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We report on the preparation of robust indium tin oxide (ITO) hemispherical-shell arrays (HSAs) with nanoscale thickness of ∼100 nm and their applications for passively Q-switched erbium-doped all-fiber lasers as saturable absorbers (SAs). The five different-sized ITO HSAs as robust SAs with diameters of 707, 820, 870, 994, and 1100 nm are successfully and efficiently fabricated onto the endfaces of commercial single mode fiber jumpers by using the nanosphere lithography technology. In the laser measurement, the stable Q-switched laser pulses with wavelengths centered at 1.56 μm, 3 dB bandwidths of ∼3.3 nm, and pulse widths of ∼6.44 μs are successfully obtained for all five different-sized ITO HSAs due to the larger modulation depths of ∼12.8%–16.4%, which is theoretically demonstrated to be arising from the excitations of second-order broad transverse-magnetic and transverse-electric Mie resonances. In addition, an average output power as large as 1.88 mW and single pulse energy as large as 95.46 nJ are successfully obtained for the ITO HSA SA with a diameter of 1100 nm. Our results indicate that the nanoscale thick ITO-HSA is a promising SA for constructing high performance Q-switched all-fiber lasers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is limited analysis of the role of tourism in rural revitalization (RR) from a high-quality development perspective. To address this gap, this study analyzes the spatiotemporal patterns and coupling coordination degree (CCD) of tourism high-quality development (THD) and RR in the Silk Road Economic Belt from 2011 to 2020 using coupling coordination and gravity models. A geographic detector is employed to quantitatively elucidate the factors influencing the CCD. The findings are as follows. (1) The comprehensive RR level increased 86% from 2011 to 2020, whereas the THD level first increased and then decreased. The southwest region outperformed the northwest in RR and THD levels. (2) The CCD between RR and THD displayed various degrees of increase, with a spatial pattern of higher levels in the southwest and lower levels in the northwest. The spatial linkage strength of the CCD first increased and then decreased, with tighter linkages among the southwestern provinces. (3) Public fiscal expenditure, per capita GDP, and science and education spending significantly affected the CCD. In conclusion, the effective coordination of THD and RR requires a focus on their spatiotemporal coupling characteristics and the joint regulation of multiple factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Investigating the response of soil microbial communities to nitrogen (N) deposition is critical to understanding biogeochemical processes and the sustainable development of forests. However, whether and to what extent different forms of N deposition affect soil microbial communities in temperate forests is not fully clear. In this work, a field experiment with three years of simulated nitrogen deposition was conducted in temperate forests. The glycine and urea were chosen as organic nitrogen (ON) source, while NH4NO3 was chosen as inorganic nitrogen (IN) source. Different ratios of ON to IN (CK = 0:0, Mix-1 = 10:0, Mix-2 = 7:3, Mix-3 = 5:5, Mix-4 = 3:7, Mix-5 = 0:10) were mixed and then used with equal total amounts of 10 kg·N·ha−1·a−1. We determined soil microbial diversity and community composition for bacteria and fungi (16S rRNA and ITS), and soil parameters. Different forms of N addition significantly changed the soil bacterial and fungal communities. Mixed N sources had a positive effect on soil bacterial diversity and a negative effect on fungal diversity. Bacterial and fungal community structures were significantly separated under different forms of N addition. Soil pH was the main factor affecting the change in fungal community structure, while bacterial community structure was mainly controlled by STN. We also found that Proteobacteria, Acidobacteriota, Basidiomycota and Ascomycota were the most abundant phyla, regardless of the form of N addition. RDA showed that C/P and NH4+ were the main factors driving the change in bacterial community composition, and C/P, pH and C/N were the main factors driving the change in fungal community composition. Our results indicate that different components of N deposition need to be considered when studying the effects of N deposition on soil microorganisms in terrestrial ecosystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]