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In recent decades, the widespread use of mobile phones and wireless technologies has led to a significant increase in radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMFs), raising concerns about continuous RF-EMF exposure among the general population. Recent research indicates that real-life RF signals are more biologically active than controlled laboratory signals with a low variability, suggesting that living organisms can adapt to EMF exposure when the pattern has a low variability. However, using real-life sources with unpredictable variation signals in biological experiments contradicts the principle of experiment controllability. This paper aims to investigate the nature of signals generated by current sources of ambient EMFs in terms of stationarity, with the goal of replicating them in biological experiments to study the effects of EMF exposure. Employing a range of statistical methodologies, starting with descriptive statistical analysis and progressing to the advanced APDP and APTF methods, an examination is conducted on a collection of Wi-Fi signal recordings across various operating modes, with particular attention given to video streaming. The chosen datasets are scrutinized with respect to their adherence to a Gaussian distribution and the concept of stationarity. The results indicate that the observed Wi-Fi signals lack stationarity in both the time and frequency domains. However, based on the analytical findings, it is possible to generate signals in frequency that authentically replicate Wi-Fi signals, accounting for nonstationarity considerations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Limiting human exposure to radio frequency electromagnetic fields in crowded indoor public spaces such as shopping malls, is identified as one of the key metrics in the process of green and digital environment transformation. To assess the exposure levels in shopping malls, we conducted a human centric extensive measurement campaign using three-axial frequency selective measurement equipment. Our study involved various indoor locations within the mall, capturing electrical field levels at different times and days of the week. A total of 529,340 samples were collected during working days, and 430,020 samples were collected during weekends. We measured E-field strength, power density, and calculated total exposures for frequency bands ranging from 88 MHz to 5850 MHz. The presented comparative analysis revealed that mobile communications technologies operating at 900 MHz and 1800 MHz were the main contributors to personal exposure levels in different mall environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wireless remote microphones (WRM) are used as secondary assistive listening devices for students with hearing aids or cochlear implants to limit the negative effects of noise and distance for understanding speech. WRM technology is not yet widespread in the Czech Republic. The aim of this study was to use teachers' perspectives to compare the benefit of WRM in different situations and settings for students who are DHH. A final sample consisted of 36 teachers who had experience with and without WRM with their particular student. Bayesian statistical methods were used to analyse the data. When using a WRM, teachers reported better overall student responses, greater engagement of the students in the classroom, better management of multiple instructions and a reduction of the students' need to ask questions and the confusion of similar‐sounding words. The WRM technology might help to mitigate the effects of hearing loss and advance equal opportunities in education. The use of these technologies should thus be more supported among Czech students, their caregivers and teachers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to investigate students’ perceptions regarding the implementation of the Internet of Things (IoT) at Kurukshetra University Library. A descriptive survey method was employed, utilizing a random sampling technique to survey 250 students from five different faculties: Arts & Linguistics, Social Science, Science, Engineering & Technology, and Law. A total of 237 completed questionnaires were received that were correctly filled out, resulting in a response rate of 94.8%. The analysis of data was done through the utilization of statistical software such as Statistical Package for the Social Sciences and Microsoft Excel. Statistical analysis was performed using percentages and analysis of variance to evaluate the significance of the findings at a 0.05% level. The findings indicate that a majority of students strongly support the use of IoT to replace outdated library processes and services. Furthermore, a significant difference was observed in the mean values of students’ perceptions and the usefulness of employing IoT in the library across the five faculties. These results are presented in tabular format, accompanied by an appropriate explanation. The study offers insights into the potential benefits associated with implementing IoT in university libraries and underscores the importance of staying abreast of modern technological advancements in the field of libraries.

