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Background The aim of this study was to determine the frequency and nature of pediatric blunt chest-abdominal injuries (BCAIs) and to summarize their management, ranging from non-operative management (NOM), with or without angioembolization (AE), to surgical treatment. Methods This retrospective study included patients admitted to our hospital for BCAIs from January 1996 to December 2017. The age, injury pattern, organs of injury, outcome, and treatment were summarized. Results One hundred and thirty-two patients (98 males, 34 females, mean age 7.68 years ± 3.58, range 1-15 years) were included in the study. Their injuries resulted from motor-vehicle traffic incidents (n = 60), single-bicycle injuries (n = 16), falls (n = 33), sports (n = 10), assault (n = 6), abuse (n = 3), and others (n = 4). There were no injured organs in 31 cases, while there were 130 injured organs in 101 cases, including the liver (n = 42), spleen (n = 35), lung (n = 23), kidney (n = 13), intestine (n = 10), pancreas (n = 5), and adrenal gland (n = 2). Angiography (AG) was performed in 20 cases, and NOM with AE was performed in 16 cases, including 17 organs (liver injury [n = 9], splenic injury [n = 5], and kidney injury [n = 4]). Surgical treatment was performed in eight cases (splenic injury in one, pancreas injury in one, and intestinal injury in six). NOM without AE was performed in the other cases. Conclusions The management of organ injury must take into consideration the management of integrated bleeding. It is recommended that children with severe organ injury are treated in dedicated trauma centers in which AE is available.

Our previous experimental study of perforated peritonitis in rats proved that peritoneal lavage with strong acid electrolyzed water (SAEW) has no adverse effects, reduces the bacteria count in the ascitic fluid more effectively than saline, and increases the survival rate significantly. Thus, we conducted a randomized controlled study, applying SAEW in the treatment of perforated appendicitis in children. Forty-four patients, aged 3–14 years, were randomly divided into two groups: Group S (n = 20), in which the peritoneal cavity was lavaged with 100 ml/kg saline and the wound was washed out with 200 ml saline; and Group E (n = 24), in which the peritoneal cavity was lavaged with 100 ml/kg SAEW and the wound was washed out with 200 ml SAEW. No adverse effect of SAEW was observed in Group E. There was no difference in the bacterial evanescence ratio of ascitic fluid after lavage between Groups S and E (11.1 and 15.8 %, respectively). A residual abscess developed in one patient from each group (5.0 and 4.2 %, respectively). The incidence of surgical site infection (SSI) was significantly lower in Group E than in Group S (0 and 20 %, respectively; P

Mesenchymal hamartoma of the liver (MHL) is an uncommon benign tumor found primarily in children younger than 2 years of age. We report a rare case of MHL with a daughter nodule and atypical histological findings in a 14-month-old girl. On admission, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and angiography showed a solid hypovascular mass with a central cystic area in the liver. Laparotomy revealed a tumor, 8 cm in size, occupying segment 5 and parts of segments 4 and 6 of the liver, and a small nodule, 10 mm in size, in segment 7. Thus, we performed a partial hepatic resection (S4-6) and tumor extirpation (S7). The histological findings of both tumors were the same, but atypical of MHL. Recent studies on the pathogenesis of this tumor have found neoplastic features such as genetic anomalies and malignant transformation. These findings suggest that the conventional approach of completely resecting the tumor whenever possible is the best treatment.

小児消化器患者の経腸栄養では, n-6系またはn-3系多価不飽和脂肪酸の含有量が高い栄養剤(n-6PUFA-EN, n-3PUFA-EN)のいずれが,蛋白・脂質代謝,腸粘膜のintegrityに関して有用かは未だ明らかでない.今回,小児消化器術後患者11例を対象に, n-6PUFA-ENからn-3PUFA-ENに変更した栄養管理を行い,血清脂肪酸分画, albumin, rapid turnover protein,血中diamine oxidase (DAO)活性を, n-3PUFA-EN投与前後に測定し検討した.その結果,栄養剤の変更によりn-6/n-3比は15.1から6.4に低下した. EPA/AA比, prealbumin, retinol binding protein濃度, DAO活性はいずれも有意に上昇し正常化した. n-3PUFA-ENの投与は,蛋白・脂質代謝のみならず,小腸粘膜のintegrityを維持するのに有用であると考えられた.

