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The aim of the study was to evaluate the use of intramammary antibiotics before, during and after the elimination of Staphylococcus aureus genotype B (SAGTB). Data on intramammary antibiotic use was collected in 65 dairy farms as part of a pilot project for SAGTB elimination in the canton of Ticino from 2017 to 2019. The investigated farms were divided into 46 affected farms (with at least one SAGTB-positive animal) and 19 control farms (SAGTB-free farms). Data on antibiotic use were requested from veterinarians and treatment incidence, as a measure of antibiotic use, was calculated based on medical records and veterinary prescriptions. In addition, the treatment incidence was calculated for 47 farms during alpine farming period. In 2018 (elimination year), the mean incidence of treatment during lactation in the SAGTB-positive farms was significantly higher than in the control farms (p=0,003). In 2019 no significantly lower antibiotic use during lactation or dry period was detected between 2017 (before elimination) and 2019 (after elimination). Alpine farming places where only S. aureus genotype B-negative animals had access to had a significantly lower antibiotic use during lactation (p=0,004). The new federal database (Antibiotics Information System in Veterinary Medicine, IS ABV) should allow continuous monitoring and to confirm the reduction of antibiotic use in the coming years.Das Ziel der Studie war es, den Verbrauch von intramammären Antibiotika vor, während und nach der Sanierung von Staphylococcus aureus Genotyp B (SAGTB) zu bewerten. In der Studie wurden Daten zum intramammären Antibiotikaverbrauch von 2017 bis 2019 in 65 Milchviehbetrieben im Rahmen eines Pilotprojekts zur SAGTB-Sanierung im Kanton Tessin erhoben, aufgeteilt in 46 Fallbetriebe (mit mindestens einem SAGTB-positiven Tier) und 19 Kontrollbetriebe (SAGTB-freie Betriebe). Daten zum Antibiotikaverbrauch wurden von Tierärzten angefordert, und dank der tierärztlichen Aufzeichnungen und Verschreibungen war es möglich, die Behandlungsinzidenz als Messgrösse für den Antibiotikaverbrauch zu berechnen. Zusätzlich konnte für 47 Betriebe auch die Behandlungsinzidenz während der Alpung berechnet werden. Im Jahr 2018 (Sanierungsjahr) war die Behandlungsinzi­denz während der Laktation in den SAGTB – positiven Betrieben im Mittel signifikant höher als für die Kontrollbetriebe (p=0,003). Beim Vergleich von 2017 (vor der Sanierung) mit 2019 (nach der Sanierung) gab es im Jahr 2019 keinen signifikant niedrigeren Antibiotikaverbrauch während der Laktation und für das Trockenstellen zu verzeichnen. Bei den Sömmerungsbetrieben wurde im Jahr nach der Sanierung (2019) ein signifikant tieferer Antibiotikaverbrauch während der Laktation für diejenigen Alpen festgestellt, welche nur S. aureus Genotyp B negative Tiere aufnahmen (p=0,004). Es ist zu hoffen, dass mit Hilfe der neuen Bundesdatenbank (Informationssystem Antibiotika in der Veterinärmedizin, IS ABV) das Monitoring in den kommenden Jahren fortgesetzt werden kann und die Reduzierung des Antibiotikaverbrauchs auch in den Folgejahren bestätigt werden.L’objectif de l’étude était d’évaluer la consommation d’antibiotiques intramammaires avant, pendant et après l’assainissement de Staphylococcus aureus génotype B (SAGTB). Dans le cadre d’un projet pilote d’assainissement SAGTB dans le canton du Tessin, l’étude a recueilli des données sur la consommation d’antibiotiques intramammaires de 2017 à 2019 dans 65 exploitations laitières réparties en 46 exploitations test (avec au moins un animal positif au SAGTB) et 19 exploitations témoins (exploitations exemptes de SAGTB). Les données relatives à la consommation d’antibiotiques ont été demandées aux vétérinaires et, grâce aux enregistrements et aux prescriptions des vétérinaires, il a été possible de calculer l’incidence du traitement en tant que mesure de la consommation d’antibiotiques. En outre, l’incidence des traitements pendant l’alpage a également pu être calculée pour 47 exploitations. En 2018 (année d’assainissement), l’incidence des traitements pendant la lactation était en moyenne significativement plus élevée dans les exploitations SAGTB-positives que pour les exploitations de contrôle (p=0,003). En comparant 2017 (avant l’assainissement) et 2019 (après l’assainissement), il n’y a pas eu de baisse significative de la consommation d’antibiotiques pendant la lactation et le tarissement en 2019. Dans les exploitations d’estivage, on a constaté l’année suivant l’assainissement (2019) une consommation d’antibiotiques significativement plus faible pendant la lactation pour les alpages qui n’accueillaient que des animaux négatifs à S. aureus génotype B (p=0,004). Il faut espérer qu’avec l’aide de la nouvelle base de données fédérale (Système d’information sur les antibiotiques en médecine vétérinaire, IS ABV), le monitoring pourra être poursuivi dans les années à venir et que la réduction de la consommation d’antibiotiques sera confirmée dans les années suivantes.Lo scopo dello studio era di valutare l’uso di antibiotici intramammari prima, durante e dopo il risanamento da Staphylococcus aureus genotipo B (SAGTB). I dati sull’uso di antibiotici intramammari sono stati raccolti in 65 aziende di bovine da latte, dal 2017 al 2019, nell’ambito di un progetto pilota per il risanamento dello SAGTB nel Canton Ticino. Le aziende esaminate sono state suddivise in 46 aziende infette (con almeno un animale positivo allo SAGTB) e 19 aziende di controllo (aziende prive di SAGTB). I dati sull’uso di antibiotici sono stati richiesti ai veterinari e l’incidenza dei trattamenti, come la misura dell’uso di antibiotici, è stata calcolata sulla base delle cartelle cliniche e delle prescrizioni veterinarie. Inoltre, l’incidenza dei trattamenti è stata calcolata per 47 aziende anche durante il periodo dell’alpeggio. Nel 2018 (anno del risanamento), l’incidenza media dei trattamenti durante la lattazione negli allevamenti positivi allo SAGTB era significativamente più alta rispetto agli allevamenti di controllo (p=0,003). Mettendo a confronto il 2017 (prima del risanamento) e il 2019 (dopo il risanamento) non è stato rilevato un uso di antibiotici significativamente inferiore durante la lattazione o il periodo di asciutta. Per gli allevamenti di estivazione, si è registrato un consumo di antibiotici significativamente inferiore durante la lattazione nell’anno successivo al risanamento (2019) per gli alpeggi che hanno alpeggiato solo animali negativi al genotipo B di S. aureus (p=0,004). Si spera che con l’aiuto della nuova banca dati federale (Sistema d’informazione sugli antibiotici nella medicina veterinaria, SI AMV), il monitoraggio possa continuare nei prossimi anni e che la riduzione del consumo di antibiotici sia confermata anche negli anni successivi.

