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This study examines the impacts of digitalization through information and communication technology (ICT) and environmental taxes on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in 23 European Union (EU) countries between 2000 and 2017. Using the Pooled Mean Group estimator, the empirical results provide evidence that ICT development and environmental taxes improve environmental sustainability while research and development investments and income per capita deteriorate environmental sustainability. Furthermore, the results based on the Dynamic Panel Threshold Regression model show that the relationship between ICT and GHG emissions is dependent on the level of environmental taxes. During the period of low environmental taxes, the effect of ICT on GHG emissions is positive and insignificant but once environmental taxes cross the threshold value, the effect of ICT becomes negatively related to greenhouse gas emissions. This suggests that the period of low environmental taxes does not support the environmental friendliness of ICT development in the European region. The policy implication of these findings is that ICT, environmental taxes, and renewable energy can be possibly stirred up to achieve long‐term environmental sustainability in the EU region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractThis comparative study covering 41 countries explores whether the distribution of national carbon emissions shapes the public willingness to pay higher environmental taxes and if this relationship is moderated by the quality of government. Using multilevel regression models, it draws on data from all four waves of the International Social Survey Programme’s Environment modules (1993–2020), combined with carbon emissions data from the World Inequality Database. Cross-sectional and longitudinal results suggest that the public willingness to pay additional taxes is lower in contexts where the non-rich are responsible for a larger or increasing share of national carbon emissions, particularly in contexts with low or declining quality of government. It is concluded that the distribution of emissions may impact public support for environmental taxes, but that well-functioning government institutions can mitigate negative public backlash linked to the often-perceived regressive character of these taxes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent decades, cataclysmic events, deterioration of air and water quality, and loss of biodiversity have forced us to look for ways to save nature. One of the ways to solve the problems is to ensure rational environmental management, which is possible by establishing an effective balance between consumption and compensation by creating an effective financial mechanism. The purpose of the study is to assess the efficiency of the current financial mechanism for environmental management in Ukraine and to determine the prospects for its improvement. The study uses analysis, synthesis, specification, systematization, and generalization. The graphical method was used to assess environmental taxes, and mathematical modelling was used to analyze the dependence of emissions on direct costs and capital investments in air protection and climate change. Environmental taxes in Ukraine are an ineffective instrument of the financial mechanism of environmental management. Their share in the structure of domestic GDP is lower than the share in the EU. The author suggests ways to improve them: to replace the CO2 tax with an energy tax; to cancel the tax-free limit of 500.000 tons of CO2 emissions per year; to change the structure of tax distribution; to introduce tax rebates. The correlation and regression analysis of the dependence of air pollutant emissions on current expenditures and capital investments in air protection and climate change issues showed the existence of a feedback loop. Investment support for environmental management should be provided from various sources in the following areas: national, local and international finances - primarily for the restoration of air, water and contaminated areas; own funds and international investments - for the modernization and greening of production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent decades, humanity has had a significant negative impact on the environment. This problem can be solved only by establishing a rational environmental management policy and ensuring an effective financial policy in the context of balancing emissions and expenditures on environmental protection measures. The purpose of this article is to analyze the efficiency of financing environmental protection measures by determining the dependence of pollutant emissions on environmental protection expenditures in Ukraine and the European Union. The following methods were used for the study: analysis, synthesis, generalization, comparison, specification, and statistical and graphical methods. The statistical information was systematized on the basis of open data from the Open Budget web portal, the State Statistics Service, and Eurostat. This study identified the dynamics of revenues from environmental taxes in Ukraine; taxes on air emissions prevail. Most of the expenditures are made from the state budget. According to the functional classification, environmental expenditures are mainly aimed at preventing and eliminating environmental pollution. The dynamics of capital investments in environmental protection were also studied. To assess the effectiveness of the state policy in the field of environmental protection, we analyzed the dependence of pollutant emissions in Ukraine, Poland, and Romania on the amount of environmental expenditures and investments in this area and revenues from environmental tax. In Ukraine, the amount of pollutants released into the atmosphere depends mostly on investments in this area; in Poland—on revenues from environmental taxes; and in Romania—on expenditures on environmental protection. It has been established that the obtained models are adequate and can be used to build future forecasts of pollutant emissions. Directions for the development of financial and environmental policy are proposed. Post-war restoration of the environmental situation