 0.85) for each item. The BPAT significantly guided the pain management (p < 0.0001). More than 90% of doctors found BPAT easy to understand and use. In most of the cases (95.5%), doctors agreed that BPAT can improve the clinical management of ICU patients. Conclusion The BPAT is a reliable, brief, and an easy-to-use pain assessment tool, which clinicians can use for guiding pain assessment and management in the ICU setting on a routine basis. Clinical significance We recommend implementing BPAT in the clinical practice for better pain assessment and control in ICU patients. How to cite this article Mitra S, Jain K, Singh J, Saxena P, Nyima T, Selvam SR, et al. Clinical Utility of the Behavioral Pain Assessment Tool in Patients Admitted in the Intensive Care Unit. Indian J Crit Care Med 2020;24(8):695–700.

Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying frontotemporal dementia (FTD) is essential for the development of successful therapies. Systematic studies on human post-mortem brain tissue of patients with genetic subtypes of FTD are currently lacking. The Risk and Modyfing Factors of Frontotemporal Dementia (RiMod-FTD) consortium therefore has generated a multi-omics dataset for genetic subtypes of FTD to identify common and distinct molecular mechanisms disturbed in disease. Here, we present multi-omics datasets generated from the frontal lobe of post-mortem human brain tissue from patients with mutations in MAPT, GRN and C9orf72 and healthy controls. This data resource consists of four datasets generated with different technologies to capture the transcriptome by RNA-seq, and small RNA-seq, and supplemented this date with CAGE-seq, and methylation profiling. We show concrete examples on how to use the resulting data and confirm current knowledge about FTD and identify new processes for further investigation. This extensive multi-omics dataset holds great value to reveal new research avenues for this devastating disease.

Thesis summary: Traditional approaches investigate the linear effect of high-fat over-consumption on transcriptomic data. However, many biological processes occur in a nonlinear fashion. The objective of this PhD thesis is to study the response types of dietary fat mediated differentially expressed genes (i.e., linear response; nonlinear response: logarithmic, exponential, quadratic and cubic) along the longitudinal axis of the small intestine. The main goal is to assess the presence of: (1) gene-specific response type, which refers to genes that preserve the same response pattern in the whole small intestine; (2) section-specific response type, which explains how particular genes behave in different ways according to the intestinal section where they are expressed. This thesis presents two genome-wide transcriptome analyses that quantified the effects of two dietary lipid interventions in different sections of the small intestine of C57BL/6J mice. The first study includes the analysis of transcriptomic data collected from three sections of the small intestine (i.e., proximal, middle and distal). Data were collected after four weeks of dietary intervention during which mice were fed with various levels of fat (i.e., fat providing 10%, 20%, 30% or 45% kcal out of the total energy intake). Different intestinal sections were expected to exhibit regionalized functionality and display unique digestive and absorptive capacity. The goal was investigating linear and nonlinear (i.e., logarithmic, exponential, quadratic or cubic) transcriptomic responses as a continuous function of dietary fat intake along the longitudinal axis of small intestine. Middle section was the most responsive to dietary fat, and the majority of the genes showed linear response to fat intake. The highest relative importance of logarithmic (saturated) and exponential (unsaturated) response was in the proximal and in the distal section, respectively. Such pattern is coherent with the progressive absorption that occurs along the longitudinal axis of small intestine, with the hypothesis that when the absorptive capacity of the intestinal epithelia is overloaded the remaining fat will overflow to more distal sections. Processes related to inflammation responded in a gene-specific, linear way in the whole small intestine (mostly with up-regulated genes). Cholesterol transport and efflux exhibited section-specific response (i.e., genes were down-regulated with linear and exponential response in the proximal and middle intestine, respectively). The second analysis was performed on transcriptomic data collected from ten sections of the small intestine. The intervention lasted two weeks and mice were fed with three types of diets (i.e., high-fat, low-fat or chow). Three types of transcriptomic responses (i.e., linear, logarithmic or quadratic) to dietary fat were tested. Dietary fat triggered the over-expression of processes related to metabolism and transport of lipids while the processes related to carbohydrate metabolism were down-regulated. Transport and metabolic processes of lipids were significantly associated to logarithmic and linear response, respectively. Middle and distal sections were the most sensitive to fat whereas the proximal section was not responsive to diet (this is due to the prevalence of digestive functions in the proximal small intestine). Considering the complex physiology of small intestine and the influence of environmental effects such as diet and microbiota, nonlinear modelling of transcriptomic response to fat intake can provide a promising new avenue for research in molecular nutrition. The approach of studying nonlinear gene expression as a continuous function of fat intake allows the dynamic characterization of small intestine functioning. It can be used to illustrate the metabolic capacity of the small intestine or the presence of tipping points beyond which the relationship between fat intake and gene expression either weakens (logarithmic response) or strengthens (exponential response). Illustrating characteristic patterns of the gene- and section-specific response to dietary fat along the longitudinal axis of small intestine can contribute to better understand the relationships linking lipid intake to the development of obesity.