The increasing demand for safe, reliable, and higher-quality infrastructure systems has led to more complex transportation construction and maintenance projects. This, coupled with the declining staff levels at many transportation agencies, requires a more comprehensive evaluation of technology implementation to compensate for these challenges. With a focus on effective technology implementation, this research goes beyond simply evaluating technologies to investigate technology implementation with personnel and policies at departments of transportation (DOTs). The study methodology involved a comprehensive literature review, a survey of all 50 state DOTs, and an in-person workshop of 18 DOT experts to validate the survey results and preliminary research findings. The findings support the need for those implementing technologies to understand people, processes, and technology maturity for their improved chances of implementation success. Using the approach presented, the DOTs can assess themselves and identify pathways to higher maturity levels in the areas of their people, processes, and technologies. This study also highlighted six factors that are important considerations for technology implementation and thus determined the relative importance of people, processes, and technology for these factors. The objective of this study was to assess the importance of people, processes, and technology that DOTs should prioritize to enhance the likelihood of successfully implementing technologies. The framework presented herein can be extended to any new or existing technology implementation initiatives at a DOT, including automatic identification and data capture (AIDC), emerging sensing and wireless technologies, safety technologies, and others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: One of the main problems in e-health environments for developing an accurate multiuser identification is in the large number of patients, especially with itinerant medical devices and elderly people. This paper aims to contribute with two approaches to be included in ISO/IEEE 11073 family of standards as a standardized procedure for multiuser identification that can be used for a large variety of medical devices, regardless of their brand or model. From this contribution and to validate it, this work proposes a standardized e-health solution, including multiuser identification, implementing it in real health environments for elderly people, and evaluating their usability, interoperability, and adoption in daily living. Materials and methods: This works implements the internationally recommended Personal Health Devices ISO/IEEE 11073 standards as a multiplatform environment (Windows/Linux/Mac OS) and fulfils the paradigms of scalability, modularity, portability, maintainability, and robustness. The standard e-health solution has been implemented in 26 health environments in several cities in Spain (Madrid, Barcelona, Sevilla, Zaragoza, etc.), consisting of 118 health professionals, 319 senior patients, and 18 technical professionals. Results: The proposed multiuser identification reduces the human error rate (from 13.3% to less than 5%) with positive evaluation: almost 70% of users are satisfied, with usability and time savings that are more than 50% in all the groups (nursing, medicine, and caregiving) and environments (residences, health centres, and hospitals). Discussion: The use of e-health solutions within multiuser identification, as it is proposed through two standard-compliant approaches, permits advanced services and data analysis for a large variety of medical devices, regardless of their brand or model. Conclusion: This paper contributes an open interoperable e-health solution as alternative to the closed and commercial solutions and enables third-party developers to work collaboratively and extend the already implemented features, owing to the design based on plugins, value-added services, and multiple transport technologies and protocols.

Studies in psychiatric populations have found a positive effect of Horticultural therapy (HCT) on reductions in stress levels. The main objective of the present pilot study was to evaluate the impact of the addition of HCT to conventional clinical treatment (Treatment as Usual, TaU) in a sample of six female adolescents with anorexia nervosa restricting type (AN-R), as compared to six AN-R patients, matched for sex and age, under TaU only. This is a prospective, non-profit, pilot study on patients with a previous diagnosis of AN-R and BMI < 16, recruited in 2020 in clinical settings. At enrolment (T0) and after treatment completion (TF), psychiatric assessment was performed. At T0, all the patients underwent: baseline electrocardiogram acquisition with a wearable chest strap for recording heart rate and its variability; skin conductance registration and thermal mapping of the individual's face. An olfactory identification test was administered both to evaluate the olfactory sensoriality and to assess the induced stress. One-way analyses of variance (ANOVAs) were performed to analyze modifications in clinical and physiological variables, considering time (T0, TF) as a within-subjects factor and group (experimental vs. control) as between-subjects factors. When the ANOVA was significant, post hoc analysis was performed by Paired Sample T-tests. Only in the HCT group, stress response levels, as measured by the biological parameters, improved over time. The body uneasiness level and the affective problem measures displayed a significant improvement in the HCT subjects. HCT seems to have a positive influence on stress levels in AN-R. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper illustrates the main problematic issues of minimizing technological risks in the construction of an integrated architecture for the protection of a "smart habitat" (SH). We analyze the use of the IoT to identify both object hazards and the categorization of switching detection in information collection and processing centers. The article proposes wired and wireless data-transmission systems for the required level of efficiency as well as SH protection. Particular attention is paid to the organization of multi-level protection of promising 5G/6G cellular networks based on the analysis of the security threat landscape. