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Objectives: Data of long-term follow up for large non pedunculated colorectal polyps (LNPCPs) ≥4 cm removed with piecemeal wide field endoscopic mucosal resection (PWF-EMR) are limited. We primarily evaluated the recurrence rates and secondarily the rates of post colonoscopic polypectomy colorectal cancer (PCPCRC) on a long-term basis., Methods: We retrospectively reviewed a prospectively-stored electronic database of all patients who underwent PWF-EMR for LNPCPs at the Venizeleion General Hospital, between 2009 and 2020. Eligible patients were those with LNPCPs ≥4 cm, deemed completely removed by endoscopic means and followed-up for a minimum of 36 months with at least two surveillance colonoscopies, the first one (SC1) (4-6) months after the initial PWF-EMR procedure and the second one (SC2) after (12-18) months. In 2023, all cases were checked for PCPCRC development., Results: Residual/early recurrent tissue was detected in 44 (31 %) cases among the 142 (82 males, 60 females) assessed during SC1. Late recurrent tissue was detected in 9 (6.6 %) cases among the 137 surveyed during SC2. Investigation did not reveal any case of PCPCRC ., Conclusions: This historical cohort shows that the PWF-EMR for LNPCPs ≥4 cm is a safe and definitive removal method while it is not associated with the appearance of PCPCRC., Competing Interests: Conflict of interest No Conflict of Interest., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

Background: Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) exhibit an increased risk for acquiring hepatitis B virus (HBV), thus they should be vaccinated preferably, if not already infected or immunized. We assessed the efficacy of HBV vaccination in IBD patients and impact of different factors on the immune response. We also evaluated the success rate of 2 different revaccination strategies in the nonresponders., Methods: This was a retrospective observational cohort study carried out in 5 tertiary centers. All patients were tested for hepatitis B surface antigen, antibodies against hepatitis B surface antigen (anti-HBs), and antibodies against hepatitis B core antigen. Patients tested negative and underwent the standard schedule with 20 µg at 0, 1, and 6 months. Nonresponders (anti-HBs <10 IU/L) were offered a revaccination scheme with either 3 doses of 40 µg at 0, 1, and 6 months or an accelerated scheme with 20 µg at 0, 1, and 2 months., Results: A total of 409 patients were included, and 273 (66.7%) of those (females: 49.5%; Crohn's disease [CD]: 56.7%) responded to baseline vaccination. A total of 189 (69.2%) of 273 (females: 48.1%; CD: 60.3%) developed anti-HBs >100 IU/L. Body mass index <30 kg/m2 (P = .017) was positively associated, while diagnosis of CD (P = .013), extensive UC (P <.0001), extraintestinal manifestations (P = .001), and treatment with immunomodulators/anti-tumor necrosis factor (P < .00) negatively affected the response. Revaccination was offered to 103 patients, and 58.3% of them achieved anti-HBs >10 IU/L. Both revaccination strategies were equally effective., Conclusions: IBD patients demonstrate lower response to HBV vaccination compared with the general population. Age, body mass index, type, disease activity, and immunosuppression negatively affect the response. Half of nonresponders may benefit from an enhanced revaccination attempt., (© The Author(s) 2024. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Crohn’s & Colitis Foundation. All rights reserved. For commercial re-use, please contact reprints@oup.com for reprints and translation rights for reprints. All other permissions can be obtained through our RightsLink service via the Permissions link on the article page on our site—for further information please contact journals.permissions@oup.com.)

