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Background and Objectives: Urban green spaces have natural ecological value and provide entertainment and many physical and mental benefits for citizens. In the science of ornamental horticulture and green spaces, the aesthetic aspects of plants as well as their role in controlling adverse environmental conditions such as air pollution, strong winds, strong sunlight, snow and rain, and floods are considered. The Ligustrum lucidum plant is considered an excellent landscaping plant in most areas due to its resistance to pests, air pollution and wind. In addition, it grows quickly in poor soils and provides good shade. The hard rooting of this plant and the long rooting process led to the design and implementation of this research. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of indole butyric acid hormone and nutritional elements iron, zinc and boron on the rooting of Ligustrum lucidum cuttings. Materials and Methods: A factorial research was conducted based on a completely randomized design with two factors and three replications. The first factor includes different concentrations of indole butyric acid hormone (0, 50, 100, 150 parts per million) by spraying on leaves and the second factor includes three iron nutrients with concentrations (0, 4, 8, 16 parts per million), zinc with concentration of (0, 0.27, 0.54, 1.08 parts per million) and boron with concentration of (0, 0.13, 0.26, 0.54 parts per million) as irrigated fertilizer. Results: The results showed that the highest rooting percentage and the highest number of buds and leaves were observed in the 50 ppm indole butyric acid treatment. The longest root length was affected by the treatment of indole butyric acid 100 ppm and the highest number of roots was seen in the interaction of indole butyric acid 50 ppm and boron 0.26 ppm and zinc 0.27 ppm. The concentration of 50 and 100 ppm indole butyric acid, zinc 1.08 ppm and the combined effect of indole butyric acid 50 ppm with boron 0.26 ppm also caused a significant decrease in the amount of total phenol. Also, among the treatments, the lowest amount of peroxidase enzyme activity was related to the use of indole butyric acid 50 and 100 ppm along with iron 4 ppm. Also, among the treatments, the lowest amount of peroxidase enzyme activity was related to the use of indole butyric acid 50 and 100 ppm and iron 4 ppm. Conclusion: The results of the present study clearly show that the spraying treatment of indole butyric acid and its combination with some nutritional elements can improve and accelerate the rooting process of Ligustrum lucidum cuttings, and their use in commercial nurseries can be recommended for propagation through stem cuttings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Chinese artichoke (Stachys affinis) is a vegetable that is also used as a medicinal plant. There are two major problems in growing Chinese artichoke. One is the re-infection of viruses when propagating virus-free seed tubers, and the other is too long a cultivation period before harvest. The application of rooted cuttings technology to tuber production could allow virus-free cuttings to be propagated annually and planted at any time of the year. We showed that 100% of the cuttings were rooted within 14 days when the electrical conductivity of the nutrient solution was less than 0.42 dS·m−1. There was no significant difference in yield or tuber size between tubers derived from rooted cuttings and those derived from seed tubers (the conventional method of cultivation). Although the yield of rooted cuttings planted in July, August and September decreased slightly with delayed planting time, tubers of marketable size were harvested even when planted in September, the shortest growing season. The stachyose content, polyphenol content and antioxidant activity of the tubers did not differ significantly with planting time. In conclusion, short-term cultivation of Chinese artichoke using rooted cuttings is feasible for commercial tuber production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work aimed to evaluate the effect of the addition of fine solids with different mineralogical compositions on the physical properties of olefinic fluids used in pre-salt wells. The fluids were added with 5% of each mineral (clay, silica, carbonate or halite) separately and characterized by rheological properties, filtrate volume and separated volume. According to the results, bentonite act as a physical barrier, improving aged fluid behavior, leading to a 66.67% decrease in separated volume. On the other hand, halite has presented a negative effect on fluid properties and resulted in an increase of 88.89% in separated volume. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Abstract: Plant and fruit quality is a reflection of several factors, one of which is the way the seedlings were produced. The aim of this study was to analyse the phytotechnical and nutritional characteristics of fig tree seedlings (Ficus carica L.) produced in a substrate comprising decomposed stems of the buriti palm (Mauritia flexuosa L.). A randomised block design was used, with treatments distributed in a 5x6 factorial scheme with one additional treatment, arranged in five blocks. The substrates included the following levels of decomposed buriti stems: 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100%, with a different decomposition time (0; 15; 30; 45; 60 and 75 days) for each treatment. There was one additional treatment comprising 100% soil. The following variables were evaluated to determine the effects of the treatments: number of leaves (NL), number of branches (NB), leaf chlorophyll index, diameter of the largest shoot (DLS), length of the largest shoot (LLS), leaf area (LA), root length (RL), root volume (RV), shoot fresh matter (SFM), root fresh matter (RFM), shoot dry matter (SDM) and root dry matter (RDM), with a chemical analysis of the shoots and soil before and after setting up the experiment. The proportion of decomposed buriti palm stem in the substrate yielded significant results for the morphological variables, including the number of leaves, shoot fresh matter, root fresh matter and root volume. For the nutritional variables relating to the aerial part of the seedlings, the proportion of substrate yielded significant results for the levels of calcium, magnesium, iron and zinc. There were no significant results from the decomposition time; however, multivariate analysis showed that by the end of the experiment the nutrient concentration in the soil was higher than before the experiment.