To determine risk factors for surgical site infection (SSI) after cochlear implantation (CI) in pediatric patients.Case-control study.A total of 150 hospitals contributing data to the ACS-NSQIP Pediatric database (American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program) in North America and worldwide.Pediatric patients (aged18 years) undergoing CI during the years 2012 to 2017 were identified in the ACS-NSQIP Pediatric database. Uni- and multivariable logistic regression analyses were used to determine the odds ratios (ORs) of SSI (including superficial incisional, deep incisional, organ/space) occurring up to 30 days postoperatively.A total of 79 SSIs occurred over a 5-year period (n = 5146). Longer operative time significantly increased the odds of SSI (OR, 1.965; 95% CI, 1.205-3.289). Younger age was also found to raise the odds of SSI, with decreased odds associated with each 6-month increase in age (OR, 0.887; 95% CI, 0.814-0.958).Longer operative time and younger age appear to significantly increase the odds of SSI in pediatric CI. Body mass index, recent steroid use, American Society of Anesthesiologists class, bilateral vs unilateral implantation, and hospital length of stay do not appear to significantly influence SSI risk. These findings must be interpreted in the context of the limitations inherent to adverse events reporting, which are mitigated by the stringent manner of data collection by the ACS-NSQIP, and those inherent to the definition of SSI. Future prospective studies should investigate the impact of reducing operative time on the risk of SSI and other complications in pediatric CI.

