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In this study, bryophytes of Gülderen Waterfall (Hayrat/Trabzon) and its surroundings in the Eastern Black Sea Region of Turkey were investigated. As a result of examining approximately 150 bryophyte samples collected from 4 different stations during field studies carried out in two different periods, december 2023 and march 2024; 105 bryophyte taxa belonging to 35 families and 63 genera have been identified, 90 taxa of which belong to mosses and 15 taxa to liverworts. Additionally, 1 liverwort and 1 moss taxa were recorded as new records for Trabzon and 52 taxa for Hayrat district. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Art History / Sanat Tarihi Dergisi is the property of Ege University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

During World War I, fierce clashes took place between the Ottomans and Russia on the Caucasus Front. The Ottoman state, whose army in the region was not fully prepared for the war, was heavily wounded in the Sarıkamış Operation and then could not adequately defend against Russian attacks. Consequently, the conflicts in the east ended in defeat for the Ottomans. Especially after the Russians took control of Erzurum in 1916, they intensified their military operations directly to the west, south and east coast of the Black Sea. Having taken Erzurum, the Russian Caucasus Army command devised a plan to capture Trabzon, a strategically located city that played a key role in equipping the Ottoman III Army in the east. In fact, if the Russian army captured Trabzon, it would be able to supply its troops in the east with arms, ammunition and food more quickly. In this sense, Trabzon was very important for the Russians. Consequently, after the occupation of Erzurum, the Russian armies moved towards Bayburt and Gümüshhane via Aşkale on the one hand, and towards Trabzon with both navy and land forces in the eastern Black Sea region on the other. In late March 1916, attacks on Trabzon intensified, culminating in the occupation of the city on April 18, 1916. In this study, the process of the occupation of Trabzon is written in the context of Russian sources. The main difference of this study from the previous ones is that it was prepared by analyzing the information provided in the Russian archival documents and press of the period, as well as in Russian-language sources in general. Therefore, the archival records of the correspondence of Russian commanders with their headquarters during the occupation of Trabzon and the day-to-day news of newspapers and magazines about the war constituted the basis of the originality of the article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Geçmiş ile gelecek arasında bağ kurma noktasında, toplumun kolektif bilincini yansıtan kamusal mekânlar, kent kimliğini oluşturan unsurlar arasındadır. Kent kimliğinin bir parçası olarak sonik çevrenin tanımlanmasında ses peyzajı yaklaşımından yararlanılabilmektedir. Bu araştırmanın amacı, ses peyzajını tanımlayan “arka-plan sesler”, “ön-plan sesler”, “sembol sesler” ve kolektif bellek ile ilişkili olması yönüyle “kaybolan/yitikleşen sesler” ile geçmişten günümüze kadar “devamlılığı/sürekliliği olan seslerin” tespiti yoluyla Trabzon kent merkezinin sonik kimliğini ortaya çıkarmaktır. Araştırmanın metodolojisini, ses yürüyüşleri ve anket uygulamaları oluşturmaktadır. Atatürk Alanı, Kunduracılar Caddesi, Kemeraltı Sokağı ve Mumhaneönü Meydanı’na ait sonik bölgeler; ses yürüyüşleri ve belirlenen güzergâhlar doğrultusunda sonik çevre değerlendirmeleri yoluyla belirlenmiştir. Ses yürüyüşlerinden elde edilen bulgular, bölgelere ait sonik kimliklerin farklılaştığını göstermektedir. Bu sonuç, bölgelerin sonik imgelerini tanımlayan ve kendilerine özgü olan ses çevrelerinin varlığını ortaya koymaktadır. Araştırmanın sınırlılığını, Trabzon kent merkezini temsil ettiği düşünülen bölgelerde gerçekleştirilen ses yürüyüşleri ve kullanıcıların sonik çevre değerlendirmeleri oluşturmaktadır.