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Today, the role of smart machines in our lives is valuable. With the advancement of digital technologies, such as the internet of things (IoT), many embedded systems have been developed for various applications. In homes, all daily activities and even security depend on machines. Therefore, implementing IoT-based smart homes has become a prominent research field. Also, since we are in the era of endless growth of the IoT and its applications, the topic of home automation systems is becoming more popular due to its countless advantages. In general, most home automation systems focus on one function: the ability to control home appliances remotely. In the world of information technology, the creation of rules and standards should always be done in the early stages of development because, after the work is done, incompatibilities between devices are created, which is a severe challenge and limits the use of technology. Therefore, the research on IoT technology has led to the formation of various protocols; this article gives an overview of seven essential protocols. Also, in this review article, energy consumption management, and privacy and security issues are discussed, and smart homes are introduced as critical requirements for the evolution of smart cities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wireless connectivity standards have been developed by standardizing bodies to meet the requirements of various applications. A wireless transceiver should be equipped with a Radio Frequency (RF) transceiver to support a wireless standard. Traditional RF transceivers are designed and implemented on a radio chip or an embedded module in a System-on-a-Chip (SoC), ensuring small size, high performance, low power consumption, and cost. However, this traditional implementation design limits directly or indirectly the programmability and flexibility of the RF transceivers. An alternative solution to implement RF transceivers is using Software Defined Radio (SDR) platforms. In the market, SDR platform hardware exists with different configurations, performance, cost, size, etc., making it hard to select the minimum SDR platform necessary to satisfy the wireless standard requirements. This paper aims to provide a list of well-known General Purpose Processor (GPP) based SDR platforms that meet the minimum specifications of selected wireless standards. To this end, we first review the characteristics of selected wireless technologies. Then, we investigate existing SDR platform architecture and their maximal performance in terms of the frequency range, bandwidth, symbol rate, bitrate, and latency support. Finally, we intersect the wireless standard requirements with the corresponding SDR platform parameters and provide a list of GPP-based SDR platforms for some existing wireless technology implementations. All investigations related to the frequency, bandwidth, symbol rate, and bitrate parameters are supported by theoretical results, whereas latency results are obtained from experiments by benchmarking existing implementations.

Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) allow communication between stationary or moving vehicles with the assistance of wireless technology. Among various existing issues in smart VANETs, secure communication is the key challenge in VANETs with a 5G network. Smart vehicles must communicate with a broad range of advanced road systems including traffic control and smart payment systems. Many security mechanisms are used in VANETs to ensure safe transmission; one such mechanism is cryptographic digital signatures based on public key infrastructure (PKI). In this mechanism, secret private keys are used for digital signatures to validate the identity of the message along with the sender. However, the validation of the digital signatures in fast-moving vehicles is extremely difficult. Based on an improved perceptron model of an artificial neural network (ANN), this paper proposes an efficient technique for digital signature verification. Still, manual signatures are extensively used for authentication across the world. However, manual signatures are still not employed for security in automotive and mobile networks. The process of converting manual signatures to pseudo-digital-signatures was simulated using the improved Elman backpropagation (I-EBP) model. A digital signature was employed during network connection to authenticate the legitimacy of the sender's communications. Because it contained information about the vehicle on the road, there was scope for improvement in protecting the data from attackers. Compared to existing schemes, the proposed technique achieved significant gains in computational overhead, aggregate verification delay, and aggregate signature size. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A wireless sensor network employing ZigBee and LoRa (Long Range) communication protocols for integration into smart building energy management systems is presented in this article. The design and implementation details are provided, and the performance parameters of the communication network are defined and analyzed based on the test results obtained from different configurations. The developed embedded system can be used in smart environments so that the room temperature, humidity, lighting systems, and so on can be automatically monitored and controlled. By customizing the embedded code, a variety of Internet of Things (IoT) applications can be introduced owing to their scalability. Taking advantage of the complementing low-power and long-range features of ZigBee and LoRa communication technologies, a system comprising an end device, a multi-protocol gateway, and a central data collector (CDC) unit is developed. The end device collects temperature and humidity as well as light intensity data using low-power sensors and sends the data to the gateway via the LoRa wireless transceiver module. The gateway was designed as an intermediate device that allows data exchange between the LoRa and ZigBee transceiver modules. It receives sensor data from the end device via LoRa and sends them to the CDC unit via a ZigBee-based XBee S2 commercial wireless transceiver module. Sensor data are monitored in the CDC unit by using an open-source IoT software platform. A commercial STM32 integrated circuit (IC) was used as a microcontroller unit for the end device and gateway. Performance parameters such as communication range and throughput data were studied for both the ZigBee and LoRa wireless transceiver modules.