We have explored the effectiveness of using light-correcting covering materials for greenhouse structures when rooting the cuttings of various ornamental forms and varieties of the northern white-cedar (Thuja occidentalis L.). Two types of shelters have been tested: the modified spunbond at a density of 30 g/m2 with a photoluminescent phosphor integrated into its structure at a concentration of 0.8 % and the unmodified spunbond at the same density. Europeum-doped yttrium oxysulfide (Y2O2SEu) has been chosen as a photoluminescent phosphor. We have analyzed 11 varieties and forms of Thuja occidentalis L.: Rheingold, Mr. Bowling Ball, Woodwardii, Tiny Tim, Golden Smaragd, Mirjam, Golden Globe, Danica, Sunkist, Smaragd and Brabant. The response of the indicators of callusogenesis and rhizogenesis to the influence of a transformed light flux has been tested. A positive effect of the use of photoluminescent phosphors in rooting the stem cuttings of the northern white-cedar has been established. An increase in the indicators of regenerative ability and post-regenerative development of the root systems and the aboveground parts of the cuttings has been recorded, such as: the activity of callusogenesis, the number of adventitious roots formed, the length of the leading root, the total length of the root system, the height of the aboveground part and the diameter of the root collar. Callusogenesis has increased from 67.59 ± 2.05 % in the check to 76.81 ± 1.61 % when having integrated the photoluminescent phosphor. The number of adventitious roots formed has increased from 9.64 ± 0.43 to 11.44 ± 0.34 pcs., correspondingly. The total length of the root systems has increased from 64.56 ± 3.70 to 75.52 ± 2.77 cm, correspondingly. One-way analysis of variance confirmed the significance of the differences between the tested forms and varieties in each of the shelter options for most of the tested indicators. Two-way analysis of variance has revealed a significant effect of the positive impact of photoluminescent phosphors on callusogenesis, adventitious root formation, post-regenerative development of the root systems and the aboveground parts of the cuttings.

Abstract The first reports that auxins promoted root formation in cuttings and that indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) was a particularly effective treatment date from the early 1930s. Since its introduction into horticultural practice, the focus on improvements in the rooting of plants has been largely on the proper use of auxins to enhance adventitious rooting (AR) as well as to increase the range of plants where it can be effective. In this review, we focus on new ideas that might build on what is known about auxin induction of AR. We explore what the evolution in chemical biology has opened through novel high-throughput screening tools to explore auxin regulation of plant development and what it might add to our understanding and potential to produce new tools for the manipulation of AR. The potential for using stronger auxin analogues, alternative indolealkanoic acids, compounds that alter β-oxidation of IBA and other indolealkanoic acids, auxin conjugates, inhibitors of auxin conjugation, inhibitors of endogenous auxin biosynthesis, as well as other plant hormones and compounds that inhibit the production or mimic the effects of signals that might be involved in AR are all discussed. The expectation is that a summary of these advances in our understanding of the chemical biology important to AR might increase the use and exploration of new ideas for the improvement in the practical approaches to advance horticultural rooting methods.

Dragon fruit (Hylocereus sp.) is an exotic crop with a great potential for its cultivation in semi arid tracts throughout India. Its planting is mainly confined to harsh climates and degraded lands facing challenges in its establishment. Hence, availability of quality planting material is essential for attaining success. Due to long juvenile phase of the sexually propagated seedlings it can be propagated asexually by stem cuttings but proper rooting is not possible without exogenous auxin application. Hence, during 2022- 2023 a research was carried out at the Horticultural Experimental area of Khalsa College, Amritsar to standardize the concentration of plant growth regulators viz. IBA, NAA and PHB for rooting and success rate in stem cuttings comprising of sixteen treatments with three replications arranged in randomized block design. The results revealed that the stem cuttings treated with IBA 4000 ppm proved to be superior for the sprouting and survival of the cuttings resulting in the improved vegetative growth with profuse, longer, thicker and the heaviest roots. Hence, the cutting treatment of IBA 4000 ppm can be proposed for dragon fruit plant propagation to meet the market demand in India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Syzygium maire (swamp maire) is an endemic New Zealand Myrtaceae tree species. Current threats to this species include habitat destruction, myrtle rust, declining remnant populations and low capacity for natural regeneration. Large-scale replanting for conservation/restoration initiatives would mitigate against these threats. However, there is limited information available on propagation of this species. In this study, we looked at sexual propagation using seed germination and asexual propagation using softwood cuttings. For seed germination, we examined the effect of seed pretreatments (intact fruit or de-pulped seed) and temperature settings (15/25°C or 20/30°C) to optimise germination. For softwood cutting propagation, we investigated the diameter of the cuttings (1–2 mm or 3–5 mm) and application of exogenous indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) (0, 1.5, 3.0, or 4.5 g L−1) on their efficacy of producing adventitious rooting. The most critical factor for seed germination was the removal of seed pulp. De-pulping the seeds shortened the mean time to germination and positively affected the germination percentage, regardless of the incubation temperature. Germination percentage of ≥94.5% was achieved in seeds sown without pulp. Propagation by softwood cutting of 1–2 mm in diameter was possible without IBA treatment (63.3% of cuttings rooted), but the application of 1.5 g L−1 IBA increased the rooting percentage (to 75%), thereby inducing the production of a higher number of roots. Seed germination and softwood cutting were effective strategies to propagate S. maire. The findings of this research contribute to the knowledge of propagation and restoration of S. maire populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The work was carried out with the aim of analysing the size of cane tissues of the grapevine cultivar 5BB (Vitis berlandieri x V. riparia) and (CS, Vitis vinifera L.) at the microscopic level. Cane tissues of both cultivars were assessed. Cuttings were taken at the same cane diameter of CS and 5BB during the winter period 40 days after leaf fall. The cuttings were fixed in a FAA solution for microscopy. In this study, the cultivars showed significant differences in the parameters of the vascular tissues. A strong relationship was detected between the profile parameters of different tissues (xylem vessel diameter, xylem, phloem, primary phloem fibre, xylem vessel density). The CS cultivar showed wider xylem vessel diameters than the 5BB cultivar. The relationship between xylem vessel size in CS and 5BB cultivars and tissue profiles are discussed. We suggest that the anatomical profiles of cane tissues can provide useful information for further investigations of grapevines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Willows are suitable candidates for phytoremediation projects. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the potential of using Salix unrooted cuttings for the phytoremediation of lead/zinc (Pb/Zn) and copper (Cu) mine tailings. Cuttings of 14 Salix clones were directly rooted into pots containing mine tailings. The 14 clones showed different levels of tolerance to tailing treatments. A total of 71.40% and 85.70% of the S. jiangsuensis '172' cuttings either grown in Pb/Zn or Cu tailings survived, respectively. However, the other clones had lower survival rates, and the values were no more than 40%. Usually, all clones produce less biomass in an extremely contaminated environment. Clonal variation in biomass yield was observed in this research. The surviving clones, such as S. integra 'WSH', S. matsudana '14', S. chaenomeloides '3', S. chaenomeloides '4', and S. chaenomeloides '5' (Pb/Zn tailing), S. integra 'HY', S. integra 'WSH', S. matsudana '14', S. matsudana '19', and S. matsudana '34' (Cu tailing) produced relatively more biomass in this study. In general, all the clones presented lower bioconcentration factor values for the tailings of heavy metals. In principle, all clones could easily take up and translocate Zn and Cd from the tailings to aboveground parts, especially S. integra. All clones exhibited a huge variation in their heavy metal accumulation capacity. As stated above, the direct utilization of cuttings for phytoremediation is a viable option. S. jiangsuensis '172' had a high tolerance capacity and would be a recommended candidate for future phytoremediation projects in soils containing tailings with an extremely high concentration of heavy metals. These results provide crucial information about willow growth and metal accumulation capacity in extremely adverse environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Adventitious root formation is a key step in vegetative propagation via cuttings. It is crucial for establishing birch plantations and preserve birch varieties. Although previous studies have highlighted role of WOX11 in controlling adventitious root formation, no such study has been conducted in birch. Understanding the mechanism of adventitious root formation is essential for improvement of rooting or survival rate using stem cuttings in birch. In this study, we cloned BpWOX11 and produced BpWOX11 overexpression (OE) transgenic lines using the Agrobacterium-mediated plant transformation. OE lines exhibited early initiated adventitious root formation, leading to increase the rooting rate of stem cuttings plants. RNA sequencing analysis revealed that OE lines induced the gene expression related to expansin and cell division pathway, as well as defense and stress response genes. These may be important factors for the BpWOX11 gene to promote adventitious root formation in birch cuttings. The results of this study will help to further understand the molecular mechanisms controlling the formation of adventitious roots in birch.

