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The cloud cover and meteorological parameters serve as fundamental criteria for the qualification of an astronomical observatory working in optical and infrared wavelengths. In this paper, we present a systematic assessment of key meteorological parameters at the Lenghu site. The datasets adopted in this study includes the meteorological parameters collected at the local weather stations at the site and in the Lenghu Town, the sky brightness at the local zenith acquired by the Sky Quality Meters and night sky all-sky images from a digital camera, the ERA5 reanalysis database and global climate monitoring data. From 2019 to 2023, the fractional observable time of photometric condition is 69.70%, 74.97%, 70.26%, 74.27% and 65.12%, respectively. The fractional observing time is inversely correlated with surface air temperature, relative humidity, precipitable water vapor, and dew temperature, demonstrating that the observing conditions are influenced by these meteorological parameters. Large-scale air-sea interactions affect the climate at Lenghu site, which in fact delivers a clue to understand the irregularity of 2023. Specifically, precipitable water vapor at Lenghu site is correlated to both the westerly wind index and the summer North Atlantic Oscillation index, the yearly average temperature of Lenghu site is observed to increase significantly during the occurrence of a strong El Ni\~no event and the relative humidity anomaly at Lenghu site is correlated to the Pacific Decadal Oscillation index. The decrease of fractional observing time in 2023 was due to the ongoing strong El Ni\~no event and relevant global climate change. We underscore the substantial role of global climate change in regulating astronomical observing conditions and the necessity for long-term continuous monitoring of the astronomical meteorological parameters at Lenghu site., Comment: accepted for publication in MNRAS

Software projects are dependent on many third-party libraries, therefore high-risk vulnerabilities can propagate through the dependency chain to downstream projects. Owing to the subjective nature of patch management, software vendors commonly fix vulnerabilities silently. Silent vulnerability fixes cause downstream software to be unaware of urgent security issues in a timely manner, posing a security risk to the software. Presently, most of the existing works for vulnerability fix identification only consider the changed code as a sequential textual sequence, ignoring the structural information of the code. In this paper, we propose GRAPE, a GRAph-based Patch rEpresentation that aims to 1) provide a unified framework for getting vulnerability fix patches representation; and 2) enhance the understanding of the intent and potential impact of patches by extracting structural information of the code. GRAPE employs a novel joint graph structure (MCPG) to represent the syntactic and semantic information of fix patches and embeds both nodes and edges. Subsequently, a carefully designed graph convolutional neural network (NE-GCN) is utilized to fully learn structural features by leveraging the attributes of the nodes and edges. Moreover, we construct a dataset containing 2251 silent fixes. For the experimental section, we evaluated patch representation on three tasks, including vulnerability fix identification, vulnerability types classification, and vulnerability severity classification. Experimental results indicate that, in comparison to baseline methods, GRAPE can more effectively reduce false positives and omissions of vulnerability fixes identification and provide accurate vulnerability assessments., Comment: The paper has been accepted at the 35th IEEE International Symposium on Software Reliability Engineering (ISSRE 2024)

The study of planet occurrence as a function of stellar mass is important for a better understanding of planet formation. Estimating stellar mass, especially in the red giant regime, is difficult. In particular, stellar masses of a sample of evolved planet-hosting stars based on spectroscopy and grid-based modelling have been put to question over the past decade with claims they were overestimated. Although efforts have been made in the past to reconcile this dispute using asteroseismology, results were inconclusive. In an attempt to resolve this controversy, we study four more evolved planet-hosting stars in this paper using asteroseismology, and we revisit previous results to make an informed study of the whole ensemble in a self-consistent way. For the four new stars, we measure their masses by locating their characteristic oscillation frequency, $\mathrm{\nu}_{\mathrm{max}}$, from their radial velocity time series observed by SONG. For two stars, we are also able to measure the large frequency separation, $\mathrm{\Delta\nu}$, helped by extended SONG single-site and dual-site observations and new TESS observations. We establish the robustness of the $\mathrm{\nu}_{\mathrm{max}}$-only-based results by determining the stellar mass from $\mathrm{\Delta\nu}$, and from both $\mathrm{\Delta\nu}$ and $\mathrm{\nu}_{\mathrm{max}}$. We then compare the seismic masses of the full ensemble of 16 stars with the spectroscopic masses from three different literature sources. We find an offset between the seismic and spectroscopic mass scales that is mass-dependent, suggesting that the previously claimed overestimation of spectroscopic masses only affects stars more massive than about 1.6 M$_\mathrm{\odot}$., Comment: 13 pages, 12 figures, Accepted for publication in the Main Journal of MNRAS