should be carried out on the basis of sustainable development, focusing on the European Green Deal A triple-task approach should be implemented, including environmental restoration, the minimization of negative climate change and balanced use of resources, and the expansion of powers of the relevant ministry with a focus on the strategic goals of the state policy. It is necessary to develop methodological recommendations according to international standards to assess the real state of the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since globalization has increased both production and population, it has also increased environmental damage. This is why the development of renewable energy sources is crucial to the survival of humanity and the planet itself. Business patterns across the various nations, however, have changed significantly over time. This study examines how environmental taxes and renewable energy electricity affect renewable energy consumption in emerging seven economies by using panel dataset over the period of 1990 to 2020. Control variables include economic growth, carbon emissions, and environmental innovation. The results confirmed the presence of the long-run co-integration association, the existence of slope coefficient heterogeneity, and the dependency of cross sections using several panel data methods. Since the data was not normally distributed, a new technique known as method of moments quantile regression (MMQR) was applied in this study. The projected results contend that the major factors of renewable energy consumption are renewable energy output, environmental taxation, economic growth, and carbon emissions. However, eco-friendly innovations drastically cut back on the need for renewable energy. Bootstrap quantile regression verifies the results' reliability, and the panel Granger causality test corroborates that the listed factors have a bidirectional causal relationship with renewable energy usage. Furthermore, this research recommends boosting spending on renewable electricity, the environmental tax sector, and ecological innovation in order to expand the use of renewable energy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, environmental state theory has argued that nations have implemented laws and regulations along with spending money on conservation to address environmental problems. However, questions remain about the effectiveness of such policies. The authors draw on environmental state theory to frame this study in which they examine if higher levels of environmentally related forestry taxes correspond with lower levels of forest loss in low- and middle- income nations. The authors test this hypothesis by using use two-stage least squares regression models for a sample of 81 low- and middle- income nations. The results indicate support for the hypothesis that higher levels of environmentally related taxes are associated with less forest loss in low- and middle-income nations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Business Economics & Management Research is the property of Bayburt University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper examines the role of a 'green' value‐added tax in the competitive environment of firms. Using data on firms in Romania and leveraging the introduction of a tax reduction on organic products in 2019, I show that although the overall market for organic goods grows and potential to generate windfall profit exists, the market share of incumbent firms decreases because of intensified competition post‐reform driven by new entrants competing for profits in the market. The market share decreases by about 2 percentage points after the reform. The effect depends on the relative elasticity of demand vis‐à‐vis supply in the market and the ability of a firm to protect its sales from new market entrants. Firms operating geographically further from the main consumer (i.e., more rural firms) and further upstream from the retail sector are more vulnerable to losing market share because urban demand is less elastic than rural demand and retail demand is less elastic than primary demand. Firms that are in markets where it is easier to switch from non‐organic to organic and that are less capital intensive (i.e., have fewer fixed costs) are more vulnerable to losing market share to new market entrants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Subject. Negative external environmental effects caused by the rapidly increasing global consumption of coal and oil aimed at ensuring economic growth have a detrimental effect on the environment and human society. Countries adopt different approaches to the problem of pollution and the threat of global climate change, which is explained by the specifics of their economies. This article focuses on the environmental regulation tools which stimulate governments and companies to reduce emissions and introduce technologies neutralising negative external factors. Purpose. To determine the most effective environmental policy tool and identify the nature of the correlation between this tool and economic growth. Methodology. In our study, we used general scientific methods for the analysis of economic phenomena, logical analysis, economic analysis, statistical analysis, and the method of empirical observations based on the analysis of statistical data. Results. The study determined that environmental taxes allow for the best internalisation of the consequences of negative external environmental effects. The dependence between this tool and economic growth was determined, and the specific features of this dependence for the Russian economy were identified. Discussion. The obtained results were compared to the conclusions made by experts in external environmental effects and economic growth. Some explanations for the observed dependence between environmental taxes and economic growth were suggested. Conclusions. The results of the study allowed us to determine the advantages and disadvantages of various environmental policy tools. We can conclude that the stimulating effect of environmental taxes as an optimal environmental policy tool on economic growth depends on the initial characteristics of the studied economic system (the initial level of GDP per capita).