Background: Prolonged biliary stenting may be considered in high-risk patients with irretrievable bile duct stones (IBDS). Distal stent migration (DSM) is a known complication, although data beyond the recommended interval of temporary stenting (3-6 months) are lacking. We compared the long-term incidence of DSM between straight and double-pigtail stents in patients with IBDS., Methods: Consecutive patients with IBDS undergoing plastic biliary stenting (1/2009-12/2019) were retrospectively reviewed. DSM was confirmed on follow-up examination when the stent was no longer present at the papillary orifice nor fluoroscopically visible in the bile duct. Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression analyses were used to determine estimates and predictors of DSM., Results: Overall, 618 biliary stenting procedures (410 patients) were included: 289 with a straight stent (group A) and 329 with a double-pigtail (group B). By Kaplan-Meier analysis, the DSM rates were 8.4 and 14.6% at 6 months, 21.4 and 27.7% at 12 months, 27 and 43.5% at 18 months, and 37.2 and 60.4% at 24 months, for groups A and B, respectively (p = 0.004). Double-pigtail stents were at higher risk for DSM (HR = 7.38, p = 0.04), whereas an inverse correlation was noted with age (HR = 0.97, p = 0.0001). Considering only temporary stenting procedures (≤ 6 months; n = 297), the probability of DSM was not significantly different between the two groups (p = 0.07)., Conclusions: In a setting of prolonged stenting for IBDS, the probability of DSM appears to be higher when a double-pigtail stent is used and in younger patients. A relative anti-migratory advantage of double-pigtail over straight stents appears negligible in this study., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)

Background and study aims  Through advanced endoscopic clipping techniques, endoscopic treatment of both diagnostic and therapeutic acute iatrogenic colonic perforations has been shown effective. The main purpose of this study was to compare the management of acute iatrogenic perforations (AIPs) of the colon before and after the introduction of advanced clipping techniques. Methods  We conducted a retrospective study from July 1996 to February 2020. The period was divided into two sub periods, Period 1: from July 1996 to December 2012 and Period 2: from January 2013 to March 2020. All AIPs occurring during a colonoscopy and detected during or immediately (< 4 hours) after the procedure, were included in the study. Results  The total number of colonoscopies performed at our hospital was 33055 and 36831 during Periods 1 and 2 respectively. Fifteen perforations were observed in Period 1 and 11 in Period 2. The rate of surgery was 93.3 % % (14/15) in Period 1 and 27.2 % (3 /11) in Period 2 ( P  < 0.01). The mean hospital stay in Period 1 was 6.9 days and 4 in Period 2 ( P  < 0.01). Conclusions  Data from this historical cohort have clearly shown a decrease in the surgery rate and the length of hospitalization of AIPs in Period 2 compared to Period 1., Competing Interests: Competing interests The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest., (The Author(s). This is an open access article published by Thieme under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonDerivative-NonCommercial License, permitting copying and reproduction so long as the original work is given appropriate credit. Contents may not be used for commercial purposes, or adapted, remixed, transformed or built upon. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).)

There is a wide variety of pancreatic neoplasms identified, but the great majority of them are of primary origin. Metastatic disease in the pancreatic parenchyma is quite rare (2-5% of pancreatic malignancies) and most often is quite difficult to differentiate from other primary lesions. Most of the imaging studies fail to give certain discriminating features for metastatic pancreatic neoplasms, contrary to endoscopic ultrasound and tissue sampling, which can provide an accurate diagnosis. In this report, we present a case of a male middle aged man who was admitted to our hospital with painless jaundice and finally was diagnosed with a cutaneous scalp melanoma dispersedly metastasized to the pancreas and upper gastrointestinal tract (stomach and duodenum).

Differential diagnosis of pancreatic lesions is really challenging, especially when the patient is diagnosed with primary cancer at another site. In this case report, we managed to histologically confirm pancreatic metastasis from squamous cell lung carcinoma, which is a very rare entity, using endoscopic ultrasound fine needle biopsy., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2019 by S. Karger AG, Basel.)