One of the ways to grow high-quality grafted grape seedlings is to use modern, environmentally friendly biologically active preparations. Today, such preparations include live chlorella suspension. Its use in grape nursery is a new and relevant technological method of growing planting material. The aim of the study was to show the effect of live chlorella suspension on the realization of the biological potential of grapevines, with the subsequent production of high-quality grafted grape seedlings. Field (recording of plant growth and development), laboratory (determination of quantitative and qualitative parameters of plants) and statistical (confirmation of the reliability of the results) research methods were used. The obtained results showed that for soaking rootstock and scion components it is advisable to use the strain Chlorella vulgaris Beijer, dilution 1:5, soaking should be carried out for 72 hours – rootstock components, 18 hours – scion components; for irrigation of grape garden plot it is advisable to use the strain Chlorella vulgaris Beijer. + Ge, dilution 1:5, it was carried out immediately after planting scions and three times during the growing season – in June, July, and August. The use of these strains of live chlorella suspension allowed obtaining a higher yield of standard seedlings from the garden plot, the plants had a well-developed root system and annual growth. Compared to the control, which was water, the total number of roots increased. Plants in these variants were also characterized by increased growth of the aboveground part. Indicators of total and mature growth, which characterize the overall development of grafted grape seedlings, were in the range of 687.1-773.2 cm3 (total growth volume), 337.9-386.6 cm3 (mature growth volume), while 730.1 and 362.6 cm3 , respectively, in the control. The records of the output of standard seedlings from the garden plot also showed the advantage of using a suspension of live chlorella (an increase of 19.0-21.0%) compared to water. The above technological methods allow obtaining high-quality grape seedling products and can be a promising alternative for more sustainable and environmentally friendly agricultural methods

Roses are one of the oldest and perhaps most noble and beautiful plants in the world. The propagation of roses by stem cutting is the simplest and a largely used method to multiply them. For the present experiment, seven varieties of roses were selected as follows: ‘Monika’, ‘Mr. Lincoln’, ‘Queen Elisabeth’, ‘The Fairy’, ‘Peace’, ‘King’s Ransom’, and ‘Don Juan’. To assess the differences between the varieties, growth, root length, root number, and frost damage were determined. The aim of the experiment is to determine which rose varieties are better suited to propagation by cuttings, which varieties have a higher rooting tendency, and to what extent the rooting could be influenced by rooting hormones [Incit-8 (0.8% of 1-Naphthaleneacetic acid) and Radi-Stim®]. From our results, it could be determined that the Incit-8 positively influenced the number of roots of all varieties. In conclusion, our research suggests that the rooting hormones increase the rooting of the rose varieties; moreover, that proper rooting could also be depending on the appropriate conditions.

