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Background: Vertebral compression fractures, resulting in significant pain and disability, commonly occur in elderly osteoporotic patients. However, the current literature lacks long-term follow-up information related to image parameters and bone formation following vertebroplasty. Purpose: To evaluate new bone formation after vertebroplasty and the long-term effect of vertebroplasty. Methods: A total of 157 patients with new osteoporotic compression fractures who underwent vertebroplasty were retrospectively analyzed. The image parameters, including wedge angles, compression ratios, global alignment, and new bone formation, were recorded before and after vertebroplasty up to three years postoperatively. Results: The wedge angle improved and was maintained for 12 months. The compression ratios also improved but gradually deteriorated during the follow-up period. New bone formation was found in 40% of the patients at 36 months, and the multivariate analysis showed that this might have been related to the correction of the anterior compression ratio. Conclusions: Vertebroplasty significantly restored the wedge angles and compression ratios up to one year postoperatively, and new bone formation was noted on plain radiographs, which increased over time. Last, the restoration of vertebral parameters may contribute to new bone formation.

A slouching posture during smartphone usage increases gravitational loadings on the cervical spine, which may lead to neck pain and degeneration. The objective of the present study was to investigate the head, neck and trunk angles in different smartphone-usage postures, as well as the posture-correction effects and comfort scores of three neck collars. This was a prospective cohort study in which 41 healthy young subjects aged 18–25 were recruited. The head, neck and trunk angles were measured in all participants during a neutral position and three smartphone-using postures, including sitting with and without back support and standing. The postural correction and comfort scores of three collars (Aspen Vista, Sport-aid and our customized 3D printed collars) were compared. Smartphone use increased the head and neck flexion angles in all postures, and sitting without back support showed the greatest head and neck flexion angles. The posture-correcting effect of the customized collar was better than the Aspen Vista and Sport-aid collars. In addition, the customized collar was more comfortable to wear than the other two collars in most contact areas. Smartphone use increased both the head and neck flexion in different postures, and the proposed customized 3D-printed cervical collar significantly reduced the head and neck angles. These slides can be retrieved under Electronic Supplementary Material.

Epidural fibrosis is an inevitable aspect of the postoperative healing process which is one of the causes of failed back surgery syndrome following spinal surgery. The aim of the present study was to examine the inhibitory effect of 1,4-butanediol diglycidyl ether-crosslinked hyaluronan (cHA) on spinal epidural fibrosis in a swine model. Epidural fibrosis was induced through conduction of hemi-laminotomy (L2 and L3) or laminectomy (L4 and L5), while L1 was assigned as the control group in six pigs. The cHA was applied to L3 and L5 surgical sites. MRI evaluation, histologic examination, expressions of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), and cytokines in scar tissue were assessed four months after surgery. cHA treatment significantly decreased the scar formation in both hemi-laminotomy and laminectomy sites. cHA also significantly increased MMP-3 and MMP-9 expression in scar tissue. Further, the epithelial-mesenchymal transition -related factors (transforming growth factor-β and vimentin) were suppressed and the anti-inflammatory cytokines (CD44 and interleukin-6) were increasingly expressed in cHA-treated sites. The current study demonstrated that cHA may attenuate spinal epidural fibrosis formation after laminectomy surgery by enhancing the expression of MMPs and anti-inflammatory pathways.