Background: Endoscopic full-thickness resection (EFTR) using the full-thickness resection device (FTRD ® ) is an invasive treatment for colorectal lesions not resectable by conventional endoscopic techniques. This study presents the first Greek experience of the FTRD ® procedure, assessing the efficacy and safety of EFTR., Methods: We conducted a retrospective analysis of 17 consecutive patients treated with the FTRD ® at 2 referral centers from October 2015 through December 2018. The indications included difficult adenomas (non-lifting and/or at difficult locations), early adenocarcinomas and subepithelial tumors. Primary endpoints were technical success and R0 resection., Results: Technical success and R0 resection were achieved in 82.3% procedures (14/17) and in 87.5% of those with difficult adenomas (8 patients). In the subgroup with carcinomas (n=3), the rate of technical success and R0 resection was 66.6%, while in the subgroup with subepithelial tumors (n=6) the rate was 83.3%. Technical success and R0 resection were significantly lower for lesions >20 mm vs. ≤20 mm (P=0.0429). In the 17 patients a total of 3 adverse events occurred (17.6%) and one of the patients underwent laparoscopic appendectomy because of EFTR around the appendix., Conclusions: Our study showed favorable results concerning EFTR feasibility, efficacy and safety, especially for lesions ≤20 mm, non-lifting adenomas, and subepithelial tumors. Technical success, R0 resection, and adverse events rates were comparable with previously published data. Larger randomized studies are needed to better define the clinical benefit and long-term outcomes of EFTR in selected patients., Competing Interests: Conflict of Interest: None

Membranous nephropathy (MN) with tubulointerstitial nephritis (TIN) is an established manifestation of immunoglobulin G4 (IgG4)-related disease (IgG4-RD). A pathological feature aiming to distinguish between primary and secondary MN is the presence or absence of glomerular staining for phospholipase A2 receptor (PLA2R), respectively. Isolated MN without TIN has been rarely reported in the context of IgG4-RD. This case report describes a patient with a history of MN successfully treated with steroids and cyclophosphamide, who, 3 years later, presented with unexplained exacerbation of diabetes mellitus due to IgG4-related autoimmune pancreatitis. Pancreatitis was treated, and diabetes improved after treatment with steroids. Based on the presence of isolated IgG4 glomerular capillary deposits along with negative staining for PLA2R and the metachronous appearance of autoimmune pancreatitis, MN was retrospectively classified as secondary to IgG4-RD. Isolated IgG4-positive/PLA2R-negative MN without TIN can be a prodrome of IgG4-RD, reminiscent of MN secondary to neoplasms., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Background: Meta-analyses and guidelines recommend that deep submucosal invasion (>1 mm) of malignant sessile colonic polyps is an important risk factor for lymph node metastasis. However, existing data are based on small retrospective studies with marked heterogeneity. We herein aimed to investigate the long-term outcomes of patients who underwent complete endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) of malignant colonic sessile polyps invading the submucosal layer., Methods: Endoscopy records for the period 2000-2016 were reviewed retrospectively. All enrolled patients exhibited an endoscopically resected malignant colonic sessile polyp. All patients were advised to undergo surgery, but some opted for conservative treatment and endoscopic follow up., Results: Fifty-one patients with confirmed infiltrative submucosal adenocarcinoma in sessile colonic polyps that had undergone complete EMR were detected. A total of 32 (62.7%) patients opted for surgery after EMR and 19 (37.3%) chose endoscopic follow up. In 44 (86.3%) patients the submucosal invasion was >1 mm. Residual malignant disease was identified in the surgical pathological specimen of only 1 patient. During a median follow up of 23.41 months (interquartile range 33.45, range 1.84-144.92), no local recurrences or lymph node metastasis were identified. Forty-nine patients are alive without evidence of disease and 2 died of other causes (without evidence of local or metastatic disease at last follow up)., Conclusion: Our data suggest that complete EMR of cancerous colonic sessile polyps, even in cases of submucosal invasion >1 mm carries a low risk of recurrence and therefore may need further evaluation as an alternative strategy to surgical resection., Competing Interests: Conflict of Interest: None