Depletion of fossil energy deposits against the background of intense growth of the world's energy needs creates prerequisites for searching alternative renewable energy sources, among which the biomass of woody plants is considered one of the most promising. The purpose of the studies was to determine the growth characteristics of a medium-rotation energy plantation of poplar variety 'Robusta' in the conditions of the Right-Bank Forest-Steppe of Ukraine on leached chornozems during the first four years. The plantation was established with one-year-old lignified cuttings 25 cm long and 0.8-1.0 cm in diameter in two density variants. Planting spacing – 2.0×0.8 m and 2.0×0.9 m. After the first year, trees at both sites averaged 1.6 m in height. During the second year, their height increment was 2.0±0.05 m for the plantation variant of wider spacing and 2.1±0.05 m for the denser one. During the third growing season, the height increment was 3.1 and 3.0 m, respectively, and the average height of the plants was 6.8 and 6.6 m, respectively. During the fourth growing season, the height increment slowed down significantly (to 1.2 and 1.1 m, respectively) and the average height of four-year-old plantations was 8.0±0.16 m in the variant of denser spacing and 7.7±0.22 m in the variant of wider spacing. At the end of the first year of cultivation, the diameter of the stems at a height of 1.3 m (diameter at breast height) was greater in the denser spacing (0.5 versus 0.3 cm), but already during the next year, the trees became 2 mm thicker in the variant of less dense spacing. A similar trend persisted in the third year, when the average diameter of trees of the denser variant was 5.8 cm, and that of the variant of wider spacing – 6.2 cm. In the fourth year of cultivation, the diameter increment in both plantations decreased significantly (to 1.4 and 1.8 cm, respectively) and their average diameter reached 7.2±0.22 and 8.0±0.31 cm, respectively. After three years of cultivating a poplar plantation created by cuttings, 11.66-14.58 tons of dry biomass, or 207.5-259.5 GJ of energy can be obtained per hectare. After four years, the productivity of such plantations increases sharply (from 25.78 to 29.94 t/ha, or from 458.8 to 532.8 GJ/ha). A significant increase in the biomass yield of energy plantations of poplar variety 'Robusta' during the fourth year of cultivation indicates the advisability of using a 5-7-year period of cultivation of such plantations to obtain the maximum amount of biomass. The positive results of rooting cuttings 20-25 cm long in the study region indicate the similarity of the general elements of poplar cultivation technology, which are used in different regions of the northern hemisphere. The results obtained correlate with the studies of other authors, who focus on the advisability of using poplar cuttings 20 cm long. The results of studies on planting time indicate the possibility of obtaining positive results from the rooting of poplar cuttings and a good growth of one-year-old rooted cuttings both during spring and autumn planting.

Adventitious root formation is a key step in vegetative propagation via cuttings. It is crucial for establishing birch plantations and preserve birch varieties. Although previous studies have highlighted role of WOX11 in controlling adventitious root formation, no such study has been conducted in birch. Understanding the mechanism of adventitious root formation is essential for improvement of rooting or survival rate using stem cuttings in birch. In this study, we cloned BpWOX11 and produced BpWOX11 overexpression (OE) transgenic lines using the Agrobacterium-mediated plant transformation. OE lines exhibited early initiated adventitious root formation, leading to increase the rooting rate of stem cuttings plants. RNA sequencing analysis revealed that OE lines induced the gene expression related to expansin and cell division pathway, as well as defense and stress response genes. These may be important factors for the BpWOX11 gene to promote adventitious root formation in birch cuttings. The results of this study will help to further understand the molecular mechanisms controlling the formation of adventitious roots in birch. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the impact of different soil compositions on the rooting of dragon fruit cuttings. The study found that adding organic matter, such as vermicompost, increased the number of roots, root length, and root volume of the cuttings. The treatment with red soil and vermicompost showed the best results in terms of root growth and survival percentage. These findings are consistent with previous studies on dragon fruit and other plant cuttings. The study concludes that a soil composition of Red Soil: Vermicompost in a ratio of 2:1:1 resulted in significant and improved root growth performance. This research provides valuable information for individuals interested in propagating and cultivating dragon fruit. [Extracted from the article]