Intersex has been reported regularly in wild populations of gonochoristic fish. The authors investigated the possible feminization of seahorses in a population of Hippocampus reidi in Brazil, as well as report a case of a brood pouch reduction after reproductive stimuli. The female seahorses of this population showed two kinds of morphological anomalies. The proportion of the animals affected in the study population was consistent and was uncorrelated with the sex ratio. The study indicates the changes in the sexual profile of the individual.

The Patagonian seahorse Hippocampus patagonicus occurs between the southern coast of Argentina and southern Brazil. The present study documents the first occurrence of H. patagonicus in Guanabara Bay, Rio de Janeiro, where it was taken as a fishery bycatch. They were caught in gillnets and had been preserved by the fishermen in absolute alcohol. The females were in reproductive stage 3, which indicates that they may migrate to Guanabara Bay to reproduce.

Create a competency-based assessment tool for pediatric esophagoscopy with foreign body removal.Blinded modified Delphi consensus process.Tertiary care center.A list of 25 potential items was sent via the Research Electronic Data Capture database to 66 expert surgeons who perform pediatric esophagoscopy. In the first round, items were rated as "keep" or "remove" and comments were incorporated. In the second round, experts rated the importance of each item on a seven-point Likert scale. Consensus was determined with a goal of 7 to 25 final items.The response rate was 38/64 (59.4%) in the first round and returned questionnaires were 100% complete. Experts wanted to "keep" all items and 172 comments were incorporated. Twenty-four task-specific and 7 previously-validated global rating items were distributed in the second round, and the response rate was 53/64 (82.8%) with questionnaires returned 97.5% complete. Of the task-specific items, 9 reached consensus, 7 were near consensus, and 8 did not achieve consensus. For global rating items that were previously validated, 6 reached consensus and 1 was near consensus.It is possible to reach consensus about the important steps involved in rigid esophagoscopy with foreign body removal using a modified Delphi consensus technique. These items can now be considered when evaluating trainees during this procedure. This tool may allow trainees to focus on important steps of the procedure and help training programs standardize how trainees are evaluated.5. Laryngoscope, 131:1168-1174, 2021.

Objective The purpose of this study is to determine the feasibility of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) without general anesthesia (GA) for infants being evaluated for sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) using the bundle and scan technique. Study design Retrospective study. Setting Pediatric tertiary care hospital. Patients All infants who underwent MRI using the bundle and scan technique as part of the diagnostic workup for unilateral or bilateral SNHL between June 2016 to April 2019 were included. Main outcome measure The primary outcome was the proportion of clinically useful images produced. Results We reviewed 21 bundle and scan MRI examinations in infants being evaluated for SNHL. Patients had a median age of 10 (range: 6-25) weeks at the time of MRI. Motion artifact was noted in 38% (8/21) of cases. Eighty-six percent (18/21) of the magnetic resonance images produced using the bundle and scan technique were of diagnostic quality and/or sufficient for surgical planning for cochlear implantation. Repeat imaging with GA was required for three cases (14%) as the initial images were not clinically useful. All patients requiring GA had unilateral SNHL. All patients with bilateral SNHL successfully underwent MRI without GA using the bundle and scan technique. Conclusion The results of our study demonstrate that it is feasible to perform MRI using the bundle and scan technique in the majority of young infants being evaluated for SNHL. This has the potential to help determine cochlear implant candidacy earlier, reduce exposure to GA, and reduce healthcare costs.