The beneficial effects of high-monounsaturated fat (high-MUFA) diets on diabetic patients have been reported, whereas studies concerning the effects on animals have been few. Although experiments on animals should be useful in elucidating underlying mechanisms, it is not clear even whether there are benefits of a high-MUFA diet in animals. This study examined the short-term effects of a high-MUFA diet on normal and genetically diabetic mice. The high-MUFA diet supplied 38% of the total calories as fat (26% from MUFA), while a regular diet was 13% fat (3% from MUFA). Normal C5 7BL/6J and diabetic C57BL/KsJ-db/db mice were fed either the regular or the high-MUFA diet for 1 wk. Serum glucose and lipid levels were then measured. In normal mice, hepatic triglyceride production was also compared between the two dietary groups using the Triton WR1339 method. An oral glucose tolerance test was conducted on the diabetic mice. After 1 wk of feeding to normal mice, the high-MUFA diet was seen to lower serum triglyceride levels and reduce hepatic triglyceride production in comparison with the regular diet; it is suggested that the lowering of triglyceride consists of mechanisms including reduced hepatic triglyceride production. When diabetic mice were fed the high-MUFA diet with a controlled caloric intake, the serum glucose levels lowered without an accompanying deterioration in lipid metabolism and the impaired glucose tolerance was ameliorated. This study demonstrates that a high-MUFA diet can lower serum triglyceride levels in normal mice and improve disorders of glucose metabolism in diabetic mice.

慢性肝機能障害に対するcoenzymeQ10(以下CoQ10)経口投与の治療効果を検討する目的で,胆道閉鎖症術後12例を対象にCoQ10を1.6mg/kg/day, 100日間投与した. CoQ10の投与前後に,血中superoxide dismutase (SOD)活性, manganese (Mn)-SOD濃度,尿中8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine, 8-isoprostane濃度,肝機能を測定した.また,健常小児6例,喫煙成人6例の計12例を対照に投与前値を比較した. CoQ10の投与前,全例でSOD活性は高値で, insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1, Type IV collagen値の異常5例はSOD活性, Mn-SOD濃度が異常高値を呈した. Mn-SODが200ng/mL以上の7例は, 200以下の症例に対し尿中酸化ストレスマーカーが有意に高値を呈した. Mn-SODはALT, AST, IGF-1値と強く相関した. CoQ10投与前の酸化ストレスマーカーはすべて,対照群より有意に高値を呈した.投与後は酸化ストレスマーカー,肝機能が改善傾向を呈し, CoQ10投与は酸化ストレスによる細胞傷害の防御に有用と考えられた.

The purpose of this study is whether the fungal deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) examination is useful as a sensitive parameter for pediatric surgical patients with mycosis. The eleven episodes of five cases (4 cases; progressive liver disease after biliary atresia operation, 1 case; short bowel syndrome and long term total parenteral nutrition with megacystis microcolon intestinal hypoperistalsis syndrome) with mycosis were divided into two groups according to the difference of therapeutic protocols. The sensitivity of fungal DNA examination, serum Candida antigen level, plasma beta-D glucan level, and blood culture were evaluated at the onset of infection and at the quit of antifungal medication under the protocols respectively. The duration of medication and the medication free interval in two groups were compared. The 6 episodes (3 cases) were diagnosed and treated under the protocol not including fungal DNA examination, while the 5 episodes (2 cases) under the protocol including fungal DNA examination. The occurrence rate was not significant. The sensitivity of fungal DNA examination was complete, but others were not. Using the fungal DNA examination, the duration of medication became significantly short. We conclude that the fungal DNA examination could be a sensitive parameter not only to start but to quit antifungal medication in pediatric patients with mycosis.