Copyright of Online Journal of Art & Design is the property of Online Journal of Art & Design and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Anatolian Environmental & Animal Science is the property of Bulent Verep and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of PLANARCH - Design & Planning Research is the property of Ataturk University Coordinatorship of Scientific Journals and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Agriculture & Nature / Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Tarım & Doğa Dergisi is the property of Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam Universitesi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Trabzon Üniversitesi İslâmî İlimler Uygulama ve Araştırma Merkezi yönetiminde yer alan akademisyenler tarafından, genel olarak Karadenizli, özel olarak da Trabzon’lu hocalara dair anlatılmayan ve göz ardı edilen pek çok detayın, ilişki ağının gün yüzüne çıkmasını sağlayacak bir proje hazırlamıştır. “Karadeniz’de Hoca Olmak: Hatıralara Yansıyan Yönleriyle Yakın Dönemde Dinî Hayat” adıyla hazırlanan proje ile söz konusu hocaların yetişme süreçleri ve başta Karadeniz bölgesi olmak üzere ülkenin din eğitimine katkılarının ele alınması hedeflenmiştir

Objective: The literature does not clearly specify the locations inhabited by the spurthighed tortoise (Testudo graeca) from the eastern Black Sea coast of Türkiye. This study thus aimes to reveal new locality records for T. graeca in Trabzon province. Materials and Methods: Two adult male specimens were caught from the Darıca and Konaklar neighborhoods in the respective Akçaabat and Ortahisar districts. Some of the morphological characteristics of these specimens have been recorded using a digital caliper. After taking morphometric measurements, the tortoises were returned to their habitat. No anesthetic procedure was performed on the turtles. Results: Both the Darıca and Konaklar specimens have five vertebral scutes, 11 pairs of marginal scutes, and four pairs of costal scutes on their carapace. In addition, both specimens were seen to have one undivided supracaudal scute and one nuchal scute on their carapace. The Darıca specimen has a straight carapace length (SCL) of 208.19 mm, and plastron length (PL) of 188.08 mm while the Konaklar specimen has an SCL of 216.33 mm and a PL of 196.28 mm. Conclusion: The study compared its specimens' the pholidosis and morphometric characteristics and color-pattern features with those of specimens reported in the literature. The morphological features of the Darıca and Konaklar specimens are similar to those for the samples of Testudo graeca ibera in the literature. The study's findings concluded that the samples of Darıca and Konaklar belong to the T. g. ibera subspecies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Art-Sanat Journal / Art-Sanat is the property of Art-Sanat and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Art-Sanat Journal / Art-Sanat is the property of Art-Sanat and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The continuous monitoring of total suspended solids (TSS) in streams plays an important role in the management of hydrological processes, and TSS is also a decisive parameter in the control of pollution in streams. Determination of TSS involves both a costly and time-consuming process. For this reason, there is a need to determine TSS more quickly, easily reliably, and economically. In this study, it is aimed to classify TSS concentration by using stream water surface images recorded with a mobile phone. For this purpose, the sampling studies carried out in the Lower Değirmendere Stream Watershed (Trabzon, northeast of Turkey) between June 2020 and May 2021, and the images of the stream water surface were taken and recorded with a mobile phone simultaneously with the sampling studies. The stream water surface images and TSS concentration were divided into four classification group, namely clear, turbid, very turbid, and extremely turbid and processed with deep learning method. More than 5500 stream water surface images and TSS concentration data were divided into groups as 70% training and the rest of test. This study uses eight convolutional neural network (CNN) models, including a custom CNN model designed for image classification, along with pre-existing architectures such as VGG-16, VGG-19, Inception-V3, Xception, DenseNet-121, MobileNet, and NASNet-mobile. The results revealed that the most effective ensemble model formation strategy was stacking with an accuracy rate of 87%, followed by weighted averaging, averaging, and majority voting. As a result, with the image of the stream water surface via the mobile phone camera, it can be easily determined which class the current TSS concentration belongs to instantly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The