Na física de partículas elementares, alguns hádrons detectados contêm estruturas internas complicadas e interações externas complexas. Baseados nisto, cada vez mais aproximações e métodos são necessários para descrever as propriedades físicas das partículas elementares e suas interações. Explorando a teoria quântica de campos na frente de luz, o presente trabalho estuda os fatores de forma eletromagnéticos, em regime elástico, para mésons pseudoescalares, utilizando-se de uma função de vértice simétrica e da abordagem de aproximação de polo. A construção de outros observáveis se torna possível a partir destes estudos dos fatores de forma eletromagnéticos, por exemplo, do raio quadrático eletromagnético e da constante de decaimento eletrofraca. Ademais, o trabalho investiga a confiabilidade da abordagem de aproximação de polo para os valores exatos do fator de forma eletromagnético usando apenas alguns polos das amplitudes de Feynman, simplificando os cálculos sem a dependência direta dos propagadores externos. As consequências desta abordagem em relação aos observáveis foram comparadas com os da dos experimentais. Uma vez que os cálculos destes observáveis e o estudo da aproximação de polo se mostram satisfatórios para o caso do píton, o trabalho pode ser implementado para outros mesons pseudoescalares mais complexos. Nesse sentido, a abordagem de aproximação de polo pode ser utilizada para simplificar cálculos envolvendo fatores de forma eletromagnéticos, a princípio, para estruturas mais complexas de mesons pseudoescalares, outros tipos de ansatz para funções vértice reguladoras ou modelos mais sofisticados baseados em soluções da equação de Bethe-Salpeter. In elementary particle physics, some detected hadrons contain complicated internal structures and complex external interactions. Based on this, increasingly sophisticated approaches and methods are needed to describe particle physical properties and their interactions. Exploring the quantum field theory within light-front dynamics, the work studies the elastic electromagnetic form factors of pseudoscalar mesons using a symmetric vertex function and the pole approximation approach. Furthermore, other observables can be built from these electromagnetic form factors studies, for example, the mean-square charge radius and weak decay constant. Moreover, this work investigates the reliability of the pole approximation approach to the exact values of electromagnetic form factors using only a few poles of the Feynman amplitudes, simplifying the calculations without the direct dependence of external propagators. The consequences of that approach for all the observables are also compared with the experimental data. Once calculations of the observables and the pole approximation approach studies have been satisfactory for the pion experimental data, the work is implemented for other more complex meson structures. In this way, the pole approximation approaches can simplify calculations of electromagnetic form factors, at first, for more complex pseudoscalar meson structures, other types of ansatz for regulator vertex functions, or more sophisticated dynamical models based on solutions of a Bethe-Salpeter equation.

En mi obra utilizo una percha de metal con forma de cuerpo femenino para plasmar y cuestionar el rol que se le ha atribuido a la mujer a lo largo de la historia, siendo considerada el sexo debil, definida desde lo sexual, confinada a los quehaceres domesticos, a las labores manuales, y a la crianza de hijos. Considero que el contenido específico que se destaca es el soporte. Según el diccionario, soporte se refiere a “cosa que recibe el peso de otra e impide que esta se tambalee o caiga”, los sinónimos más comunes para esta palabra son apoyo o sostén. Las mismas funciones para las que ha sido diseñada la percha. El soporte en el arte, hace alusión a la superficie sobre la que se va a trabajar, ya sea pintando, dibujando, tallando, etcétera. También en la definición se describen las posibilidades materiales del mismo, papel, cartón, piedra, muro, metal, y puede ser natural o artificial, pero siempre se tiene en cuenta que sea adecuado tanto en forma como en tamaño a la composición. Es por ello que esta percha es el sostén ideal para mi obra. Me permite representar un cuerpo femenino adulto, a escala de forma y tamaño, aunque estandarizado, de metal y vacío, que además, reúne las condiciones necesarias para reforzar la idea sobre la que trabajo, tanto a nivel compositivo como narrativo. Sobre este soporte, la percha, he podido montar, superponer, pegar, pintar y manchar las capas de materiales que utilice para producir, llenando ese espacio vacío delimitado por la varilla de metal que le da forma. La obra representa la idealización del cuerpo femenino que carga con el deber ser y soporta los preceptos con los que la mujer ha sido educada., Facultad de Artes

