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The paper deals with structural and functional components of algal diversity and ecological characteristics in the water column of the large Danubian lakes, Kahul, Kartal, Yalpuh, Kuhurluy, Katlabukh, and Kytay, in the late autumn-winter of 2019-2020. The water column algal taxonomic diversity comprised of 188 species, represented by 191 infraspecies taxa from 7 divisions, 14 classes, 30 orders, 61 families, and 108 genera. According to the algal species diversity, the lakes can be put in the following order: the Yalpuh (78) > Kytay (76) > Kahul (75) > Kuhurluy (55) > Katlabukh (23) > Kartal (16 ist) Bacillariophyta, Chlorophyta and Cyanobacteria prevailed. According to habitat preference, planktonic forms made up 45%, benthic forms 24%, epiphytic forms 5%, littoral forms 15%, and eurytopic forms 11%. According to salinity preference indifferent species dominated, and according to pH preference alkaliphilic species prevailed. The Sorensen similarity index and Kendall rank correlation indices for leading families were rather low -0.18-0.43 and 0.45-0.57, respectively, which is indicative of significant differences among the algal communities in the lakes under study. The algal cell count amounted to 2,853-360,325 thousand cells · dm-3, the biomass - 0.876-64.113 g · dm-3. According to the quantitative characteristics of planktonic algal communities and Cyanobacteria biomass, the Danubian lakes are eutrophic.

The paper deals with the patterns of continuity and discreteness of the main abiotic parameters and phytoplankton in the transboundary lotic-lentic aquatic ecosystem, including the branches of the Danube River, the Danube - Sasyk canal, and the Sasyk Reservoir, in autumn and winter periods. Water temperature, dissolved oxygen content, and pH are characterized by spatial continuum, whereas water salinity - by discreteness (fresh water is registered in the branches and canal and brackish water - in the reservoir). Local discreteness conditioned by the difference in the structure of dominant complexes (polydominant complexes - in river branches and oligodominant complexes - in the canal and reservoir) is registered with a spatial continuum of phytoplankton, which manifests itself in a predominance of plankton forms of diatoms, green, and blue-green algae. Phytoplankton cell numbers and biomass are typical of mesotrophic (delta branches) and hypertrophic (the canal and reservoir) ecosystems, whereas oligodominant and polydominant complexes are responsible for high information diversity belonging to essential phytoplankton adaptation characteristics.

This scanning electron microscopy study of the morphology of pennate diatoms (Achnanthidium eutrophilum (Lange-Bertalot) Lange-Bertalot, Aneumastis stroesei Mann et Stickle, Gomphonema italicum Kützing, G. pala Reichardt, G. vibrio Ehrenberg, Punctastriata ovalis Williams et Round) from phytoperiphytic communities in the cooling pond of the Chernobyl nuclear power plant and natural lakes of the Exclusion Zone (Glyboke and Daleke lakes) has revealed a higher variability in quantitative characteristics (valve length and width, number of striae in 10 µm). At the same time, no variability of qualitative features (shape of valve, axial and central area, raphe and striae arrangement) has been observed in these species. In A. eutrophilum, the number of striae in 10 µm differ from the published data, in A. stroesei – the valve length, in G. pala, G. vibrio and P. ovalis – the valve length and width. The range of variation in the number of striae in 10 µm in G. pala and the valve length and the number of striae in 10 µm in A. stroesei and G. italicum disagree with the literature data. The first electron micrographs of the inner surface of the valve and the corresponding data on its morphology are obtained for A. eutrophilum, A. stroesei, G. italicum, G. pala and G. vibrio.

Objective. To analyze the peculiarities of eating behavior and diet of medical students, to reveal the relationship between dietary habits and gastrointestinal symptoms. Materials and methods. A one-step anonymous survey of 996 students of 1-6 grades of the Chita State Medical Academy was carried out. The author’s questionnaire contained 53 questions concerning the peculiarities of the diet, the quality of the consumed products, as well as aimed at identifying gastrointestinal symptoms and hereditary factors in students. Statistical processing was carried out using the Statistica 10.0 program, correlation analysis was carried out using gamma correlation. Results. Only 40% of the respondents eat regularly at least 3 times a day. Almost 80% of students periodically skip meals at lunchtime, replacing it with a “snack on the run”: 45% 1-2 times a week, 24.8% 3-4 times a week, 9.4% daily during the school week. A positive correlation was found between the frequency of “snacking while running” per week with the frequency of pain (p = 0.0000001) and symptoms of gastric dyspepsia (p = 0.0000001). Only 57% of the respondents have breakfast. Abdominal pain 1-2 times a month and less was in 37.6% of respondents, 1-2 times a week - 26%, 3-4 times a week and more often - 7.4% and only 22% did not complain of pain in a stomach. Conclusion. Most of students have eating disorders that include inadequate breakfast, snack instead of lunch, lunch-dinner, and eating after 22:00. The relationship between the frequencies of eating disorders, fast food consumption, chips with gastrointestinal symptoms was revealed.