Background: Recently, the introduction of the novel digital SpyGlass™ DS Direct Visualization system (Boston Scientific Corp., Natick, MA, USA) has signaled the transition into the era of digital single-operator cholangioscopy (D-SOC). We sought to compare the clinical utility between fiberoptic single-operator cholangioscopy (F-SOC) and D-SOC in a tertiary-care referral center in Greece., Methods: This was a retrospective analysis of a prospective database of single-operator cholangioscopy (SOC) procedures performed over an 8-year period (2009-2017) at a single tertiary-care referral center. The study population consisted of consecutive adults referred for cholangioscopy for a variety of clinical indications, including biliary strictures, difficult biliary stones and migrated or occluded pancreatic or biliary stents., Results: A total of 2763 endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography procedures were performed during the study period. Overall, SOC was performed in 68 (2.46%) procedures (F-SOC=39, D-SOC=29), showing a significant increase in the utilization of cholangioscopy during the D-SOC (29/599; 4.84%) compared with the F-SOC (39/2124; 1.83%) period (P=0.0001). The overall technical success of diagnostic SOC was 69.1% (38/55), being marginally higher for D-SOC (83.3%) than for F-SOC (58.1%), although not reaching statistical significance (P=0.07)., Conclusions: D-SOC was utilized more frequently in our tertiary-care non-academic referral center, demonstrating a favorable safety profile and a trend towards a marginally higher technical success rate for the diagnosis of biliary strictures compared with F-SOC., Competing Interests: Conflict of Interest: None

Adrenal cystic lesions constitute a rare finding and usually are diagnosed incidentally as retroperitoneal cysts during imaging studies. A major issue, especially for the large-sized ones, is their preoperative diagnosis and management, as imaging modalities often fail to detect their exact origin prior to surgery. We report a case of a big adrenal cyst that was mistakenly diagnosed and followed up as pancreatic cystic tail tumor. Our thorough workup, which included endoscopic ultrasound (EUS), managed to delineate an adrenal gland-originated cyst and altered further management of the patient. According to our knowledge, this is the first report in literature in which EUS proved its superiority over other imaging studies in clarifying the origin of an ambiguous big retroperitoneal cyst. We believe that for cases of large retroperitoneal cystic lesions, EUS consists the optimal diagnostic and sampling tool.

Background: There is evidence that circulating microparticles (MPs) and annexin (+) platelet-derived MPs (PDMPs) are increased in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The aim of our study was to characterize the abundance, origin, and annexin V binding of MPs in patients with IBD and correlate them with the disease characteristics., Methods: Case-control study of 46 IBD patients (23 Crohn's disease, 23 ulcerative colitis) and 40 matched healthy controls (HC). MPs were divided according to annexin V binding, their origin was estimated based on specific cell membrane markers in plasma samples and their number was calculated via flow cytometry. Clinical and laboratory activity indices were also analyzed., Results: Annexin (-) PDMPs (P=0.0004), total (P=0.04) and annexin (+) monocyte-derived MPs (P=0.02) were increased and annexin (-) total MPs (P=0.0007) were decreased in IBD patients compared to HC. The annexin (+)/(-) ratio of all MP types were significantly elevated in IBD patients compared to HC (P<0.003). IBD patients with active disease displayed elevated total and annexin (+) total MPs, total, annexin (+) and (-) PDMPs compared with those in remission (P<0.05). Annexin (-) PDMPs were considerably increased in IBD patients with active compared to those with inactive disease (P=0.0013). Total and annexin (-) PDMPs were significantly correlated with most of the disease activity indices (P<0.05)., Conclusion: The majority of circulating MPs, their counterparts and particularly annexin (-) PDMPs are increased in active IBD patients. Annexin (+)/(-) ratio proved to be the most reliable distinctive MP index between HC and IBD patients.