One of the consequences of climate change is an increase in the temperature of the oceans, which is considered to be one of the greatest impacts on biodiversity. Fish may respond to this impact in several ways, including shifts in their patterns of occurrence. The present study investigated the variation in the structure of a H. reidi population between 2015 and 2017 in the northern Guaíba Island area, highlighting a possible relationship to thermal anomaly associated with the El Niño phenomenon. The seahorse population monitoring was performed monthly, recording sex ratio, abundance, juvenile and adult proportion, depth of occurrence, total length and the holdfast which the seahorse were found attached. The influence of the El Niño event on the study population was evaluated by the correlation of the thermal anomaly data reported for the Tropical South Atlantic Index. Seahorse density on northern Guaíba island was positively and significantly correlated with water temperature, but the sex ratio and number of juveniles were not. The diversity of holdfasts used increased over the study period and was inversely proportional to the thermal anomaly. These results suggest that the thermal anomalies caused by the El Niño in the South Atlantic might trigger migration behaviour in the study species, providing a large aggregation during that period in Guaíba island.

Objectives/hypothesis Create a competency-based assessment tool for pediatric esophagoscopy with foreign body removal. Study design Blinded modified Delphi consensus process. Setting Tertiary care center. Methods A list of 25 potential items was sent via the Research Electronic Data Capture database to 66 expert surgeons who perform pediatric esophagoscopy. In the first round, items were rated as "keep" or "remove" and comments were incorporated. In the second round, experts rated the importance of each item on a seven-point Likert scale. Consensus was determined with a goal of 7 to 25 final items. Results The response rate was 38/64 (59.4%) in the first round and returned questionnaires were 100% complete. Experts wanted to "keep" all items and 172 comments were incorporated. Twenty-four task-specific and 7 previously-validated global rating items were distributed in the second round, and the response rate was 53/64 (82.8%) with questionnaires returned 97.5% complete. Of the task-specific items, 9 reached consensus, 7 were near consensus, and 8 did not achieve consensus. For global rating items that were previously validated, 6 reached consensus and 1 was near consensus. Conclusions It is possible to reach consensus about the important steps involved in rigid esophagoscopy with foreign body removal using a modified Delphi consensus technique. These items can now be considered when evaluating trainees during this procedure. This tool may allow trainees to focus on important steps of the procedure and help training programs standardize how trainees are evaluated. Level of evidence 5. Laryngoscope, 131:1168-1174, 2021.

The primary objective of this single- and multiple-dose pharmacokinetic study was the investigation of rifamycin SV’s pharmacokinetic profile in plasma and urine. All the 18 enrolled healthy men and post-menopausal women received modified release tablets containing 600 mg of the oral non-absorbable antibiotic, rifamycin SV, according to a multiple dose regimen: one tablet three times a day (daily intake: 1800 mg) for 14 consecutive days. Blood sampling and urine collection were performed up to 24 h post-dose after the first dose on Days 1 and 7. On average, on Day 1, Cmax,0–24 was 5.79 ± 4.24 ng/mL and was attained in a median time of 9 h. On Day 7, all the subjects had quantifiable levels of rifamycin SV in plasma at each sampling time. After a peak concentration attained 2 h post-dose (mean ± SD concentration: 10.94 ± 16.41 ng/mL), rifamycin SV decreased in plasma to levels similar to those of Day 1. The amounts of rifamycin SV excreted in urine paralleled the plasma concentration at the corresponding times. On Day 1, the total amount excreted in urine was 0.0013%, and was 0.0029% on Day 7. The study results confirmed those of the previous Phase I study: the systemic absorption of rifamycin SV was also proved negligible after 7 days of the 600 mg t.i.d. dose regimen of the newly formulated tablets, currently under development for the treatment of several small and large intestinal pathologies, including diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome, hepatic encephalopathy, and others. Registered at ClinicalTrials.gov with the identifier NCT02969252, last updated on 26JAN18.

The present study reports the Hippocampus patagonicus Piacentino & Luzzatto, 2004 occurrence in shallow rocky reefs. We found two individuals in two different Gua��ba Island beaches, Sepetiba Bay, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. We recorded two adults with similar dimensions as reported in other studies with the same species. Usually, they are not found in shallow waters, but the present study reports them associated with rocky reefs less than one meter deep. This is the first record for the species in that environment and in Sepetiba Bay.