The aim. To analyze scientific researches on studying the biomarkers of fibrosis based on a review of the most recent publications for the possibility to predict electrical myocardial instability development. In total, 101 sources of literature related to the role of fibrosis biomarkers in the past 5 years were analyzed. The review of the literature has shown that myocardial fibrosis іs considered to be an arrhythmogenic substrate for ventricular arrhythmias, as it provides structural and functional disorders of the cardiac electrical activity. Markers of fibrosis, which are measured in cardiac pathology, allow determining the risk of electrical myocardial instability, which is a pathophysiological mechanism underlying sudden arrhythmic death. Conclusions. Markers of fibrosis such as aldosterone, galectin-3 and transforming growth factor-β1, which are measured in heart failure, hypertension, metabolic syndrome, myocardial infarction, atrial fibrillation, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy, have been found to predict myocardial electrical instability. Prediction of myocardial electrical instability in patients with hypertension and coronary heart disease based on studies of the association between frequent ventricular arrhythmias and plasma biomarkers of fibrosis (aldosterone, galectin-3, and transforming growth factor-β1) has not been discussed in the literature.

The problem of rickets remains relevant due to the widespread prevalence of the disease and unsatisfactory results of diagnosis and treatment. Objective. To identify changes in the biochemical parameters of bone metabolism and to establish their relationship with the clinical condition of children with rickets. Materials and methods . The authors conducted a simultaneous controlled clinical comparative study of 108 children aged from 5 months to 2 years. C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen (CrossLaps), calcitriol, calcitonin, osteocalcin, and blood osteoprote-gerin were analyzed by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method. The level of calcium was determined by colorimetric method, phosphorus — by photometric test. Alkaline phosphatase activity was evaluated in blood serum by an optimized kinetic method. Results . We determined a decrease in the level of serum calcitriol, calcitonin, calcium and phosphorus, as well as an increase in the concentration of the C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen, osteocalcin, parathyroid hormone, osteoprotegerin, acid and alkaline phosphatase activity. The greatest increase in the level of osteoprotegerin was recorded in children with the II degree of rickets, both in acute and subacute course. The concentration of osteocalcin was increased in all groups of patients with the highest values in patients with the II degree of rickets, regardless of the course of the disease. The activity of acid phosphatase in the blood of patients was also increased. A decrease in the concentration of calcitriol, calcitonin, calcium and phosphorus in the blood was observed in all groups of children with rickets. Conclusion. The authors recorded the correlations between the studied indicators of bone metabolism in patients with rickets. An increase in the level of osteoprotegerin is apparently a new link in the pathogenesis of rickets.

In many applications of physics, biology, and other sciences, an approach based on the concept of model equations is used as an approximate model of complex nonlinear processes. The basis of this concept is the provision that a small number of characteristic types movements of simple mathematical models inherent in systems gives the key to understanding and exploring a huge number of different phenomena. With this approach it is a priori assumed that the entire physical manifold can be represented in the form of fairly simple model equations. It is contributes to a qualitative study of complex systems for various physical nature since basic models individually are well studied, and their parameters have a physical interpretation. In particular, it is well known that oscillatory motion of various systems with a stable limit cycle can be modeled by a system consisting of one or more coupled van der Pol oscillators. This systems are widely represented, for example, in the study and modeling of some biological functions of the body, such as cardiac activity, respiration, locomotor activity, etc. Therefore, the tasks of determining in real time the state and parameters of such systems based on the results of measuring the output signals are relevant. One of these problems, namely, the problem of identification some parameters of an oscillatory system, is considered in this article. In the paper it is proposed Aa method is proposed for obtaining asymptotic estimates of parameters that determine the nonlinear nature of oscillations for a system of interconnected van der Pol oscillators by information about their motion. On the first step the corresponding identification problem was solved for one van der Pol oscillator; further, the results obtained results are extended to a system of interconnected oscillators. The unknown parameter characterizes the nonlinear term in the van der Pol equation and determines the threshold value for deviations at which the damping value in the system changes sign. The method of invariant relations is used for identification scheme design. Such approach allows us to synthesize additional relations arising between known and unknown quantities during the observed motion of the system considered. The constructed identifier provides an asymptotic estimation of unknown parameters for oscillatory networks of arbitrary structure. The numerical simulation confirms the operability of the proposed scheme for solving the identification problem.

