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This article proposes a methodological understanding of Wittgenstein’s remarks about Gestaltpsychology. Wittgenstein is not so much concerned with Gestaltpsychology proper but rather with its understanding of the nature of the problem of seeing (and seeing-as) as dealt with by British empiricism. Gestaltpsychology offers a more sophisticated physiological explanation of seeing and seeing-as than empiricism has done, yet also this explanation bypasses the (conceptual) problem. Physiological explanations are not eschewed by Wittgenstein, he even gives himself interesting physiological hypotheses. The problem with physiological explanations is that they focus on particular items in the brain as underpinning our use of concepts like seeing and seeing as, whereas they are constituted by our reactions and responses to what we see. Such reactions are embedded in language games and acquire their meaning by our ‘forms of life’ rather than the human brain. This interpretation is finally applied to Wittgenstein’s and Köhler’s explanation of social understanding

This study investigates the feasibility of using Laser Powder Bed Fusion (L-PBF) additive manufacturing (AM) to fabricate porous titanium Porous Transport Layers (PTLs) for Proton Exchange Membrane Water Electrolysis (PEMWE) systems. We explore L-PBF as a potential solution to overcome limitations of traditional PTL manufacturing methods, such as limited control over structural morphology and inefficient material use. Using spheroidized titanium powder, we produced 1 mm thick plates with varying porosities by manipulating laser process parameters. The internal structure and surface morphology of AM-produced PTLs were characterized and compared to conventional press-sintered PTLs. L-PBF successfully produced PTLs with porosities in the recommended 30-50% range, featuring spherical particles and a textured pore structure. In-situ testing in a lab-scale PEMWE revealed that AM-produced PTLs exhibited improved performance compared to commercial press-sintered PTLs. This enhancement is attributed to the finer surface structure and favourable gas liquid transport properties of the AM-produced PTLs. These preliminary findings suggest that L-PBF is a promising method for manufacturing PTLs, offering potential advantages in design flexibility, material efficiency, and PEMWE performance. Further research is needed to fully optimize the AM process and comprehensively evaluate long-term PTL performance.

Incorporation of ecology and ecosystem services into marine infrastructural developments has gained interest over the last decades. Growing attention is given to combine the massive roll-out of offshore wind farms in the North Sea with reinstating the once rich but nowadays nearly extinct European flat oyster (Ostrea edulis). However, the practical upscaling of these pilots is hindered by the absence of clear management objectives and the lack of quantitative knowledge on the effect of technical interventions that could stimulate oyster reef development. Consequently, it is unclear what scale of intervention would actually be required to achieve overall management objectives. This paper presents a stepwise procedure designed in particular to guide the selection of appropriate measures and their required scale for pro-actively facilitating flat oyster reef development in offshore wind farms, in order to reach a desired state for oyster reef inclusive wind farms. The stepwise procedure addresses the historical and current situation of the physical system and social environment, provides options for intervention that stimulate oyster reef development at a range of scales, from micro-scale (materials used) to mega-scale (connectivity between wind farms), and quantitatively assesses the potential effect of applying these interventions. Assumptions have been made in quantifying the effort required for developing oyster reefs in offshore wind farms, and refinement is obviously needed. However, this is a first attempt to make such estimates. The outcomes provide direction in identifying research needs to fill knowledge gaps, as well as in decision-making during the design process for inducing oyster reef development in offshore wind farms. Herewith, application of the stepwise procedure supports authorities in restoration management for the successful reinstatement of flat oyster reefs in the southern North Sea.

The pursuit of sustainable and clean energy sources has led to the exploration of green hydrogen as a versatile and eco-friendly energy carrier. This research paper focuses on the application of photocatalytic electrolysis, particularly utilizing titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanotubes, for efficient hydrogen production. The study investigates the synthesis of TiO2 nanotubes on additive manufacturing (AM)-produced substrates and explores the effects of post-synthesis annealing and cleaning techniques. The results demonstrate well-organized and uniform nanotubes, with the morphology depending on the annealing ramp rate. X-ray diffraction analysis reveals a phase transformation to anatase with a grain size of approximately 28 nm upon annealing. The study emphasizes the importance of post-synthesis cleaning in achieving desired nanotube surfaces. Cleaning with ethanol followed by 10 vol% HCl produces well-organized nanotubes of varying sizes. Overall, the research contributes to the understanding of surface modification techniques and nanostructured architectures for optimizing hydrogen photoelectrodes. The study also highlights the potential of AM in advanced fabrication methods for improved photoelectrochemical electrodes and offers valuable insights for future work in this field.

Objective Stripe marks, which occasionally occur on the shell, do not cause breakage to the shell and shell membranes of eggs. This study investigated the quality of intact eggs (IEs), minor stripe-marked eggs (MEs), severe stripe-marked eggs (SEs), and cracked eggs (CEs) during 3-week storage at 25°C. Methods Shell eggs were collected the day after being laid and were washed. Among them, eggs without any visual cracks or stripe marks on the shells were evaluated as IEs by the plant employees using candling in a darkened egg storage room; the remaining eggs exhibited some eggshell defects. At day 3, the eggs were further categorized into IEs, MEs, SEs, CEs, and broken eggs (BEs) on the basis of the description given. Except BEs, which were discarded, the remaining eggs were stored at 25°C (approximate relative humidity 50%) and then analyzed. Results Stripe marks were observed primarily within the first 3 days after washing. At day 3, CEs had significantly (p

In industry, post-process heat treatments of Ti-6Al-4V are performed with the aim of improving its tensile behaviour. While heat treatments of wrought Ti6Al4V have been standardised (e.g., Aerospace Material Specification H-81200), heat treatments of selective laser melting (SLM)-produced Ti-6Al-4V lacks research and understanding. Significant concern exists about SLM Ti6-Al-4V’s achievable ductility attributed to its martensitic (α’) phase. In this research, heat treatments at a range of temperatures are applied to SLM-produced Ti-6Al-4V tensile samples. Microstructural analysis (both optically and through electron backscatter diffraction) was used to identify links between heat treatments and microstructure. Subsequently, uniaxial tensile tests were performed to determine the respective tensile properties of all samples. Correlations in the data show a significant loss in strength with respect to an increase in annealing temperature due to grain growth, while no noticeable trend was observed for fracture strain with regard to annealing temperatures.

This article presents a concept analysis of autonomy in relation to the rehabilitation of stroke patients. Analysis of the results of a literature survey provided three important concepts of autonomy in the field of biomedical ethics: self-governance, self-realization and actual autonomy. These concepts are compared with concepts from caring sciences and summarized in a table. The results indicate the importance of the social environment (formal and informal caregivers) for the restoration of autonomy. Because of the patient's condition and context, a social concept of autonomy makes more sense in the rehabilitation of stroke patients in nursing homes than does an individual concept. The concept analysis sheds light on the fact that the majority of studies regarding patient autonomy are primarily based on theoretical reflections, not on empirical studies. More research is warranted to gather information on how patients themselves consider and appreciate autonomy during rehabilitation, to explore the views of stroke patients' formal and informal caregivers and to investigate whether a social concept of autonomy is suitable for all phases of rehabilitation. Concerning the practice of rehabilitation, no definite conclusion can be given as yet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]