The use of wireless sensor networks (WSN) for monitoring variables in agricultural environments and natural forests has been increasing in recent years. However, the sizing of these systems is affected by the inaccuracy of the radio wave propagation models used, leading to possible increased costs and measurement errors. This systematic literature review (SLR) aims to identify propagation models widely used in WSN deployments in agricultural or naturally vegetated environments and their effectiveness in estimating signal losses. We also identified today's wireless technologies most used in precision agriculture (PA) system implementations. In addition, the results of studies focused on the development of new propagation models for different environments are evaluated. Scientific and technical analysis is presented based on articles consulted in different specialized databases, which were selected according to different combinations of criteria. The results show that, in most of the application cases, vegetative models present high error values when estimating attenuation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing demand for safe, reliable, and higher-quality infrastructure systems has led to more complex transportation construction and maintenance projects. This, coupled with the declining staff levels at many transportation agencies, requires a more comprehensive evaluation of technology implementation to compensate for these challenges. With a focus on effective technology implementation, this research goes beyond simply evaluating technologies to investigate technology implementation with personnel and policies at departments of transportation (DOTs). The study methodology involved a comprehensive literature review, a survey of all 50 state DOTs, and an in-person workshop of 18 DOT experts to validate the survey results and preliminary research findings. The findings support the need for those implementing technologies to understand people, processes, and technology maturity for their improved chances of implementation success. Using the approach presented, the DOTs can assess themselves and identify pathways to higher maturity levels in the areas of their people, processes, and technologies. This study also highlighted six factors that are important considerations for technology implementation and thus determined the relative importance of people, processes, and technology for these factors. The objective of this study was to assess the importance of people, processes, and technology that DOTs should prioritize to enhance the likelihood of successfully implementing technologies. The framework presented herein can be extended to any new or existing technology implementation initiatives at a DOT, including automatic identification and data capture (AIDC), emerging sensing and wireless technologies, safety technologies, and others.

Recent advances in wireless communication technologies are having a great impact on people’s life, especially in the field of healthcare industry that provides a remote monitoring enabling medical staff to follow up the patient and diagnose his disease. LoRa wireless technology is becoming one of the most energetic effective solutions for Wireless Body Area Networks (WBANs) communications. In this work, we propose a LoRa-based low power healthcare WBAN platform called HeaLoRa for an adaptive patient monitoring process. Physicians can remotely monitor patient’s temperature, oxygen saturation level, blood pressure and heart rate to prevent any abnormality. Moreover, data acquisition and transmission are controlled based on a power consumption optimization strategy aiming to reduce redundant data. Based on the Early Warning Score (EWS), the system configuration is dynamically adapted, using a Fuzzy logic controller that makes the decision about the system sleep mode duration and the sent data rate. Furthermore, an analytical model of the energy consumption for acknowledged LoRa transmission is presented in this paper. The graphical abstract of the paper illustrates a medical application of a wireless body area network system where LoRa technology is used to transmit the data to a gateway then the data is transmitted to the doctor using IP based technology. By comparing with a reference system, the simulation results indicate that our system consumes 3 to 10 times less of energy depending on the studied scenario. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aims to provide a comprehensive background on social distancing as well as effective technologies that can be used to facilitate the social distancing practice. Scenarios of enabling wireless and emerging technologies are presented, which are especially effective in monitoring and keeping distance amongst people. In addition, detailed taxonomy is proposed summarizing the essential elements such as implementation type, scenarios, and technology being used. This research reviews and analyzes existing social distancing studies that focus on employing different kinds of technologies to fight the Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. This study main goal is to identify and discuss the issues, challenges, weaknesses and limitations found in the existing models and/or systems to provide a clear understanding of the area. Articles were systematically collected and filtered based on certain criteria and within ten years span. The findings of this study will support future researchers and developers to solve specific issues and challenges, fill research gaps, and improve social distancing systems to fight pandemics similar to COVID-19. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drones may be more advantageous than fixed cameras for quality control applications in industrial facilities, since they can be redeployed dynamically and adjusted to production planning. The practical scenario that has motivated this paper, image acquisition with drones in a car manufacturing plant, requires drone positioning accuracy in the order of 5 cm. During repetitive manufacturing processes, it is assumed that quality control imaging drones will follow highly deterministic periodic paths, stop at predefined points to take images and send them to image recognition servers. Therefore, by relying on prior knowledge about production chain schedules, it is possible to optimize the positioning technologies for the drones to stay at all times within the boundaries of their flight plans, which will be composed of stopping points and the paths in between. This involves mitigating issues such as temporary blocking of line-of-sight between the drone and any existing radio beacons; sensor data noise; and the loss of visual references. We present a self-corrective solution for this purpose. It corrects visual odometer readings based on filtered and clustered Ultra-Wide Band (UWB) data, as an alternative to direct Kalman fusion. The approach combines the advantages of these technologies when at least one of them works properly at any measurement spot. It has three method components: independent Kalman filtering, data association by means of stream clustering and mutual correction of sensor readings based on the generation of cumulative correction vectors. The approach is inspired by the observation that UWB positioning works reasonably well at static spots whereas visual odometer measurements reflect straight displacements correctly but can underestimate their length. Our experimental results demonstrate the advantages of the approach in the application scenario over Kalman fusion, in terms of stopping point detection and trajectory estimation error.

In the last decade, we have seen an increase in the use of digital technologies in our daily lives, including advanced systems such as mobile applications, smart digital kiosks for intelligent retailing, touch screens for ordering food, or simple implementations such as the ticket machines in the butchers. However, from the perspective of interaction design, those sensing systems suffer from several constraints and limitations such as, low usability and poor hygiene. For example, the elderly or the disabled normally have huge difficulties when interacting with these types of digital systems. Moreover, the recent SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has made us rethink the way we interact with the digital devices. Hence, in this paper, we present a novel solution for digital interaction through a contactless model. This system can provide human gesture recognition and therefore it can be integrated into others to achieve contactless control. We have implemented a prototype based on cost efficient sensors to validate the idea’s feasibility. Moreover, a sequence of real world experiments has also been conducted to evaluate its performance. This system is composed with 1) a 3d printed grid of ultrasound sensors to capture the distance information from a human body; 2) software to analyse the data for gesture predictions. This analysis results will be transformed into control commands to interact with the attached system. The experimental results have shown that the proposed system is capable of providing a contactless Human Computer Interaction (HCI), and also has a great opportunity to replace existing touching interaction manner with a remote control scheme.

