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Stigma toward pregnant and postpartum people who use drugs is common and seeks to define addiction as a moral weakness rather than a chronic medical illness that requires resources and treatment. More concerning is the additive impact of substance use and racial discrimination, whose intersections present particularly challenging circumstances. In this article, the authors review the history of substance use in the United States and focus on 3 substances of abuse that illustrate the inequity faced by pregnant person of color who use drugs., Competing Interests: Disclosure The authors report no conflicts of interest., (Published by Elsevier Inc.)

Introduction: Postpartum mood disorders are associated with adverse outcomes for newborns and mothers and may require urgent evaluation. The emergency department is often a healthcare entry point, but factors associated with these emergency department visits are unknown., Methods: A longitudinal retrospective analysis using the Nationwide Emergency Department Sample to assess national estimates of emergency department visits by women ages 15-49 with primary diagnosis of a postpartum mood disorder between 2006 and 2016. Emergency department visit rates for postpartum mood disorders per 100,000 live births were calculated., Results: Emergency department visits related to postpartum mood disorders remained stable from 2006 to 2016 (5153 to 5390 respectively). Two-thirds of visits were by patients younger than 30. Approximately half of visits for postpartum mood disorders were funded by Medicaid (42.4-56.7%) compared to 27.4-41.2% funded by Medicaid for all other age-matched women. Of postpartum mood disorder visits 30.3% were by women from the lowest income quartile. The highest rate of emergency department visits occurred in the youngest patients (ages 15-19: 231 visits versus ages 35-49: 105 visits). Postpartum mood disorder admissions were higher than those for age-matched women with all other diagnoses (19.8% vs. 6.5%)., Discussion: The high rate of women that are young and with public insurance visiting the emergency department for postpartum mood disorders demonstrates an increased risk for these disorders in these populations and an opportunity for targeted intervention by policymakers and providers. Higher admission rates for postpartum mood disorders compared to all other diagnoses reveals a chance to optimize outpatient screening and treatment., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)

Objectives: We aimed to better understand emergency department (ED) use, admission patterns, and demographics for substance use disorder in pregnancy and postpartum (SUDPP)., Methods: In this longitudinal study, the United States Nationwide Emergency Department Sample was queried for all ED visits by 15- to 50-year-old women with a primary diagnosis defined by International Classification of Diseases, 9th or 10th edition Clinical Modification, codes of SUDPP between 2006 and 2016. Patterns of ED visit counts, rates, admissions, and ED charges were analyzed., Results: Annual national estimated ED visits for SUDPP increased from 2,919 to 9,497 between 2006 and 2016 (a 12.4% annual average percentage change), whereas admission rates decreased (from 41.9% to 32.0%). ED visits were more frequent among women who were 20-29 years old, using Medicaid insurance, in the lowest income quartile, living in the South, and in metropolitan areas. Compared with the proportion of ED visits, 15- to 19-year-olds had significantly lower admission rates, whereas women with Medicaid and in the lowest income quartile had higher admission rates (p < .001). Opioid use, tobacco use, and mental health disorders were most commonly associated with SUDPP. The ED average inflation-adjusted charges for SUDPP increased from $1,486 to $3,085 between 2006 and 2016 (7.1% annual average percentage change; p < .001), yielding total annual charges of $4.02 million and $28.53 million., Conclusions: Despite the decrease in admissions, the number and charges for ED visits for SUDPP increased substantially between 2006 and 2016. These increasing numbers suggest a continuous need to implement preventive public health measures and provide adequate outpatient care for this condition in this population specifically., (Copyright © 2022 Jacobs Institute of Women's Health, George Washington University. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Obstetricians know the statistics-1 out of every 10 babies is born premature; preeclampsia affects 1 in 25 pregnant people; the United States has the highest rate of maternal mortality in the developed world. Yet, physicians and scientists still do not fully understand the biology of normal pregnancy, let alone what causes these complications. Obstetrics and gynecology-trained physician-scientists are uniquely positioned to fill critical knowledge gaps by addressing clinically-relevant problems through fundamental research and interpreting insights from basic and translational studies in the clinical context. Within our specialty, however, physician-scientists are relatively uncommon. Inadequate guidance, lack of support and community, and structural barriers deter fellows and early stage faculty from pursuing the physician-scientist track. One approach to help cultivate the next generation of physician-scientists in obstetrics and gynecology is to demystify the process and address the common barriers that contribute to the attrition of early stage investigators. Here, we review major challenges and propose potential pathways forward in the areas of mentorship, obtaining protected research time and resources, and ensuring diversity, equity, and inclusion, from our perspective as early stage investigators in maternal-fetal medicine. We discuss the roles of early stage investigators and leaders at the institutional and national level in the collective effort to retain and grow our physician-scientist workforce. We aim to provide a framework for early stage investigators initiating their research careers and a starting point for discussion with academic stakeholders. We cannot afford to lose the valuable contributions of talented individuals due to modifiable factors or forfeit our voices as advocates for the issues that impact pregnant populations., (Copyright © 2021 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Abstract: This study evaluated the technical feasibility of 2-dimensional transvaginal shear wave elastography to quantify cervical stiffness in nonpregnant and pregnant women and established normal values in each group. With institutional review board approval, we performed a prospective study with an age-matched historical control design. Sixteen premenopausal nonpregnant women without cervical pathology and 17 low-risk pregnant women (gestational age 17-33 weeks) were enrolled. Cervical shear wave speeds were measured on a SuperSonic Aixplorer machine. The mean shear wave speeds of anterior cervix were 4.96 ± 1.96 m/s in nonpregnant women and 1.92 ± 0.31 m/s in pregnant women. No significant stiffness difference was found between the anterior and posterior cervix (P = 0.15). The upper cervix was stiffer than the lower cervix in the pregnant women (P = 0.00012). Transvaginal shear wave elastography reveals that cervix at a midterm gestation is significantly softer than nonpregnant cervix (P < 0.0001) and suggests a spatial stiffness gradient along the length of the cervix, consistent with histopathology and limited elastography literature. Our results indicate the potential of transvaginal shear wave elastography to provide objective and quantitative estimates of cervical stiffness, especially during pregnancy., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2021 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.)

For the past century, researchers have underscored the "disadvantage" observed in respiratory morbidity and mortality of male newborns. In this contemporary review, we examine gender differences in preterm infant respiratory morbidity and mortality specifically appraising differences in the very low birth weight (VLBW) population as well as the late preterm (LPT) population. In the era of postnatal surfactant and antenatal corticosteroids, the gender gap in neonatal outcomes has not narrowed. Structural, physiologic, and hormonal sex differences may be at the root of this disparity. Further exploration into the origin of gender differences in respiratory morbidity and neonatal mortality will shape future therapies. These therapies may need to be gender specific to close the gender gap.