Cassava is a major food security crop in the developing world, providing a basic diet for over half a billion people. Stem cutting is the major propagation technique in commercial cassava production, despite its limitations in bulkiness and high cost. Research is lacking in optimizing the number of nodes for the most economical use of the planting material. It can be hypothesized that one or two node cuttings can be used in proper rooting media. Hence, a study was conducted to determine the appropriate number of nodes on selected rooting media for better rooting and shoot growth of cassava. A factorial combination of four number nodes (one, two, three, and standard, or 4–6 nodes) and four types of rooting media (sawdust, cocopeat, topsoil, and sand) was used in a completely randomized design with three replications. Nursery and field establishment data were collected. The result revealed that the interaction between the number of nodes and the media significantly (p < 0.05) affected all fresh and dry weights of root and shoot. Sawdust and cocopeat performed best in terms of root number, root length, leaf number, branch number, shoot length, and rooting percentage. Root fresh weight, root dry weight, shoot fresh weight, and shoot dry weight were higher when stem cuttings were planted using two or more nodes on cocopeat or sawdust as compared to planting them on topsoil or sand. The use of two or more nodes on cuttings using cocopeat or sawdust found outstanding results for rooting. However, the standard cutting was better for survival percentage during field establishment. The result confirmed that two nodes of cassava stem cutting are enough for the successful rooting of cassava, and sawdust promotes the rooting of cuttings. Hence, we recommend sawdust as a rooting medium and two or more nodes of stem cuttings of cassava. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Adventitious root formation is a significant limiting factor in the vegetative propagation of economically important plants. Owing to the low germination rates and survival of conventional seed propagation, vegetative propagation remains the best option for large-scale production. Generally, there is a lack of competency for elite plant species cuttings or explants to form adventitious roots. The molecular-level studies of the adventitious root formation have not been explored in many species, such as ramie. As the WUSCEL-related homeobox gene family plays a critical role in promoting vegetative organs and stem cell functioning, we investigated their potential role in adventitious root formation in ramie using genome-wide characterization, gene structure, and expression analysis. The overall result indicated their possible involvement in rooting ramie cuttings. This study thus increases our understanding of the role of these genes and lays a foundation for further studies. A WUSCHEL-related homeobox (WOX) gene family has been implicated in promoting vegetative organs to embryonic transition and maintaining plant embryonic stem cell identity. Using genome-wide analysis, we identified 17 candidates, WOX genes in ramie (Boehmeria nivea). The genes (BnWOX) showed highly conserved homeodomain regions typical of WOX. Based on phylogenetic analysis, they were classified into three distinct groups: modern, intermediate, and ancient clades. The genes displayed 65% and 35% collinearities with their Arabidopsis thaliana and Oryza sativa ortholog, respectively, and exhibited similar motifs, suggesting similar functions. Furthermore, four segmental duplications (BnWOX10/14, BnWOX13A/13B, BnWOX9A/9B, and BnWOX6A/Maker00021031) and a tandem-duplicated pair (BnWOX5/7) among the putative ramie WOX genes were obtained, suggesting that whole-genome duplication (WGD) played a role in WOX gene expansion. Expression profiling analysis of the genes in the bud, leaf, stem, and root of the stem cuttings revealed higher expression levels of BnWOX10 and BnWOX14 in the stem and root and lower in the leaf consistent with the qRT-PCR analysis, suggesting their direct roles in ramie root formation. Analysis of the rooting characteristics and expression in the stem cuttings of sixty-seven different ramie genetic resources showed a possible involvement of BnWOX14 in the adventitious rooting of ramie. Thus, this study provides valuable information on ramie WOX genes and lays the foundation for further research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Epipremnum aureum 'Marble Queen' has high demand in the floriculture industry and is propagated commercially using single nodal stem cuttings. In the floriculture industry, they are exported as rooted and unrooted cuttings. Two experiments were conducted to determine the rooting performance of 'Marble Queen' cuttings for both rooted and unrooted export purposes. Experiment one tested the rooting performances of unrooted cuttings after an export simulation (48-hour cold storage at 21°C). In experiment two, the effect of rooting media and IBA was evaluated to produce rooted cuttings. Two different rooting media (coir dust and oasis) and four different concentrations of IBA (0 mg·L-1, 250 mg·L-1, 500 mg·L-1, and 1000 mg·L-1 ) were tested. Rooting media showed the most significant effects on the rooting of 'Marble Queen' cuttings. Coir dust medium reported the highest number of roots per cutting, root-to-shoot ratio, and average root diameter. Minimum days to bud and root initiation and a higher number of leaf buds were observed in the oasis medium. Early rooting and a higher number of roots were observed with the application of 500 mg·L-1 IBA. The use of an appropriate rooting medium and optimum concentration of IBA would help in the rapid propagation of 'Marble Queen' cuttings. Applying 500 mg·L-1 IBA in the oasis medium was more efficient in early rooting and shoot growth of 'Marble Queen' cuttings. Coir dust medium, along with 500 mg·L-1 IBA, was most suitable for the efficient growth and development of 'Marble Queen' cuttings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drill cuttings are broken bits of solid material removed from a borehole drilled by rotary, percussion, or auger methods and brought to the surface in the drilling mud. When these cuttings enter the annulus, they have an effect on the drilling fluid rheology and density, which is, in general, quite difficult to evaluate. By introducing an empirical correlation for the rheological properties of cuttings-laden drilling fluids, this study proposes a pressure- loss prediction method for an extended-reach well (ERW). After verifying the accuracy of this method, a case study is considered and a sensitivity analysis is conducted assuming a yield-power law fluid. The results show that an increased concentration of cuttings in the annulus contributes to an increased annular pressure loss. Compared to their effect on the drilling fluid density, cuttings have a greater impact on the drilling fluid rheology. A larger rate of penetration contributes to an increased annular pressure loss. For higher drilling fluid flow rates, the annular pressure loss first decreases and then it increases. In addition, the annular pressure loss becomes higher as the cuttings' particle size decreases and the cuttings' concentration grows. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the drilling process, cuttings settle under the action of gravity, which easily results in the formation of a cuttings bed, which then results in wellbore cleaning problems. The settling law of cuttings in drilling fluid is essentially a problem of solid–liquid two-phase settling. This study analyzes and summarizes the effects of the wall effect, the rheology of the fluid, particle shape irregularity, and particle concentration on the settling rate of particles and clarifies the problems faced by current research on the settling rate of particles and the development direction. Studies have shown that walls exert additional blocking effects on particles, thus reducing their settling velocity. The shear thinning effect of non-Newtonian fluids such as power-law fluids and Herschel–Bulkley fluids will reduce the viscosity of the liquid, thus increasing the settling velocity of the particles. Compared with spherical particles, irregular particles will obtain higher resistance in the fluid, leading to a decline in the particle settling velocity. The mutual interference between particles will result in an increase in the drag force on the particles and a decline in the settling velocity. However, when the particles are aggregated, the settling velocity will increase. This study can provide theoretical guidance for predicting the migration law of cuttings during the drilling of horizontal wells, and it has important significance for enriching the theory of solid–liquid two-phase flow. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Camellia piquetiana, one of the endemic species of Vietnam, is classified as Critically Endangered (CR) by the IUCN. A reassessment of its conservation status and research into propagation methods are essential for its conservation. Our survey recorded 246 mature individuals in the wild at three locations in Lam Dong Province: Bao Loc City, Bao Lam District, and Da Huoai District. The conservation assessment for this species, determined with GeoCat software, is still CR. Propagation by partially uncoated seeds had a higher propagation efficiency than by coated seeds. The germination percentage was 92.22%; the seeds began germination after 11 days and finished after 29.33 days. The results showed that stem cuttings immersed in a concentration of 500 ppm indole-3-butyric acid for 10 minutes with a 100% coir substrate gave the highest survival percentage (90.00%), rooting percentage (86.67%), average number of roots (4.54), root length (4.86 cm), and rooting index (21.98) after 90 days.