parking problem is a common sub-topic of transportation planning and urban planning, and it is increasing its impact day by day as urbanization intensifies. The rapid increase in the number of private vehicles, coupled with the presence of borders and thresholds limiting capacity increases in cities render the demand-supply problem permanent. The parking problem is generally addressed by rapidly generating additional supply to meet the rising demand and is dealt by non-integrated, piecemeal methods. Such micro- and medium-sized solutions only focus on temporarily deferring the larger problem. Hence, there is a need for an approach in which the demand is determined at all scales, evaluated on the basis of sub-centers, and policies and strategies are produced accordingly. In this study, a demand-oriented integrated parking lot planning approach has been generated for Trabzon, where supply is strongly limited due to topography. With the generated approach, policies and principle recommendations have been developed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study targeted to perform qualitative and quantitative analysis of medicinal plant taxa used in folk medicine in Trabzon. Due to its historical significance, diversity of plant species, and hosting a wide range of cultures, the Turkish city of Trabzon has significant ethnobotanical potential. Ethnobotanical data including family name, scientific name, local name, used parts, therapeutic uses, preparation methods, administration routes, and cited locations were gathered by face-to-face interviews with 645 participants mostly over 50 years old. The quantitative analyses were executed by the determination of frequency values of citation (FC), use value (UV), fidelity level (FL), and informant consensus factor (ICF). A total of 119 medicinal plant taxa belonging to 55 families were recorded with therapeutic uses for more than 100 different diseases. The most commonly used plant part and administration routes were detected as leaves (32.43%) and oral application (51.58%), respectively. The highest ICF value was assigned for the skin diseases (ICF: 0.96). Piceae orientalis possessed the highest value of FC (82.326%), while Plantago major owned the highest value of UV (0.873). Tilia rubra subsp. caucasica, Vaccinium myrtillus, and Nicotiana tabacum were the remarkable taxa due to their FL value (100%), besides the high number of user reports. The present study supplies comprehensive ethnobotanical qualitative and quantitative data (FC, UV, FL, and ICF) from 80 villages in Trabzon. The obtained ethnobotanical data are expected both provide the preliminary information to discover novel herbal drugs and passing on to next generations as an important heritage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Agriculture & Nature / Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Tarım & Doğa Dergisi is the property of Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam Universitesi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Osmanlı Devleti, mimarlık tarihi boyunca halkın inanç, eğitim, ekonomik ve sosyal ihtiyaçlarına hizmet eden yapıları yerleşim yerinin merkezini belirleyecek şekilde bir arada programlamayı bir gelenek haline getirmiştir. İnşa sürecini aynı zamanda ilerlettikleri büyük programlı külliyeler ile farklı zamanlarda ihtiyaca göre eklenen daha küçük ölçekli binalarla genişletilen manzumeler, payitaht kentlerdeki kadar büyük olmasa da Anadolu’nun her yerinde mimariye kazandırılmıştır. Tarihi İpek Yolu üzerinde bulunan ve limanlarının varlığı ile uluslararası iletişime açık olan Trabzon, devletin önemli ihtiyaçlarını gideren bir kent olduğu için mimari birikimin de yoğun olduğu kentler arasında yerini almıştır. 1461’de fethedilmesinden sonra özellikle kentin yönetim merkezinde Gülbahar Hatun (1514), İskender Paşa (1529) gibi cami, medrese, imaret, kütüphane, çeşme gibi birkaç yapının bir araya getirildiği yapı toplulukları inşa edilmiştir. 20. yüzyıla kadar süreklilik arz ederek devam eden bu yapılaşma, Trabzon’da kırsal kesimlerde de yaygınlaşmış, özellikle 19. yüzyılda cami, medrese, çeşme, imam/müderris evi gibi yapılar bir araya getirilerek birkaç köyün hizmetine sunulan kompleksler inşa edilmiştir. Bunlardan birisi de 19. yüzyılın ikinci yarısında Tonya ilçesi Kozluca Mahallesi’nde inşa edilen cami ve imam evi ile daha sonra eklenen medrese ile hizmet boyutu genişletilen Kozluca Manzumesi’dir. Bu eserler, cami ve medrese birlikteliği ile ibadet ve eğitim merkezlerinin bir arada bulunmasına yerel bir örnek teşkil ettiği için bu çalışmaya konu olarak seçilmiştir. Mimari ve süsleme özellikleri irdelenerek hem geç dönem Osmanlı mimarisinin özellikleri hem de Trabzon’un yerel mimari karakterinin eserlere ne şekilde yansıdığını tespit etmek amaçlanmıştır.