Purpose: In the last few decades, there has been an increasing growth in research into the use of positioning technologies in open environments. Most of the technologies developed for outdoor environments are used successfully, however, they cannot be considered as fully successful indoors. In this context, various technologies based on Radio Frequency, Infrared, Ultrasound, Magnetic, Optical, and computer vision are proposed to improve positioning indoors. In addition to their individual use, it is also seen in hybrid applications. In particular, Radio Frequency based technologies have potential use in shipyard environments. For this purpose, technologies such as Bluetooth, Ultra broadband, Wireless Sensor Network, Wireless Local Area Network, Radio Frequency Recognition and Near Field Communication are seen as suitable technology options for shipyards. The indoor positioning system is a technology that has the potential to significantly improve work efficiency and safety in the shipyard area. It is difficult to achieve a successful digital transformation of the complex shipyard environment without identifying an Indoor positioning technology for the shipyard. In this study, it is aimed to design a positioning technology that will be most appropriate for the shipyard. Methodology: This paper analyses the challenges for the selection of Indoor positioning system for shipyards in evaluating Indoor-positioning technologies. The methodology followed in this study is a comprehensive comparative analysis of existing IPS technologies on how to digitize shipyards. This article provides an advanced assessment of indoor positioning technologies and their use in the challenging shipyard site. In this context, it provides an evaluation framework for different positioning measures such as accuracy, coverage, scalability, cost, privacy and usability of technologies that can be used within the scope of IPS. Results: The work carried out here on indoor positioning systems and components makes a significant contribution to the shipyard industry. Because it has a great impact on the suitability of technologies, especially in relation to the shipyard environment. Both the evaluation model and solution method, and the Bluetooth-based positioning technology, which stands out at the end of the evaluation, are important contributions of the study. Conclusion: To determine which indoor positioning systems are more suitable for the shipyard environment, both a detailed analysis of the shipyard environment and an evaluation were made to select the most suitable technology. The comparison was made based on observations of the shipyard site and the available literature on the field. This article makes important contributions to future shipyards' application of positioning technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper illustrates the main problematic issues of minimizing technological risks in the construction of an integrated architecture for the protection of a “smart habitat” (SH). We analyze the use of the IoT to identify both object hazards and the categorization of switching detection in information collection and processing centers. The article proposes wired and wireless data-transmission systems for the required level of efficiency as well as SH protection. Particular attention is paid to the organization of multi-level protection of promising 5G/6G cellular networks based on the analysis of the security threat landscape.

Education is essential for the progress of humankind. The function of education is to teach one to think intensively and critically. Education policies are entering into a new pathway. Due to climatic and geographical conditions in many areas of the world, it is challenging to establish classes. Many students feel difficulties in leaving their motherland for further education due to the limited economy. Learning using technological components like smart devices is continually growing. Several education institutions provide services through the web using cloud-based technology to ease the students and cultivate their education. The employment of smart devices has a great perspective on teaching and learning. During COVID-19, the cloud platform helps students and faculties learn and even stay in their residential areas. This paper aims to outline: attitude and opinion of smart devices used by higher education students and their self-efficacy in participating in online classes. This teaching strategy makes a significant contribution to digital pedagogy. It includes approximately 360 respondents. The results revealed that students' perceptions of device usage, connectivity, and time duration had a statistically significant effect on cloudbased online learning, and self-efficacy depicts a positive impact on their online classes. Thus, smart devices play a vital role in extending learning out of the classroom anywhere, anytime. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Summary: Vehicular ad‐hoc network (VANET) is an emerging field of mobile ad‐hoc network (MANET) which facilitates intelligent transport system (ITS). It thus helps in enhancing the real‐time driving experience and road safety. Due to association of VANET with life‐critical applications, there is a dire need to understand each and every aspect of it in terms of architecture, security, applications, routing, and so forth, before bringing it into implementation. Although there exist numerous studies on VANETs, they tend to cover only individual aspects of it. This first of its kind survey aims to provide a combined and thorough study of each aspect of VANET along with their advantages and limitations in a single solid document. Different architectures proposed till date have been explored along with their shortcomings and the possible applications which are supported in VANETs. Comparison of various wireless technologies used in VANET based on the range requirement of different VANET applications and various routing protocols that are best suited for VANET on the basis of the application requirement is done. It also discusses the various security attacks possible in VANET, the risks associated with them, and the possible security solutions available for these attacks. Various optimization and bio‐inspired techniques as well as intrusion detection systems for enhancing security in VANET are also analyzed. Finally, various simulators have been investigated, and comprehensive analysis has been done with respect to the feasibility of implementation of VANETs in these simulators. This research is believed to assist the researchers in understanding the current state of research in VANETs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) allow communication between stationary or moving vehicles with the assistance of wireless technology. Among various existing issues in smart VANETs, secure communication is the key challenge in VANETs with a 5G network. Smart vehicles must communicate with a broad range of advanced road systems including traffic control and smart payment systems. Many security mechanisms are used in VANETs to ensure safe transmission; one such mechanism is cryptographic digital signatures based on public key infrastructure (PKI). In this mechanism, secret private keys are used for digital signatures to validate the identity of the message along with the sender. However, the validation of the digital signatures in fast-moving vehicles is extremely difficult. Based on an improved perceptron model of an artificial neural network (ANN), this paper proposes an efficient technique for digital signature verification. Still, manual signatures are extensively used for authentication across the world. However, manual signatures are still not employed for security in automotive and mobile networks. The process of converting manual signatures to pseudo-digital-signatures was simulated using the improved Elman backpropagation (I-EBP) model. A digital signature was employed during network connection to authenticate the legitimacy of the sender’s communications. Because it contained information about the vehicle on the road, there was scope for improvement in protecting the data from attackers. Compared to existing schemes, the proposed technique achieved significant gains in computational overhead, aggregate verification delay, and aggregate signature size.