Background/aims: Endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) of large colorectal lesions is associated with increased procedural time. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of double-channel gastroscope (DCG) use on the procedural time of EMRs in the rectosigmoid area., Methods: All EMRs for sessile or flat rectosigmoid lesions ≥2 cm performed between July 2011 and September 2012 were retrospectively analyzed., Results: There were 55 lesions ≥2 cm in the rectosigmoid area in 55 patients, of which 26 were removed by EMR using a DCG (DC group) and 29 by using an ordinary colonoscope or gastroscope (OS group). The mean size of the removed polyps, morphology, adverse effects, and other parameters were similar between the two groups. The mean procedural time was significantly lower in the DC group than in the OS group (24.4±18.3 minutes vs. 36.3±24.4 minutes, p=0.015). Moreover, in a subgroup of patients with polyps >40 mm, the statistical difference in the mean procedural time between the DC and OS groups was even more pronounced (33±21 minutes vs. 58.7±20.6 minutes, p=0.004)., Conclusions: Our data suggest that the use of a DCG in the resection of large nonpedunculated rectosigmoid lesions significantly reduces the procedural time.

Background: Most colonoscopic complications are polypectomy-related and occur more frequently during the removal of numerous small polyps. Therefore, it is important to have the best polypectomy approach of small polyps. The aim of the present animal study was to investigate the effectiveness and safety of cold snare polypectomy (CSP) technique combined with light pull of the snare in order to peel the mucosal and upper submucosal layer, namely pull CSP (PCSP), for the removal of polyps sized up to 12 mm in porcine models., Methods: We performed a series of polypectomies in the pig colon with a double-channel experimental gastroscope using PCSP technique., Results: Thirty cases of "polyps" larger than 7 mm and up to 12 mm were treated using PCSP technique. No sign of perforation or bleeding was observed in all cases performed with PCSP., Conclusions: According to our preliminary results in this animal model, PCSP could be a safe and effective technique for flat colonic polyp removal up to 12 mm in size consistent with the basic polypectomy principles.

There is evidence that inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) combine both inflammation and coagulation in their pathogenesis and clinical manifestations. Although platelets (PLT) are well known for their role in hemostasis, there are a rising number of studies supporting their considerable role as inflammatory amplifiers in chronic inflammatory conditions. IBD are associated with several alterations of PLT, including number, shape, and function, and these abnormalities are mainly attributed to the highly activated state of circulating PLT in IBD patients. When PLT activate, they increase in size, release a great variety of bio-active inflammatory and procoagulant molecules/particles, and express a variety of inflammatory receptors. These inflammatory products may represent a part of the missing link between coagulation and inflammation, and can be considered as possible IBD pathogenesis instigators. In clinical practice, thrombocytosis is associated both with disease activity and iron deficiency anemia. Controlling inflammation and iron replacement in anemic patients usually leads to a normalization of PLT count. The aim of this review is to update the role of PLT in IBD and present recent data revealing the possible therapeutic implications of anti-PLT agents in future IBD remedies.

Background: Thrombocytosis and iron deficiency anemia are frequent complications of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The aim of this study was to investigate the correlation between iron deficiency anemia and thrombocytosis in IBD patients., Methods: A total of 198 consecutive IBD patients and 102 healthy controls participated in the study. The parameters investigated were: platelets (PLT), mean platelet volume, platelet distribution width, plateletcrit, hematocrit (HCT) levels, hemoglobulin (Hb) levels, mean corpuscular volume (MCV), red cell distribution width (RDW), ferritin levels, soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR) levels, the sTfR-F index (sTfR-F=sTfR/log10 ferritin), and vitamin B12 and folate levels. Thrombocytosis was defined as an absolute number of PLT greater than 400k/μl. Disease activity indices (Crohn's Disease Activity Index for Crohn's disease and Simple Clinical Colitis Activity Index for ulcerative colitis) as well as C-reactive protein (CRP) were also correlated with the study parameters., Results: The IBD patients demonstrated decreased HCT levels, Hb levels, MCV, mean platelet volume, and ferritin levels and an increased absolute PLT count, RDW, platelet distribution width, plateletcrit, sTfR and sTfR-F index (P<0.0001) compared with healthy controls. Twenty-seven patients exhibited thrombocytosis (13.6%). The median value for PLT (interquartile range) was 289 (228-355)k/μl, for Hb levels was 13.4 (12.0-14.7) g/dl, for ferritin levels was 36.6 (19.7-80.7) ng/ml, and for sTfR-F was 0.82 (0.61-1.37) mg/l. The PLT in IBD patients correlated with HCT levels, Hb levels, MCV, RDW, Fe levels, ferritin levels, sTfR, sTfR-F, CRP levels, Simple Clinical Colitis Activity Index, and Crohn's Disease Activity Index (Spearman's ρ correlation). In the multivariate analysis, only Hb levels, RDW, CRP levels, ferritin levels, and sTfR-F remained significant (P<0.05). None of the aforementioned was observed in the control group., Conclusion: The absolute PLT count seems to correlate with iron deficiency anemia parameters and disease activity in IBD patients. Controlling the inflammation and managing iron deficiency could lead to reversal of thrombocytosis in IBD patients.