Osmanlı Devleti, kuruluşundan 16. yüzyıl sonlarına kadar uyguladığı siyasi ve ekonomik politikalarla önemli kazanımlar sağlamış, bulunduğu coğrafyada doğu-batı ve güney-kuzey eksenindeki ticaret yollarına hâkim olup Karadeniz ve Akdeniz havzasında istikrarı sağlayarak güçlü bir devlet konumuna yükselmiştir. Bu süreçte Anadolu, Rumeli, Suriye, Irak, Mısır, Karadeniz ve Afrika’nın kuzeyi ile İran Platolarına kadar olan geniş arazilere sahip olarak gelirlerini önemli ölçüde artırmıştır. Bununla birlikte 16. yüzyıl sonlarından itibaren yaşanan bazı gelişmeler devletin siyasi ve ekonomik istikrarını olumsuz şekilde etkilemiştir. 17. Yüzyıl boyunca da devam eden bu istikrarsızlık denk bütçe yapımını güçleştirmiş ve hazine sürekli olarak açık vermiştir. Devlet bu hazine açıklarını kapatmak ve uzun süren savaşların maliyetini karşılamak için çeşitli yollar aramıştır. Özellikle savaş dönemlerinde sefer ihtiyaçlarını karşılamak için imdâdiyye uygulamalarına başvurulmuştur. Bu dönemde farklı tarihlerdeki imdâdiyye uygulamalarından anlaşıldığı kadarıyla genellikle ekonomik durumu iyi olanlardan “istikraz” adı altında para toplanmıştır. Kaynaklara göre 1683 Viyana kuşatmasıyla başlayan ve birkaç cephede devam eden savaş masrafları için tüm ülkeyi kapsayan bir imdâdiyye uygulaması gündeme gelmiştir. 1687 tarihinde gerçekleşen bu imdâdiyyenin Trabzon’da da uygulandığı anlaşılmaktadır. Bu bağlamda eldeki arşiv malzemesinden özellikle Trabzon Kadı Sicillerinden hareketle bu konu değerlendirmeye tabi tutulacaktır.

Mankind faced difficulties in daily life, and this situation came together and contributed to the formation of the concept of the city. Although the city of Trabzon has been in an important position since ancient times, it has been preferred as a settlement by many civilizations. The area has a very high value in terms of forming the core of the city as well as containing its characteristic features. The study aimed to determine the factors that were effective in the shaping of Kaleiçi (Hisar) and its surroundings, the area where the city of Trabzon was first established, and the changes it has undergone from the past to the present. In this context, literature research was conducted, engravings, maps and visual documents related to the establishment and development of the city were examined. In order to determine the changes that have occurred as a result of the application studies carried out in recent years, field studies have been carried out and visual maps have been created. The study, which includes images of different points belonging to the area, allowed us to compare the area with the old version. The findings revealed that the region was under the influence of traffic and noise caused by daily living conditions, and was under pressure from the surrounding structures. In addition, in the region where the settler profile has changed drastically, it is seen that the protected houses have been abandoned for different reasons such as expropriation, material and structural conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of NEU Journal of Faculty of Architecture (NEU-MFD) / YDÜ Mimarlık Fakültesi Dergisi is the property of NEU Journal of Faculty of Architecture (NEU-MFD) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Mavi Atlas is the property of Mavi Atlas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

It is obvious today that a new era of communication and interaction has been started through social media networks. For this reason, corporate social media networks and their contents are one of the correct and effective promotional tools that can be used in destination promotion. Based on this situation, the main purpose of the study is to examine the use of social media networks by central and local governments in Trabzon destination, specifically for destination promotion. Within the framework of this purpose, the corporate Facebook, Instagram and Twitter social media accounts of Trabzon destination center and local governments are analyzed with the quantitative content analysis method. As a result of the study, it is determined that Trabzon destination center and local governments do not use social media networks effectively for destination promotion. Additionally, it is concluded that the majority of the promotion-oriented posts on Facebook, Instagram and Twitter accounts are made by the Trabzon Provincial Directorate of Culture and Tourism.

