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The size of mineral grain has a significant impact on the initiation and propagation of microcracks within rocks. In this study, fine-, medium-, and coarse-grained granites were used to investigate microcrack evolution and characteristic stress under uniaxial compression using the acoustic emission (AE), digital image correlation (DIC), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) measurements. The experimental results show that the characteristic stress of each granite decreased considerably with increasing grain sizes. The inflection points of the b-value occurred earlier with an increase in grain sizes, indicating that the larger grains promote the generation and propagation of microcracks. The distribution characteristics of the average frequency (AF) and the ratio of rise time to amplitude (RA) indicate that the proportion of shear microcracks increases with increasing grain size. The NMR results indicate that the porosity and the proportion of large pores increased with increasing grain size, which may intensify the microcrack evolution. Moreover, analysis of the DIC and AE event rates suggests that the high-displacement regions could serve as a criterion for the degree of microcrack propagation. The study found that granites with larger grains had a higher proportion of high-displacement regions, which can lead to larger-scale cracking or even spalling. These findings are not only beneficial to understand the pattern of microcrack evolution with different grain sizes, but also provide guidance for rock monitoring and instability assessment.