The paper considers phytoplankton specifics in water bodies located in forest-park areas of different cities of Ukraine. The studies of phytoplankton in Lake Babine (Kiev) and the pond of the ZNAEU botanical garden during the growing seasons 2016- 2017 years were carried out with the help of methods generally accepted in hydrobiology with identification of the dominant species complex and calculation of the information diversity according to the Shannon index. It has been found that phytoplankton of these water bodies is characterized by high taxonomic, species, quantitative and information diversity. We identified 262 species of algae belonging to 8 divisions in the water-bodies, among which Bacillariophyta, Chlorophyta and Euglenophyta predominated. The maximum values of phytoplankton abundance and biomass were recorded in the spring and summer seasons. The dominant complex was represented by dinophyte, diatom, green and streptophytic algae. A significant portion of the latter in the phytoplankton of the botanical garden pond is an indication of swamping of the water-body, therefore it is recommended that appropriate measures be taken to improve its condition. β-mesosaprobes predominated in the water-bodies according to the findings of bioindication analysis. According to the index of saprobity the water-bodies under study belong to the class of "moderately polluted". In order to improve the ecological condition of large cities in Ukraine it is necessary to take measures to protect water bodies located in forest-park areas. Keywords: forest-park areas, taxonomic, species and information diversity, abundance, biomass, dominant algae complex

In article the case of inaccurate diagnosis of tuberculosis at the patient with HIV infection of a stage 4B is described. Low level of knowledge of pulmonologists, both in diagnosis of tuberculosis, and in other diseases of respiratory organs is shown. As a result at a pathomorphologic research pnevmotsistny pneumonia and a diffuse non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma were found in the patient.

The article presents the analysis of morphological peculiarities of temporal pulsating cavity under the experiment conditions using ballistic gel. In the course of the experiment there was used Fort-12 gun and standard ammunition of 9*18 mm caliber. A 250 Bloom ballistic gel (recommended by the leading researchers) was chosen as a simulator. The preparation of gel blocks was conducted using a classical methods suggested by Fackler and Malinowski, the concentration is 10 %, cooled down to the temperature of 4 °C (the exposition time is 48 hours). The visualization of a wound tract and cracks in gel left by the gunshot projectile and liquidation of the temporary pulsating cavity was conducted with the use of a contrasting water-soluble dye. After that the blocks were photographed and cut across the wound tract into plates of 1 cm width. Each section was scanned individually with the use of a flatbed scanner. In order to evaluate the damaging effect of the wounding projectile there are used standard calculation methods: Fackler’s wound profile (WP), the total crack length method (TCL), the polygonprocedure (PP).

Intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) is prevalent in various regions with a frequency of 4% to 15%. Mechanisms of its development remain poorly understood. Objective to evaluate the level of GH and IGF II in mothers and their newborn children with different variants of intrauterine growth. Materials and methods 175 pairs of mother – newborn child were studied. In the 1 st group there were 46 children ‘Light for gestation age’ (P05.0 according to the ICD-10), the 2-nd ‘Small for gestation age’ (P05.1), control – 45 children without trophic disorders. Results Infants of the 1 st group had a level of GH 21,28 ng/ml, compared with the 2-nd which was 27.3% lower. Newborns of the 1 st group had the lowest level of IGF II – 136,56 mg/ml, in the 2-nd it was 179,65, and 191,82 in control. GH level of mothers in the 2-nd group was 0.91 ng/ml, which was less than in the 1 st group by 28.9%, and less than control by 30.5%. In each group compared rates of hormones depending on the degree of IUGR. In infants with birth weight less than P3 concentration of GH in their mothers was 1.19 ng/ml, the level of IGF II was 360,13 mg/ml. In infants P3-10, the level of GH of their mothers was higher by 10,5% (to 1.33 ng/ml), and IGF II – 27,2% (494,5 mg/ml) than in group with birth weight less than P3. Thus GH and IGH II have important role in development of IUGR