Abstract Cassava is a major food security crop in the developing world, providing a basic diet for over half a billion people. Stem cutting is the major propagation technique in commercial cassava production, despite its limitations in bulkiness and high cost. Research is lacking in optimizing the number of nodes for the most economical use of the planting material. It can be hypothesized that one or two node cuttings can be used in proper rooting media. Hence, a study was conducted to determine the appropriate number of nodes on selected rooting media for better rooting and shoot growth of cassava. A factorial combination of four number nodes (one, two, three, and standard, or 4–6 nodes) and four types of rooting media (sawdust, cocopeat, topsoil, and sand) was used in a completely randomized design with three replications. Nursery and field establishment data were collected. The result revealed that the interaction between the number of nodes and the media significantly (p

Abstract The rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis (Willd. ex A.Juss.) Müll.Arg.), a native Amazonian species, is responsible for more than 50 thousand products and stands out as the world's main source of natural rubber. Commercial production is carried out by grafting, however, the technique has gaps in terms of time and quality for seedling production. Vegetative production via cuttings is an alternative, however, the species is difficult to root. Thus, the study tested the rooting induction, through a chemical method, with the hormonal regulator indolbutyric acid (IBA) of 5000 ppm, and a mechanical method, with the strangulation of stems, and the interaction between the methods, to analyze the survival and sprouting of rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis) cuttings, as well as verifying the efficiency of breaking the sclerenchyma ring by strangulation. A randomized block design was used, with four treatments (control, with strangulation, with IBA, strangulation x IBA) distributed in six blocks with 36 cuttings. Data were submitted to ANOVA test and Tukey's post-test (p>0.05). The results obtained 12.5% of live cuttings, without rooting, during 68 days, being the combination of strangulation and IBA with greater survival and sprouting. No breakage of the sclerenchyma ring was observed by histological analysis. The data indicate strategic gains in combining chemical and mechanical techniques for species of difficult rooting in vegetative propagation, however, the test was not enough to affirm an answer in relation to each technique, the deepening of the technique on the behavior of the species remains the biggest challenge.

Research on the growth of water jasmine stem cuttings in various planting media aims to study the response of water jasmine stem cuttings to different planting media and obtain the best planting medium for the growth of water jasmine stem cuttings. The experiment uses a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 4 treatment groups of planting media and 5 replications, resulting in 20 experimental units. The planting media used as treatments are paddy soil, paddy soil + chicken manure fertilizer, paddy soil + cow manure fertilizer, and paddy soil + burnt rice husk. Growth parameters observed include percentage of growth, plant height, and the number of leaves. Based on the research results, it can be seen that the growth of water jasmine stem cuttings showed significantly different responses when planted in various types of media. The best planting medium to accelerate the growth of water jasmine stem cuttings is paddy soil + cow manure fertilizer, with greater plant height and leaf count compared to the other three treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The existence of confining pressure is an important factor that can't be ignored in rock cutting process. Rocks show high strength and strong plasticity under confining pressure condition (CPC), leading to the low rock-breaking efficiency of drilling bit, which is more prominent in deep formation drilling. However, the understanding of rock-breaking mechanism of Polycrystalline Diamond Compact (PDC) cutter under CPC is still unclear. Given that fact, in this paper, a series of rock cutting experiments on sandstone and granite under different confining pressures and atmospheric pressure conditions were carried out using a self-made true triaxial rock cutting device. The cutting force, mechanical specific energy (MSE) and cuttings mass fraction under confining pressure and atmospheric pressure conditions were studied, and the cutting grooves were analyzed. The results show that the existence of confining pressure greatly increases the difficulty of rock cutting, which is embodied by the increase of cutting force and MSE. In addition, the size of cuttings produced under CPC is smaller, and the proportion of powdery cuttings increases with increasing confining pressure. Meanwhile, the cutting grooves obtained under CPCs are smoother. Microscopically, the existence of confining pressure greatly enhances the contact stress between PDC cutter and rock, resulting in a larger area of dense core when PDC cutter contacts with rock. Confining pressure leads to the difficulty of cuttings discharge to a certain extent, which easily results in the secondary and repeated destruction of cuttings and increases the energy dissipation. In general, confining pressure leads to the lower damage degree of PDC cutter to the rock, which makes the rock difficult to be drilled. The research results can provide some special guidance for rock breaking in deep formation, and provide practical thoughts and enlightenment for rock breaking, bits arrangement and optimization under CPC. Highlights: The cutting experiments under confining pressure condition are carried out by using the self-made rock cutting device that exerts three-dimensional stress on rock, which truly simulates the rock breaking process at the bottom of the well. The rock-breaking performances under atmospheric pressure condition and confining pressure conditions are comprehensively analyzed from the aspects of cuttings mass fraction, cuttings size, cutting groove and coarseness index. The rock-breaking mechanism of PDC cutter under confining pressure condition is investigated and the rock-breaking behavior of PDC cutter under confining pressure condition is studied. Three kinds of changing trends of mechanical specific energy with confining pressure are put forward, and the concept of confining pressure threshold is also proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of the trial was to evaluate the callogenesis in vine seedlings using filters by double grafting technique. The trial was conducted in 2017, it was used a completely randomized experimental design with two treatments and subdivided plots, two filters, two varieties and 5 levels of evaluation of callus and root. Treatments: A1 - Cabernet sauvingon crown variety, grafted in the filter 101 - 14 Mgta (Callus 2), with 4cm, grafted in Paulsen 1103(Callus 1), A2 - Merlot variety, SO4 filter, with 8cm (C2), grafted in Paulsen1103 (C1). The evaluation was made at the end of the stratification, following the classification table, which ranged from 0, without formation and 4, complete formation, callogenesis level used in the pattern for planting the grafts in the field. The lowest % of roots coincided with the highest levels of calogenesis. There was no difference between treatments, considering the sizes of filters, different varieties of filter and canopy, for the callogenesis. A1 and A2, presented an average of 92.02% for callus C1 and 7.75% for callus C2. The production of viable grafts for field planting was limited by the low formation of the callus filter/canopy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Digital rock physics (DRP) has undergone significant advancements in the use of various imaging techniques to acquire three-dimensional volumes and images of rock samples for the computation of petrophysical properties. This study focuses on developing a DRP workflow using high-resolution thin section scans for computing porosity and permeability in cuttings samples. The workflow was tested on quarry sandstone plug samples and artificially generated pseudo-cuttings before applying it to real cuttings from oil and gas wells. The results show that the porosity and permeability values obtained through the DRP workflow are statistically equivalent to those obtained through conventional routine core analysis (RCAL). The workflow was also able to handle the presence of various lithologies in real cuttings samples. The study demonstrates the feasibility of obtaining porosity and permeability values in cutting samples using the DRP approach, offering a fast and cost-effective methodology that provides additional data and allows linking petrophysical properties to image data from the cuttings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adventitious roots play a crucial role in the nourishment and propagation of arboreal vegetation. In order to shed light on the physiological and biochemical characteristics of the challenging-to-propagate mulberry tree species, an investigation was conducted. This study aimed to compare the responses of various root morphological indicators, endogenous hormones, and oxidase activities in the "Yueshenda 10" fruit mulberry, at different stages of treatment. The ultimate objective was to identify the factors influencing the process of root development. The findings revealed a distinct "/\" pattern in the levels of IAA and JA within the cuttings. Conversely, the changes in ABA, ZR, and GA3 exhibited a "/\/" pattern. The fluctuation of the IAA/ABA values followed a "\/\" mode, whereas the IAA/ZR values initially increased, followed by a subsequent decrease. The correlation between the initial concentrations of these five endogenous hormones and the rooting rate displayed variations. Notably, IAA demonstrated the strongest association with the rooting rate, exhibiting a positive correlation with both IAA and ZR. Regarding the activity of three antioxidant enzymes (IAAO, POD, and PPO), a "/\" trend was observed, wherein the enzyme activity increased under ABT1 treatment. However, the peak activity levels of the enzymes appeared during different periods: callus generation, rooting induction, and adventitious root expression, respectively. Overall, the most effective treatment for promoting root development and significantly enhancing the root growth parameters of mulberry was found to be 800 mg/L ABT1. Exogenous hormone treatment expedited the synthesis of antioxidant enzymes, thereby shortening the rooting time and facilitating root formation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Scientific Bulletin of National Mining University is the property of National Mining University, State Higher Educational Institution and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