Objectives Contemporary tax policy is conducted taking into account their other functions, including the stimulus function. The main purpose of the article is to indicate which taxes are the most appropriate for the implementation of environmental policy, with particular emphasis on fiscal efficiency and effectiveness. For the purposes of this article, a thesis was formulated that modern tax systems should not only constitute an effective set of taxes maximizing the welfare of society, but also support the implementation of environmental policy. Material and methods Considerations regarding fiscal effectiveness and efficiency in the context of the green transformation of tax systems were carried out on the example of EU Member States, taking into account the division into highly and medium-developed countries. In the analytical part, the authors, using publicly available statistical data and common measures of tax burdens, indicate differences in the level of tax burdens of selected Member States in the field of environmental taxes. Results In the analytical part, the authors also indicate the relationship between the level of taxation with environmental taxes and the willingness of enterprises to undertake activities related to eco-investments, including research and development works, the effect of which is environmental protection. Conclusions Based on the comparative analysis of direct and indirect taxes, the authors indicate that the most appropriate group of taxes that can be an effective instrument to support the green transformation policy are indirect taxes. The justification for this indication is their constant fiscal efficiency as well as the universality of taxation, which increases their stimulating nature and supports environmental transformation.

The use of economic instruments within environmental policy has become a challenging topic for policymakers, governments and scholars. Environmental taxes have emerged as a prevailing preference in developed countries to promote sustainability. Recently, a particular focus has been given to waste generation and disposal, shifting the attention from greenhouse gases to another important source of environmental pollution. This paper investigates the effect of national environmental taxes and policies on industrial waste. A fixed effects model is used for 34 countries across Europe from 2004 to 2022. The results suggest that environmental taxes and energy policies reduce industrial (hazardous and non-hazardous) waste. However, environmental tax reforms should take into consideration the deterioration in environmental quality, the increase in economic costs and undesirable social consequences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sustainable forest management is important to maintain the ability of forests to grow and provide a range of products and environmental services while retaining their natural features. We find that income, radiata pine prices, trade, agricultural expansion, and environmental policies have a significant impact on timber harvesting in New Zealand. Increase in income, radiata pine prices, number of farms, horticulture plantation and bank loans lead to an increase in timber harvesting. On the other hand, environmental policies, especially those to mitigate climate change, decrease timber harvesting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study analyzes air pollution through the effects of China's FDI in 27 European countries over a 20-year period, with a focus on the impact of environmental tax revenues (ETRs) and the environmental context in China. The relationship is estimated through spatial regressions that account for the presence of air pollutants in neighboring countries. The findings suggest that China's FDI in Europe does not contribute to air pollution but rather has a positive impact. The presence of environmental charges filters out non-polluting investments, which has a non-linear relationship with PM2.5 pollution rates. The study also concludes that air pollution is closely linked to the global environmental context, highlighting the positive effects of international agreements in the fight against climate change. Specifically, the study finds a link between China's efforts to address its polluting activities and their impact on European air quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The surge in economic and human development has led to increasing concerns about environmental degradation, thus necessitating effective strategies to enhance sustainability and environmental quality. Therefore, this study empirically examines the impact of environmental fiscal policies, environmental technologies, and research and development (R&D) expenditures on achieving environmental sustainability in the G7 countries. Using advanced econometric techniques, including the Cross-Sectionally Augmented Autoregressive Distributed Lags (CS-ARDL) model and the Dynamic Common Correlated Effects (DCCE) approach, the study identifies both short-run and long-run correlations between the aforementioned variables and their impact on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Our findings confirm the inverted U-shaped Kuznets Curve relationship and reinforce the previous literature on the complex dynamics between economic growth and GHG emissions specific to developed countries. The research also supports the effectiveness of well-designed environmental taxes in reducing environmental degradation and GHG emissions, consistent with and extending existing studies in this area. In addition, the study provides empirical evidence of the critical role of environmental technologies and targeted R&D expenditures in improving environmental quality. In terms of policy implications, our research underscores the urgency for policymakers in the G7 countries to fine-tune environmental taxation mechanisms and increase investment in sustainable technological solutions. Specific recommendations include the development of more efficient tax systems that adhere to the polluter-pays principle, as well as financial incentives such as tax credits and subsidies aimed at accelerating green technology adoption and innovation. In doing so, the study seeks to contribute to the broader discourse on environmental policy and sustainable development, providing valuable perspectives for both the academic community and policy actors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to analyze the influence of economic growth, industrialization, government spending, and environmental taxes on environmental quality as well as the influence of environmental quality, unemployment, and inflation on Indonesia's economic growth. This condition is important to maintain environmentally friendly economic development to achieve sustainable