Over-represented Gene Ontology Biological Process (GOBP) terms that are completely up-regulated. For each GOBP term we summarize: the total number of genes in the microarray (gene set size, labelled as Set size), the count of genes extracted with our analysis (observed hits, labelled as Hits), and the adjusted p-values. Intestine sections: Prox = proximal; Mid = middle; Dist = distal. Response types: lm = linear; log = logarithm; exp = exponential. (PDF 204 kb)

Schematic representation of the workflow adopted for the analysis of microarray data. We identified linear and nonlinear response patterns for significantly over-represented GOBP terms. Trends for the response patterns specific to each term were examined from proximal to distal section. (PDF 318 kb)

Over-represented Gene Ontology Biological Process (GOBP) terms that include down-regulated genes only and can be found in various intestinal sections. For each term we specify the associated differentially expressed genes (adjusted p-valueâ

Over-represented Gene Ontology Biological Process (GOBP) terms that can be found in various intestinal sections. For each GOBP term we specify up- and down-regulated genes (adjusted p-valueâ

Count of genes that responded in a significant, dose-dependent way to fat intake (model selection based on AIC). We identified the significant responses in three sections of small intestine (limma library, adjusted p-value

Over-represented Gene Ontology Biological Process (GOBP) terms associated with differentially expressed genes in the three intestinal sections. Genes are classified as linear, logarithmic or exponential, according to the best (i.e., with the smallest adjusted p-value) response type describing their expression pattern (as a function of fat intake). For each significant GOBP term (described by Gene set name and Gene set term) we summarize number of genes corresponding to the process (Set size), number of genes found with our analysis (Observed hits) and adjusted p-value. Universe size: proximal = 14,952; middle = 14,933; distal = 14,925. (PDF 258 kb)

Over-represented Gene Ontology Biological Process (GOBP) terms that are completelydown-regulated. Data refer to GOBP terms that can be found in various intestinal sections. The following details are provided for each GOBP term: total number of genes in the microarray (gene set size, labelled as Set size), count of genes extracted with our analysis (observed hits, labelled as Hits), and adjusted p-values. Intestine sections: Prox = proximal; Mid = middle; Dist = distal. Response types: lm = linear; log = logarithm; exp = exponential. (PDF 204 kb)

Over-represented Gene Ontology Biological Process (GOBP) terms that include up-regulated genes only and can be found in various intestinal sections. Such GOBP terms can be found in various intestinal sections; lists of (up-regulated) differentially expressed genes associated with each GOBP term are summarized (adjusted p-value

Background A high caloric diet, in conjunction with low levels of physical activity, promotes obesity. Many studies are available regarding the relation between dietary saturated fats and the etiology of obesity, but most focus on liver, muscle and white adipose tissue. Furthermore, the majority of transcriptomic studies seek to identify linear effects of an external stimulus on gene expression, although such an assumption does not necessarily hold. Our work assesses the dose-dependent effects of dietary fat intake on differential gene expression in the proximal, middle and distal sections of the small intestine in C57BL/6J mice. Gene expression is analyzed in terms of either linear or nonlinear responses to fat intake. Results The highest number of differentially expressed genes was observed in the middle section. In all intestine sections, most of the identified processes exhibited a linear response to increasing fat intake. The relative importance of logarithmic and exponential responses was higher in the proximal and distal sections, respectively. Functional enrichment analysis highlighted a constantly linear regulation of acute-phase response along the whole small intestine, with up-regulation of Serpina1b. The study of gene expression showed that exponential down-regulation of cholesterol transport in the middle section is coupled with logarithmic up-regulation of cholesterol homeostasis. A shift from linear to exponential response was observed in genes involved in the negative regulation of caspase activity, from middle to distal section (e.g., Birc5, up-regulated). Conclusions The transcriptomic signature associated with inflammatory processes preserved a linear response in the whole small intestine (e.g., up-regulation of Serpina1b). Processes related to cholesterol homeostasis were particularly active in the middle small intestine and only the highest fat intake down-regulated cholesterol transport and efflux (with a key role played by the down-regulation of ATP binding cassette transporters). Characterization of nonlinear patterns of gene expression triggered by different levels of dietary fat is an absolute novelty in intestinal studies. This approach helps identifying which processes are overloaded (i.e., positive, logarithmic regulation) or arrested (i.e., negative, exponential regulation) in response to excessive fat intake, and can shed light on the relationships linking lipid intake to obesity and its associated molecular disturbances. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-016-2424-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.