Landslides are one of the leading natural disasters in the Black Sea Region of Türkiye. Trabzon is the province where the most landslides occurred in the country. Landslide susceptibility maps should be prepared in order to predetermine the areas with high landslide susceptibility in order to minimize the losses due to landslides. In this study, landslide susceptibility analysis is performed, and landslide susceptibility maps are produced to reveal the areas with high landslide susceptibility within the boundaries of Akçaabat and Düzköy districts of Trabzon province using Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Frequency Ratio (FR) methods. ArcGIS for Desktop, one of the Geographic Information Systems (GIS) platforms, is used for landslide susceptibility analysis. Geographical data are obtained from public institutions and open access online sources. The data are spatially organized according to the study area and purpose by various GIS tools. A total of 13 criteria which are respectively; slope, curvature, lithology, precipitation, aspect, topographic wetness index (TWI), distance to rivers, distance to highways, distance to fault lines, land use, soil type, elevation and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) for landslide susceptibility are evaluated as effective to cause landslides as a result of the literature review. Pairwise comparisons are made to determine the importance of the effects of each criterion on landslide formation and the weights between the criteria by using the AHP method. Then a landslide susceptibility map is produced according to the AHP method. In addition, a landslide susceptibility map was produced according to the FR method using the landslide inventory records obtained from responsible institutes of the country. It is noticed that the FR method produced more realistic results than the AHP method in terms of determining the locations of the landslides observed in the study area when the maps produced by both methods are compared.

The main purpose of Agricultural Credit Cooperatives is to meet the credit needs of their partners. In addition to this purpose, meeting the input and home consumption requirements of the partners and marketing the various products grown by the partners are among the objectives. The ability of these cooperatives to perform the expected functions more effectively is directly related to the participation of their members in their activities, and the determination of their expectations and suggestions. For this reason, in this study, it is aimed to determine and comparatively evaluate the expectations and satisfaction of its members regarding the functions and activities of Agricultural Credit Cooperatives. The primary data used in the study were compiled by a survey study conducted with 93 randomly selected partners from 3 Agricultural Credit unit cooperatives in Trabzon. The Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test was used to statistically test the extent to which the expectations of the partners were met. Most of the surveyed partners care about the attitudes and behavior of the cooperatives towards their members, their following the innovations, their activities on issues such as agricultural input supply, input quality, price policy and extension. The partners generally find Agricultural Credit Cooperatives successful in their activities. However, when a comparative analysis is made with the expectations, it is concluded that the expectations are not fully satisfied.