To evaluate the reliability of obtaining rock mechanics parameters and calculating the rock brittleness index using small core samples, the nanoindentation technology is applied to obtain mechanical parameters with the small-scale core samples or cuttings of 1 mm x 1 mm. Before nanoindentation testing, the mineral phase analysis is carried out. The scale is upgraded by the convolution method to obtain the micromechanical parameters. Compared with the mechanical experimental results of nanoindentation, the absolute error is less than 10%, which meets the needs of brittleness index calculation. The proposed method can obtain rock mechanical parameters using broken core samples or cuttings, providing a new technical method for obtaining experimental parameters for brittleness evaluation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article seeks to shed some light on institutional monitoring practices employed by the League of Nations during the 1930s. It explores internal reception of external communication on the organisation and its work and asks (and partially answers) what processes and practices were established by the organisation concerning media monitoring and which views and interpretations these practices (re-)produced. For that purpose, it discusses findings from four exemplary hermeneutic case studies conducted on collections of a total of 701 press clippings collected and curated by League organs. To provide a topical focus (and, simultaneously, increase the transdisciplinary value of the presented research) all four collections concern the League of Nations’ project of international control over colonial policy and are accordingly sourced from the archival section files of the organisation’s Mandates Section. The article contextualises the findings concerning the clippings with information derived from the minutes and reports of the League’s experts’ commission on Mandates, the Permanent Mandates Commission.

A mobile web application called PropG was developed for students to quickly access more than 270 glossary terms defined in a plant propagation textbook. The functionality and usefulness of the app was evaluated by 53 students enrolled in a semester-long online course in plant propagation. Means of pre- and post-test responses to 17 knowledge items showed students perceived a significant knowledge gain in the course for each of the subject categories evaluated. Most students agreed or strongly agreed this learning tool was organized and easy to navigate and would use it in the future. Since 2021, PropG received 153,645 total page views, 90,818 unique visits, and 17,216 returning visits, showing its widespread use in plant propagation.

Abstract Soil and water bioengineering (SWBE) is a feasible, economical and ecologically friendly alternative to restore the riparian forest areas affected by the Brumadinho mining tailings dam rupture. We evaluated the vegetative propagation capacity by cuttings and initial development of nine native riparian species of the Paraobepa River for use in SWBE techniques. From the results it is possible to separate the species into two distinct groups, namely those that can resprout and produce roots from their cuttings (group 1: Acnistus arborescens (L.) Schltdl., Croton urucurana Baill., Gymnanthes schottiana Müll.Arg., Indigofera suffruticosa Mill. and Sesbania virgata (Cav.) Poir.) and are suitable for use as live cuttings in SWBE techniques; and those which were only able to produce shoots (group 2: Casearia decandra Jacq., Chrysophyllum marginatum (Hook. & Arn.) Radlk., Inga vera Willd. and Schinus terebinthifolia Raddi) and should only be used in seedling form to increase the diversity of the interventions.