Background: Endoscopic biliary sphincterotomy followed by endoscopic papillary balloon dilation is a promising method for large stones. However, there are no data on the optimal duration of papillary balloon dilation after a biliary sphincterotomy., Aims: To compare the effectiveness and complications of the endoscopic papillary balloon dilation for 60s versus 30s after endoscopic biliary sphincterotomy., Methods: A total of 124 patients with bile duct stones, submitted for endoscopic biliary sphincterotomy plus endoscopic papillary balloon dilation, were prospectively randomized to either the 60-s dilation group (G60, n = 60) or the 30-s dilation group (G30, n = 64)., Results: The complete removal of bile duct stones was similar: group G30, 55/64 (86%) versus group G60, 51/60 (85%); p = 0.9. The rates of post-endoscopic retrograde cholangio-pancreatography pancreatitis were also similar: 2 (3.1%) in group G30 versus 2 (3.3%) in group G60, p = 0.9. Post-procedural bleeding occurred in 2 cases (3.1%) in group G30 versus 4 (6.6%) in group G60, (p = 0.17). Two perforations of moderate severity were observed, one in each group., Conclusions: 30-s papillary balloon dilation, performed after endoscopic biliary sphincterotomy for the management of bile duct stones, was equally effective to the 60-s papillary balloon dilation., (Copyright © 2012 Editrice Gastroenterologica Italiana S.r.l. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

A 61-year-old male on anticoagulant therapy underwent an endoscopic multiple colon polypectomy in our Department according to established procedures. Several days later he developed an intramural colonic hematoma, which burst into the peritoneal cavity leading to fatal intra-peritoneal hemorrhage. Herein we present the case and discuss the causative role of the anticoagulant therapy but also of the endoscopic procedure per se .

Background: On June 11th, 2009 the World Health Organization (WHO) declared the first influenza pandemic of the 21st century. Data regarding the clinical characteristics and course of this viral infectious disease are still being assessed. The aim of this study was to investigate and compare the possible differences in clinical course and outcome between H1N1-positive [H1N1(+)] and negative [H1N1(-)] patients., Material/methods: This prospective study was conducted between July 2009 and January 2010 in a regional hospital in Greece. The study population consisted of 165 patients aged 14 years or older, with influenza-like illness (ILI) who, according to CDC recommendations, fulfilled the criteria for diagnostic influenza testing. Enrolled patients underwent a detailed diagnostic work-up. Infection by the H1N1 virus was diagnosed using real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, from pharyngeal swab specimens., Results: We identified 81 H1N1 (+) (49%) patients. Statistical analysis revealed that H1N1(+) patients were significantly younger (median age 27 vs. 35 years, p<0.05), had a decreased white blood cell count (median 7.200 vs. 8.415, p<0.05) and an increased percentage of monocytes (55.6% vs. 27.4%, p<0.05) compared to the H1N1(-) patients. The clinical presentation at the emergency department, as well as the hospital admission and disease complication rate, were not significantly different between the 2 groups., Conclusions: The clinical characteristics of the new influenza virus appear to be mild and to resemble those of common influenza-like illnesses (ILI). The patients who tested positive for the H1N1 virus were younger and had an increased percentage of monocytes compared to the H1N1-negative patients.