The article discusses the questions of susceptibility of children to noninfectious diseases. Currently diathesis is understood as the groups of states predisposing to disease with polygenic nature of inheritance. Anomalies of the constitution - age-specific dysfunction of maturation, overstrained in certain systems . Data on the risk of developing diseases in children and adults on the basis of genetic predisposition are important for preventive medicine. Warning of the pathology in high-risk groups is possible through a balanced diet , avoiding harmful habits and physical exercises. Key words : children, predisposition, anomalies of constitution, diathesis . Конституция человека закладывается в раннем онтоге-незе [7]. В эти сроки формируется и предрасположенность (диатез) к той или иной патологии, в том числе и взрослого человека. Следовательно, на ранних этапах онтогенеза еще до манифестации клинических форм заболеваний для врача создается реальная возможность предотвратить развитие болезни путем изменения внешне-средовых факторов [7]. Ранее выделялись 3 основных типа диатезов: экс-судативно-катаральный, лимфатический (лимфатико-гипопластический) и нервно-артритический. Со времен М.С. Маслова в любом учебнике педиатрии сказано, что диатез – это предрасположенность, а не болезнь. Однако далее в руководствах описывается этиология, затем пато-генез, а далее клиника, диагностика и лечение. Возникает вопрос, какая клиника может быть, если болезни нет, и зачем нужно лечить, если это не патология, а только пред-расположенность? Вот почему в середине 80-х годов 20 века отечественны-ми учеными Ю.Е. Вельтищевым, Ж.Ж. Рапопортом, И.М. Воронцовым [2, 3, 6] предложено пересмотреть устояв-шиеся понятия. По их положениям диатез – это на самом деле предрасположенность к болезни, поэтому о клинике и терапии речи идти не может, а следует проводить про-филактику патологии у склонных к ней детей. Диатезы – это группы состояний, предрасполагающих к болезням с полигенным характером наследования. Если болезнь имеет моногенный тип передачи (например, гемофилия), то она разовьется в любом случае. Если у мальчика есть ген гемофилии, то избежать этого страдания не удастся, однако можно улучшить течение болезни, предупредив гемартрозы. Однако большинство болезней человека имеют по-лигенный характер наследования, например, гипертони-ческая болезнь. В настоящее время не выявлен ген этого заболевания, но установлено, что по наследству передаются определенный тип реакции сердечно-сосудистой системы на стресс, чувствительность бета-адренорецепторов к эндогенным катехоламинам, тип вегетативной нервной системы, реакция на введение поваренной соли и др. По-этому мы можем диетой, рациональной физической нагруз-кой, психотерапией предупредить не только осложнения, но и сам факт развития патологии. Вот почему диатезов столько, сколько болезней с полигенным характером на-следования. Данные о риске развития заболеваний у детей и взрослых на основе наследственной предрасположен-ности имеют большое значение для профилактической медицины.Конституция (лат. constitutio – установление, ор-ганизация) в медицине – совокупность относительно устойчивых морфологических и функциональных (в том числе психологических) свойств человека, обусловленных наследственностью, возрастом, а также длительными и (или) интенсивными влияниями окружающей среды, опре-деляющих функциональные способности и реактивность организма [8]. Существует более двух десятков класси-фикаций конституциональных типов, но в педиатрии эти классификации практически не применяются.Диатез (греч. diathesis – склонность к чему-либо, пред-расположение) – это генетически детерминированная особенность организма, определяющая своеобразие его адаптивных реакций и предрасполагающая к определенной группе заболеваний. В англо-американской литературе термин «диатез» не принят, его заменяет «liability» – под-верженность, склонность.Аномалии конституции – возрастно-специфические дисфункции созревания, перенапряжения в определенных системах. Термин «аномалии конституции», по мнению Ю.Е. Вельтищева [2], представляется менее емким, чем термин «диатезы».Большинство заболеваний у взрослых и детей воз-никают на фоне того или иного предрасположения. Но это предрасположение не всегда реализуется в истинное многофакторное заболевание, поскольку у маленьких детей в силу возрастных физиологических особенностей сниже-ны пороговые значения воздействия внешних факторов. По мере роста и созревания иммунной системы действие внешних факторов на организм может усиливаться, а на-следственных – ослабевать. При благоприятных условиях внешней среды предрасположение к заболеванию может вообще не реализоваться.Проявления предрасположенности зависят не только от неблагоприятных внешне-средовых факторов, но и продолжительности и силы их воздействия. Примером этого является увеличение частоты многих хронических заболеваний в подростковом возрасте.