In the present fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) study of six congenital mesoblastic nephromas (CMNs) using ETV6 and NTRK3 probes as well as a chromosome 15 painting probe, we identified a cryptic reciprocal translocation, t(12;15)(p13;q26), in one tumor, and an insertion, ins(12;15)(p13;q22q26), in another that were not previously identified by cytogenetic analysis. An interphase FISH study with the same probes detected the ETV6-NTRK3 fusion signal in all three cellular or mixed type tumors, but not in all three classical type tumors. Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis detected the ETV6-NTRK3 fusion transcript in the three cellular or mixed type tumors, but not in the three classical type tumors. FISH analysis using a chromosome 11-centromere probe detected trisomy or tetrasomy 11 in all three tumors with the ETV6-NTRK3 fusion signal. To clarify whether IGF2, a paternally expressed gene on chromosome 11, has a certain role in the tumorigenic process of CMN through a loss of imprinting (LOI), we studied IGF2 allelic expression. We found no LOI in two cellular or mixed type tumors or in two classical type tumors, and concluded that the role of the LOI of IGF2 is not essential for the development and progression of CMN with or without trisomy 11. Furthermore, we showed no rearrangements of the MLL gene, which is frequently rearranged in acute leukemia with +11 in the three CMN tumors with +11.

Fecoflowmetry (FFM) has been introduced to simulate natural anorectal evacuation. So far, few reports have described the effect of the herbal medicine Daikenchuto (DKT) on impaired anorectal motor function. The aim of this pilot study was to assess anorectal motor function by FFM in postoperatively impaired patients with an anorectal malformation (ARM) before and after administration of DKT. Six postoperative patients with ARM (mean age, 7.8 years) who complained of intractable constipation with soiling in spite of administration of magnesia as a laxative were assessed over an extended period. These patients received 0.3 g/kg/d of DKT for an average of 128 days. Evacuative rate and maximum fecal stream flow were seen to increase significantly after administration of DKT when compared with values before administration of DKT. In conclusion, DKT had a favorable clinical effect on anorectal motor function in postoperative patients with ARM.

Cholelithiasis is extremely unusual in infants and children. Recently, some cases of cholelithiasis associated with total parenteral nutrition (TPN) have been reported. A group of 400 children receiving TPN were evaluated prospectively for the presence of gallstones and sludge in this report. Eight children (2%) were determined by ultrasonography to have developed cholelithiasis. All of these patients had received large amounts of amino acids (or = 1.8g/kg/day) and relatively low amounts of fat (or = 1.7g/kg/day) with a high ratio of non-protein: kcal/ml (0.8). It was concluded that the administration of large amounts of amino acids and a high ratio of non-protein: kcal/ml enhanced the risk for formation of gallstones and sludge. Conversely, these are prevented by the administration of appropriate amounts of fat.

Torsion of the gallbladder in a child is rare and only 23 cases in children have been reported in Japan. A preoperative diagnosis is very difficult and only four cases have been diagnosed, preoperatively, to date. In the case reported here the suspected preoperative diagnosis was an acute cholecystitis. During the operation, the gallbladder was found to be enlarged to twice the normal size and twisted 540 degrees in a clockwise direction around the cystic duct. A cholecystectomy with abdominal drainage was successfully performed; and the patient was discharged in good condition, 13 days after the operation. It was concluded that one of the most important features for the preoperative diagnosis of torsion of the gallbladder is a dislocation on ultrasonography.

Thoracic lymphangiomatosis in childhood is a rare disorder that frequently has poor response to medical therapy as well as a poor prognosis. This disease is often misdiagnosed, and a definitive diagnosis is usually delayed because of the rarity and slow course of the disease. No previous reports have so far described the usefulness of lymphoscintigraphy in the diagnosis of lymphangiomatosis, although some authors have reported the efficacy of lymphoscintigraphy for evaluating chylothorax. A 6-year-old boy presented with a diffuse mediastinal mass and received an open mediastinal biopsy for a definitive diagnosis, which led to the occurrence of massive chylothorax postoperatively. A diagnosis of lymphangiomatosis was finally made based on the lymphoscintigraphic findings demonstrating an obstruction of the thoracic duct. This report describes a rare case of thoracic lymphangiomatosis diagnosed at autopsy, and suggests that the minimally invasive technique of lymphoscintigraphy should be employed to obtain a definitive diagnosis at an early stage.