Salvia officinalis, commonly known as sage, is highly valued for its medicinal and ornamental properties. In the present work, 12 native sage populations of north-west Greece were evaluated for eight ornamental traits. Populations from the locations of Aristi, Kefalovryso and Igoumenitsa were selected as the best performing and for their preservation and availability in the market, their asexual propagation was investigated by (a) shoot cutting and (b) in vitro techniques. Propagation by cuttings was investigated during the four seasons. Aristi exhibited the highest rooting (65%) in spring with a well-developed root system (4.7 root number and 5.0 cm length) by applying 0.5 g·L−1 Indole-3-butyric acid, potassium salt (K-IBA), established on perlite under a fog system. However, the rooting performance of Aristi spring cuttings was not affected by different substrates of peat:perlite (0:1, 1:1, 1:2 v/v) or rooting systems (mist, fog) tested. Furthermore, the in vitro propagation of the selected sage populations was investigated using shoot tips as explants. After successful disinfection, the effect of Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium in ten different combinations of Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), 6-Benzylaminopurine (BAP) and Thidiazuron (TDZ) were tested on shoot multiplication. Aristi presented the highest number of newly formed shoots on MS9 (0.1 mg·L−1 IAA and 0.8 mg·L−1 TDZ) and MS5 (0.1 mg·L−1 IAA and 0.8 mg·L−1 BAP) (3.35 and 3.21 new shoots/explant, respectively) with the highest shoot length (2.23 cm and 3.2 cm) and unexpected spontaneous root formation (64%) at MS5. The rooting ability of Aristi microshoots was further investigated in order to enhance their response. Of the three rooting variants tested, optimal rooting formation (100%) was observed on 0.9 mg·L−1 IAA (R3) combined with successful acclimatization (100%). Aristi exceeded the other populations in both the tested propagation systems, thus holding a strong potential for its introduction in the market as a competitive ornamental variety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Iranian Journal of Horticultural Science is the property of University of Tehran and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences is the property of Editorial Board of Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The single polycrystalline diamond compact (PDC) cutter test is widely used to investigate the mechanism of rock-breaking. The generated cuttings and cutting force are important indexes reflecting the rock failure process. However, they were treated as two separate parameters in previous publications. In this study, through a series of rock block cutting tests, the relationship between them was investigated to obtain an in-depth understanding of the formation of cuttings. In addition, to validate the standpoints obtained in the aforementioned experiments, rock sheet cutting tests were conducted and the rock failure process was monitored by a high-speed camera frame by frame. The cutting force was recorded with the same sampling rate as the camera. By this design, every sampled point of cutting force can match a picture captured by the camera, which reflects the interaction between the rock and the cutter. The results indicate that the increase in cutting depth results in a transition of rock failure modes. At shallow cutting depth, ductile failure dominates and all the cuttings are produced by the compression of the cutter. The corresponding cutting force fluctuates slightly. However, beyond the critical depth, brittle failure occurs and chunk-like cuttings appear, which leads to a sharp decrease in cutting force. After that, the generation of new surface results in a significant decrease in actual cutting depth, a parameter proposed to reflect the interaction between the rock and the cutter. Consequently, ductile failure dominates again and a slight fluctuation of cutting force can be detected. As the cutter moves to the rock, the actual cutting depth gradually increases, which results in the subsequent generation of chunk-like cuttings. It is accompanied by an obvious cutting force drop. That is, ductile failure and brittle failure, one following another, present at large cutting depth. The transition of rock failure mode can be correlated with the variation of cutting force. Based on the results of this paper, the real-time monitoring of torque may be helpful to determine the efficiency of PDC bits in the downhole. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relevance of this study is related to the need to form clear ideas about the factors involved in successful drilling operations and make a number of generalizations to existing methods for predicting the transport and cleaning of wells with a horizontal section, taking into account the features and patterns of the flow of drilling fluids in real drilling modes. The aim of this paper is to study the features of the spatial flow of a mixture of drilling fluid with solid particles in the coaxial and eccentric areas of the well; establish the patterns of the developing steady flow of the mixture through the well; and issue recommendations for applied calculations to improve the process of cleaning wells by using hydraulic methods. A well with a 12-meter horizontal eccentric section is chosen as the object of study, in which the flow is carried out in conditions that are as close as possible to actual drilling parameters. The methods of the mechanics of inhomogeneous continuums for viscous homogeneous and heterogeneous mixtures and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) combined with the ideas of a complex physical, mathematical, and numerical study of the internal flows of rheologically complex viscous media are the universal key to understanding the features and identifying the patterns of the processes considered in this study. It is established that particles can significantly affect the structure of the averaged and pulsating flow of a liquid droplet and their settling leads to the formation of an inhomogeneous anisotropic flow structure, the calculation of which requires modern two parameter turbulence models for Reynolds stresses. It is shown that in the bottom region of the annular space there is a zone with equivalent phase velocities, where the effects of a decrease in the intensity of molar transfer are manifested with an increase in the size of the sediment layer. The real drilling conditions are characterized by processes that accompany laminarization and stabilization of the mixture flow along the entire length of the well, and near the boundary of the fixed layer of settled particles, a narrow layer of their suspended state is formed. Moreover, the flow of particles of cuttings from the reservoir surface and their transition to a suspended state are mainly determined by convection-diffusion mechanisms, the intensity of the pulsating small-scale movement of vortices with an anisotropic structure, and the presence of local areas with moderately high flow velocities in contact with a curvilinear surface unstable to small disturbances of the section. The conditions for the formation of a stagnant zone in which sedimentation and growth in the size of deposits are intense are noted. In practice, a technology and algorithm for modeling the process of the interaction of two-phase flows with the walls of an eccentric pipe, based on demonstrations of CFD capabilities, is recommended. In addition, conclusions are made on improving the criterion relationships for determining the minimum flow rates of the drilling fluid, taking into account the correction of parameters characterizing the rheological features of the mixture, the intensity of turbulence, and the geometry of the annular space and connecting nodes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Chapingo Serie Horticultura is the property of Universidad Autonoma Chapingo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In drilling engineering, it is an urgent technical problem to obtain the rock mechanical parameters of the drilled formation in time and accurately. Rock cuttings is another form formed after rock is broken. Rock cuttings contain some physical properties of the original rock. Taking cuttings as the object of research, this paper puts forward the penetration test featuring “penetrating without fracture” to test penetrating depth using acicular indenter so as to demonstrate parameters of rock mechanics. Experimental study showed that if the rock did not crack, under a certain load, the depth of cuttings is correlated with the uniaxial compressive strength and hardness of primeval rock. In the paper, models of relationship between penetrating depth and uniaxial compressive strength of primeval rocks, and between the penetrating depth and hardness of primeval rocks were established, and were verified by experiment. The error of experimental results is small. The method of “penetrating without fracture” can reduce the dispersion of test data of cuttings, leading to high accuracy of calculation model. This method is an effective way to obtain the parameters of rock mechanics of formation in drilling timely and accurately.