The use of wireless sensor networks (WSN) for monitoring variables in agricultural environments and natural forests has been increasing in recent years. However, the sizing of these systems is affected by the inaccuracy of the radio wave propagation models used, leading to possible increased costs and measurement errors. This systematic literature review (SLR) aims to identify propagation models widely used in WSN deployments in agricultural or naturally vegetated environments and their effectiveness in estimating signal losses. We also identified today’s wireless technologies most used in precision agriculture (PA) system implementations. In addition, the results of studies focused on the development of new propagation models for different environments are evaluated. Scientific and technical analysis is presented based on articles consulted in different specialized databases, which were selected according to different combinations of criteria. The results show that, in most of the application cases, vegetative models present high error values when estimating attenuation.

Internet of Things (IoT) is the inter-networking paradigm based on many processes such as identifying, sensing, networking and computation. An IoT technology stack provides seamless connectivity between various physical and virtual objects. The increasing number of IoT applications leads to the issue of transmitting, storing, and processing a large amount of data. Therefore, it is necessary to enable a system capable to handle the growing traffic requirements with the required level of QoS (Quality of Service). IoT devices become more complex due to the various components such as sensors and network interfaces. The IoT environment is often demanding for mobile power source, QoS, mobility, reliability, security, and other requirements. Therefore, new IoT technologies are required to overcome some of these issues. In recent years new wireless communication technologies are being developed to support the development of new IoT applications. This paper provides an overview of some of the most widely used wireless communication technologies used for IoT applications.

The development of wearable sensors is aimed at enabling continuous real-time health monitoring, which leads to timely and precise diagnosis anytime and anywhere. Unlike conventional wearable sensors that are somewhat bulky, rigid, and planar, research for next-generation wearable sensors has been focused on establishing fully-wearable systems. To attain such excellent wearability while providing accurate and reliable measurements, fabrication strategies should include (1) proper choices of materials and structural designs, (2) constructing efficient wireless power and data transmission systems, and (3) developing highly-integrated sensing systems. Herein, we discuss recent advances in wearable devices for non-invasive sensing, with focuses on materials design, nano/microfabrication, sensors, wireless technologies, and the integration of those. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aims to provide a comprehensive background on social distancing as well as effective technologies that can be used to facilitate the social distancing practice. Scenarios of enabling wireless and emerging technologies are presented, which are especially effective in monitoring and keeping distance amongst people. In addition, detailed taxonomy is proposed summarizing the essential elements such as implementation type, scenarios, and technology being used. This research reviews and analyzes existing social distancing studies that focus on employing different kinds of technologies to fight the Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. This study main goal is to identify and discuss the issues, challenges, weaknesses and limitations found in the existing models and/or systems to provide a clear understanding of the area. Articles were systematically collected and filtered based on certain criteria and within ten years span. The findings of this study will support future researchers and developers to solve specific issues and challenges, fill research gaps, and improve social distancing systems to fight pandemics similar to COVID-19.