An extremely rare case of malignant lymphoma arising in the appendix is reported, together with a review of 16 cases in the Japanese literature. A 60-year-old man complaining of right lower quadrant pain underwent laparotomy with a diagnosis of acute appendicitis. The appendix enlarged to be as large as 7×4×3cm, and postoperative histopathologic examination revealed a primary malignant lymphoma arising in the appendix which belonged to non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, diffuse and large cell type by LSG classification. On the 14th day surgery right hemicolectomy with regional lymphnode excision was carried out for radical treatment. Malignant lymphoma arising in the appendix is an extremely rare disease and only 16 cases including this can be found out in the Japanese literature. Almost of the cases were first diagnosed as acute appendicitis and were definitely done as the disease by postoperative pathologic examinations. Like another carcinomas extensive excision with regional lymphnode excision and sometimes follow-up therapy are performed for this disease, however, the prognosis is generally poor.

It is not unusual for patients with severe motor and intellectual disabilities to present with eating and swallowing disorders, and such patients often require long term enteral nutrition. These patients tend to receive all their nutrients in the form of a single nutrient solution that is administered over a long period, and there are concerns about the impact of the composition of these nutrient formulas on patient health. Therefore, it is very important that adequate care be taken when selecting a nutrient formula for patients of this type. In the present study we administered two types of enteral nutrient solutions and examined the effect of the differences in nutrient composition on the degree of oxidative stress experienced by human patients. Subjects were 5 patients (mean age: 27.2 years; male/female ratio: 4:1) with severe motor and intellectual disabilities who were incapable of oral feeding, and who were receiving long term enteral nutrition. The subjects were administered a standard elemental diet for 2 months, and this was followed by administration of an n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid enriched enteral nutrient solution for three months. Results showed that the n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid enriched diet improved serum concentrations of trace elements, protein synthesis, and the balance between n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, which are essential fatty acids. At the same time oxidative stress was reduced, and serum IgE levels declined significantly. Patients with severe psychophysiological disorders often suffer from repeated bouts of pneumonia due to immune system suppression, and there are reports that such patients are subject to increased allergic diathesis. The present results indicated that the in vivo membrane damage induced by oxidative stress may be closely related to the onset of these disorders. The results also suggested that in addition to attaining an adequate understanding of the effect of each of the various nutrients in enteral nutrient formulas, it will also be important to consider not only trace elements but also fatty acid composition in the nutritional management of patients with such disorders.

Despite the numerous approaches described for the management of neonates with “long gap” esophageal atresia, controversy still exists as to the preferred method. Delayed primary anastomosis is probably the most frequently adopted practice but often the native esophagus is abandoned. We report a case of a 2.98 kg newborn with pure esophageal atresia . Although the elongation of the distal esophageal pouch by mechanical bougienage was initiated at 1 year and 8 months, a successful tension-free anastomosis with minimum dissection of the lower esophagus was performed at 2 years and 7 months. Her postoperative quality of life has been quite excellent. This report emphasizes that a tension-free anastomosis without operating on the lower esophagus and stomach is essential for the treatment of long-gap esophageal atresia.

In the present fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) study of six congenital mesoblastic nephromas (CMNs) using ETV6 and NTRK3 probes as well as a chromosome 15 painting probe, we identified a cryptic reciprocal translocation, t(12;15)(p13;q26), in one tumor, and an insertion, ins(12;15)(p13;q22q26), in another that were not previously identified by cytogenetic analysis. An interphase FISH study with the same probes detected the ETV6-NTRK3 fusion signal in all three cellular or mixed type tumors, but not in all three classical type tumors. Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis detected the ETV6-NTRK3 fusion transcript in the three cellular or mixed type tumors, but not in the three classical type tumors. FISH analysis using a chromosome 11-centromere probe detected trisomy or tetrasomy 11 in all three tumors with the ETV6-NTRK3 fusion signal. To clarify whether IGF2, a paternally expressed gene on chromosome 11, has a certain role in the tumorigenic process of CMN through a loss of imprinting (LOI), we studied IGF2 allelic expression. We found no LOI in two cellular or mixed type tumors or in two classical type tumors, and concluded that the role of the LOI of IGF2 is not essential for the development and progression of CMN with or without trisomy 11. Furthermore, we showed no rearrangements of the MLL gene, which is frequently rearranged in acute leukemia with +11 in the three CMN tumors with +11.