Copyright of Journal of Transportation & Logistics / Ulaştırma ve Lojistik Dergisi is the property of Journal of Transportation & Logistics and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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In this study, it is aimed to reveal the quantitative adequacy of the lighting in urban park areas and the effects of the users on the usage situations of the spaces. In this direction, both quantitative and qualitative methods were used and analyzes were made by developing a different perspective in the study. In the study, in which fieldwork, measurements and observation technique were used together, Meydan Park and Atapark, which are two parks on the same transportation axis, were selected as the study areas and a pilot study was conducted in Trabzon. Of these two parks, Meydan Park is illuminated using the latest lighting types and techniques suitable for today's technology, while Atapark has older types and techniques. As a result, it was seen that these modern and classical lighting differences did not have the expected positive effect on modern techniques. In addition, when lighting techniques are evaluated based on the literature in terms of different spatial components and elements of parks, it has been concluded that the feasibility of different activities is related to lighting. With the observations made at different times, the changing user densities and the continuity of activity day and night were examined. The results showed that the day-night activity continuity changed in parallel with the lighting situation for both parks and the lighting types and techniques were not compatible with the current uses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Social Sciences Research / Sosyal Bilimler Arastirmalari Dergisi is the property of ODU Journal of Social Sciences Research and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In addition to the libertarian and constitutionalist ideas that spread rapidly after the French Revolution of 1789, the modern nationalist ideas affected people in many parts of the world, especially in Europe, and paved the way for rebellions, particularly in empires with diverse beliefs and ethnic identities. One of these multinational states was the Ottoman Empire. Especially since the first quarter of the 19th century, it had to face separatist movements in the Balkans, which had been under its sovereignty. Albania was the last Balkan state to gain independence in 1912 as a result of separatist movements. In the process towards independence, the rebellious movements that started, especially among the Catholic Albanians (Malisors/Malissori), affected the Muslim Albanians as well, due to discomfort with the practices of the Ottoman State administration, and led to the declaration of independence. Contrary to high number of studies on the rebellion, there are few studies on how the rebellion was perceived in different regions of the Ottoman state. The aim of this study is to briefly explain the reasons for the Malisör uprising in Albania, then to examine its effects in Trabzon, an Ottoman province quite far from the region. It will explore the emotions and ideas that emerged against the rebellion in the province and the reactions that ensued. Additionally, this study aims to provide an example of the attitudes of the people towards an issue that threatens the future and integrity of the State. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Düzce University Journal of Forestry / Düzce Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi Ormancılık Dergisi is the property of Duzce University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Anadolu University Journal of Art & Design / Sanat & Tasarım is the property of Anadolu University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Selçuk University Journal of Faculty of Letters is the property of Selcuk Universitesi Edebiyat Fakultesi Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Being a woman in Muslim or other religious societies does not include a process in which only religious rules are in effect. Instead, the experiences of women are determined by political, social, and economic conditions, and reflect the cultural precedents created by past societies, whether Muslim or not. Hence, the way women are described in a society they belong in emerges as a cultural reflection that bears each and every element in that particular society. Therefore, it is not possible to consider apart from this circumstance the descriptions of women in Ottoman Trabzon Sharīʿa court records. In this study, the definitions of women who lived in Ottoman Trabzon over their gender and, occasionally, their sexuality, reflected in the discourses of Sharīʿa courts are discussed, and the social and legal status of such women is examined. This investigation is placed within the framework of religious and cultural conditions which impacted such definitions and descriptions. This study has been based on evidence available in early seventeenth-century Ottoman Trabzon Sharīʿa court records. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of History Studies (13094688) is the property of History Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A lichenological survey carried out in 83 different localities of Giresun, Trabzon, and Rize provinces of Turkey yielded a total of 399 lichen taxa and 23 lichenicolous fungi. Briancoppinsia cytospora is new to Turkey. Three hundred and seven lichens and 19 lichenicolous fungi were collected in Giresun, 110 lichens and one lichenicolous fungus in Rize, and 223 lichens and eight lichenicolous fungi in Trabzon. Ninety-one lichens and 14 lichenicolous fungi are new for Giresun, 42 lichens and four lichenicolous fungi for Trabzon, and 53 lichens and one lichenicolous fungus for Rize. For each taxon, the substratum and the collecting locality numbers are given. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When Ottoman harem women are mentioned, a few women with strong influence come to mind. However, in the Ottoman Empire, which was a longlived state, there were hundreds of women who lived with different titles. In the harem circle, excluding those who stand out for any reason, the most wellknown are the women who have their own foundations. In this study, foundations built in the name of two women who lived in periods when women were less active in state administration are examined. Moreover, these women have the same name as well as the bride and mother-in-law. One of them is Bayezid II's mother is Gülbahar Khatun, and the other one is Yavuz Sultan Selim's mother, Gülbahar Khatun. One of the common points of Gülbahar Khatun is the foundations built on their behalf by their sons. The work of having a foundation built in her name is one of the most basic ways for a person to become more visible in the public sphere, and one of these foundations was built in Tokat and the other in Trabzon. In this study, the relations of both foundations, which were built by their sons for the benefit of their mothers, with the peripheries of the regions where they established, and the roles they played in the development of the cities, will be tried to be revealed through the accounting records recorded in the 1592-93 fiscal period. In addition, in the same year, the economic potentials of the two foundations will be tried to be understood by comparing the income units and amounts of the foundations in different places, the expenditure items and the prices of the food products purchased in their kitchens. Starting from this point, it is aimed to evaluate Ottoman women's philanthropy in the triangle of foundation-citypeople. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fruit bodies belonging to Hebeloma limbatum Beker, Vesterh. & U. Eberh. (Hymenogastraceae) were collected for the first time from Turkey and presented herein with field photos and a short discussion. The identification of the collection was made according to the data obtained from the field and the results of microscopic examination. The new record is identified with relatively small, sticky, orangey brown or whitish pileus; cream-colored or light brown lamellae; whitish stipe; almond-or lemon-shaped, ornamented, pale yellow, 10-14 × 5-7.5 µm sized basidiospores; club- or bottle-shaped, sometimes capped, and 30-100 × 5-14 µm sized cystidia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Online Journal of Art & Design is the property of Online Journal of Art & Design and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The city of Trabzon has no site classification map or site-specific analyses representing the assessment earthquake hazard so far, although Trabzon had been influenced and damaged due to earthquakes that occurred particularly in the North Anatolian Fault zone both in the recent and distant past. This paper presents the site classification and analyzes the site-specific pseudo-spectral acceleration (PSA) for densely populated areas of Trabzon. The coastline and the east and west edges of the city demonstrate minimum Vs30 in the overall study area from 175 to 396 m/s, respectively, which falls CD to DE class in NEHRP, and ZC to ZE in TBDY. The Vs30 of the remaining areas vary between 347 and 851 m/s, representing CD to BC in NEHRP and ZD to ZB in Turkish Building Regulation. The wide range of Vs30 is mostly due to the depth of the volcanic main rock, altered and agglomerated settings of dominant formation. The estimated PSA curves along the coast side of Trabzon including the lowest Vs30 demonstrate significantly greater spectral acceleration values than the design spectrum, particularly in TA–TB range that was used for almost whole constructions in the study area. Also, PSAs of the neighborhoods mostly classified as ZC in TDBY indicate overlapping with design spectrums and peak values are pretty close to limits. As a result, the proposed paper demonstrates that the earthquake hazard should not be underestimated, in particular considering the high possibility of well-known frequent ruptures on the east side of the North Anatolian Fault. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of RumeliDE Journal of Language & Literature Research / RumeliDE Dil ve Edebiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi is the property of RumeliDE Uluslararasi Hakemli Dil & Edebiyat Arastirmalari Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Ottoman Legacy Studies (OMAD) / Osmanlı Mirası Araştırmaları Dergisi is the property of Journal of Ottoman Legacy Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The city of Trabzon, which has been one of the most important settlements in Anatolia since the ancient eras, contains the traces of political, economic, and social mobility observed throughout its long history in its urban texture. The study focuses on the urban texture of Trabzon after the Ottoman conquest and focuses on the period between the 17th and 20th centuries, which is seen as an important deficiency in the literature. In this context, archival documents kept during the Ottoman period, especially through the records of the kadı court of Trabzon; the main backbone of the study is the determination of the mahalles (quarters) that are newly established, whose names have changed and merged, as well as examining where these mahalles are located on the city topography and discussing the dimensions of urban growth seen in 17-20. Century period.