Asteroseismic analysis of solar-like stars allows us to determine physical parameters such as stellar mass, with a higher precision compared to most other methods. Even in a well-studied cluster such as the Hyades, the masses of the red giant stars are not well known, and previous mass estimates are based on model calculations (isochrones). The four known red giants in the Hyades are assumed to be clump (core-helium-burning) stars based on their positions in colour-magnitude diagrams, however asteroseismology offers an opportunity to test this assumption. Using asteroseismic techniques combined with other methods, we aim to derive physical parameters and the evolutionary stage for the planet hosting star epsilon Tau, which is one of the four red giants located in the Hyades. We analysed time-series data from both ground and space to perform the asteroseismic analysis. By combining high signal-to-noise (S/N) radial-velocity data from the ground-based SONG network with continuous space-based data from the revised Kepler mission K2, we derive and characterize 27 individual oscillation modes for epsilon Tau, along with global oscillation parameters such as the large frequency separation and the ratio between the amplitude of the oscillations measured in radial velocity and intensity as a function of frequency. The latter has been measured previously for only two stars, the Sun and Procyon. Combining the seismic analysis with interferometric and spectroscopic measurements, we derive physical parameters for epsilon Tau, and discuss its evolutionary status., Comment: 13 pages, 13 figures, 4 tables, accepted for publication in Astronomy & Astrophysics

We present long-term, multi-color photometric monitoring and spectroscopic observations of the short-period M-type eclipsing binary BX Tri. Six flare events were recorded in 4 years from 2014 to 2017. Three of them were detected on one night within an orbital cycle. The strongest one was identified on December 23, 2014. With the amplitudes of $\Delta$B=0.48 mag, $\Delta$V=0.28 mag, $\Delta$R=0.10 mag, $\Delta$I=0.02 mag, the total energy due to the flare event was measured to be 4.08 ($\pm$0.24) $\times$$10^{34}$ erg, exceeding the superflare level ($10^{34}$). Based on the observations, the evolutionary status of the binary system as well as the long-term orbital period changes were analyzed. It reveals that BX Tri is probably a semi-detached system with the primary component filling its Roche lobe. The extremely high occurrence of flare events of the binary could be related to the rapid mass transfer between components., Comment: 16 pages, 10figures; Accepted for publication in ApJ

Stellar fundamental parameters are important in the asteroseismic study of Kepler light curves. However, the most used estimates in the Kepler Input Catalog (KIC) are not accurate enough for hot stars. Using a sample of B stars from the Large Sky Area Multi-Object Fiber Spectroscopic Telescope (LAMOST) spectral survey, we confirmed the systematic underestimation in KIC effective temperature and overestimation in KIC surface gravity. The good agreement between LAMOST and other follow-up observations proved the accuracy of effective temperature and surface gravity of B stars derived from LAMOST low-resolution spectra. By searching through LAMOST data, we found four misclassified main-sequence B stars in the Kepler field, which had been previously classified as A-type variables. We present spectroscopic and detailed frequency analysis of these four stars based on LAMOST spectra and Kepler photometry., Comment: 19 pages, 12 figures, 7 tables, to appear in ApJ

Local mixing-length theory is incapable of describing nonlocal phenomena in stellar convection, such as overshooting. Therefore standard solar models constructed with the local mixing-length theory deviate significantly from the Sun at the boundaries of the convection zone, where convection becomes less efficient and nonlocal effects are important. The differences between observed and computed frequencies come mainly from the near-surface region, while the localized sound-speed difference is just below the convective envelope. In this paper we compute a solar envelope model using Xiong's nonlocal convection theory, and carry out helioseismic analysis. The nonlocal model has a smooth transition at the base of the convection zone, as revealed by helioseismology. It reproduces solar frequencies more accurately, and reduces the localized sound-speed difference between the Sun and standard solar models., Comment: 16 pages, 10 figures, 1 table, accepted for publication in Research in Astronomy and Astrophysics

Helioseismic inversions reveal a major discrepancy in sound speed between the Sun and the standard solar model just below the base of solar convection zone. We demonstrate that this discrepancy is caused by the inherent shortcomings of the local mixing-length theory adopted in the standard solar model. Using a self-consistent nonlocal convection theory, we construct an envelope model of the Sun for sound-speed inversion. Our solar model has a very smooth transition from the convective envelope to the radiative interior; and the convective energy flux changes sign crossing the boundaries of the convection zone. It shows evident improvement over the standard solar model, with a significant reduction in the discrepancy in sound speed between the Sun and local convection models., Comment: 12 pages, 4 figures, to appear in ApJ Letters, 2012 November 1