development. METHODS: The study was conducted using simultaneous equation model analysis considering classical assumption tests such as normality tests, granger causality and heteroscedasticity. This study data began in 2015 to 2021 in 34 provinces in Indonesia. In this study, the determinants of environmental quality used were industrialization, government spending and environmental taxes, whereas those of economic growth were unemployment and inflation. FINDINGS: The results of the study indicate that economic growth, industrialization, government spending and environmental taxes have a significant effect on Indonesia's environmental quality. Collectively, these determinants account for 22.18 percent of the variance. However, environmental quality and unemployment do not have a significant effect on Indonesia's economic growth. Meanwhile, inflation has a significant effect on economic growth. Simultaneously, the influence of the determinants of economic growth is 33.52 percent. CONCLUSION: Economic growth, industrialization, government spending and environmental taxes have a significant influence on Indonesia's environmental quality. On the other hand, environmental quality and unemployment do not have a significant effect on Indonesia's economic growth. Meanwhile, inflation has a significant effect on economic growth. The policies suggested, include the following 1) the government must be able to maintain environmental quality while still encouraging economic growth, implemented by creating an environmentally sound growth concept or applying the green economic concept to harmonize growth and the environment; 2) the industrialization process must be maintained so that it does not damage the environment, and pollution threshold rules created in the industrialization process must be applied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Economics & Environment / Ekonomia i Środowisko is the property of Fundacja Ekonomistow Srodowiska i Zasobow Naturalnych and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study examines the complex relation among environmental taxes, productive capacities, urbanization, and their collective effects on environmental quality in Africa, drawing on two decades of data from twenty African countries. It situates the study within the broader discourse on sustainable development and economic growth, emphasizing the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) framework to examine the relationship between economic development, characterized by urban expansion and increased productive capacities, and the adoption of environmental taxes amidst the continent's diverse economic and environmental environments. Using advanced econometric techniques, including the Cross-Section Augmented Autoregressive Distributed Lag (CS-ARDL) model and the Dynamic Common Correlated Effects Mean Group (DCCEMG) estimator, the study addresses data challenges such as cross-sectional dependence and slope heterogeneity. The results provide important insights into the dynamics of environmental quality in relation to economic and urban growth and the role of environmental taxation. The study proposes tailored policy strategies aimed at strengthening sustainable development initiatives in line with international agreements such as the Paris Agreement and the Sustainable Development Goals. These strategies advocate for a nuanced application of environmental taxes and the promotion of productive capacities to enhance environmental sustainability across the African continent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The objective of the article is to examine the influence of environmental policy stringency on the eco-innovation level, measured by a number of patents, in European Union countries. Research Design & Methods: The research method was quantitative. The study used ordinary least squares (OLS) panel regression analysis based on data covering 18 EU countries (Austria, Belgium, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, the Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, and Sweden) and a period from 2013 to 2020 (144 observations). In estimated models, gross domestic product per capita, material import dependency, and human resources in science and technology served as control variables. The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, the European Innovation Scoreboard, Eurostat, and the World Bank were the data sources. Findings: Higher stringency of technology support and market-based instruments positively influences ecoinnovation-related patents in EU countries whereas more strict non-market-based instruments do not impact the eco-innovation level. Technology support instruments are more effective in stimulating eco-innovation than market-based instruments. Individual technology support instruments differ in their impact on eco-innovation with R&D subsidies being the most important. The stringency of feed-in tariffs and auctions is a significant factor triggering eco-innovation in the case of wind energy technologies, but not in the case of solar ones. Implications & Recommendations: This study suggests that stringent technology support and market-based instruments are effective in stimulating eco-innovation in EU countries considered in the research sample. The environmental policy aimed at fostering eco-innovation should concentrate on increasing R&D subsidies for clean technologies. Further tightening emission standards aiming to enhance eco-innovation level is not recommended. Contribution & Value Added: This study contributes to the literature on the importance of environmental policy stringency in fostering eco-innovation and provides new empirical evidence by examining not only instruments that may have an indirect impact on eco-innovation (i.e. market and non-market ones) but also technology support instruments, which have received less attention in previous studies. The analysis used data on the recently updated and improved OECD environmental policy stringency index. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to analyze the influence of economic growth, industrialization, government spending, and environmental taxes on environmental quality as well as the influence of environmental quality, unemployment, and inflation on Indonesia’s economic growth. This condition is important to maintain environmentally friendly economic development to achieve sustainable development.METHODS: The study was conducted using simultaneous equation model analysis considering classical assumption tests such as normality tests, granger causality and heteroscedasticity. This study data began in 2015 to 2021 in 34 provinces in Indonesia. In this study, the determinants of environmental quality used were industrialization, government spending and environmental taxes, whereas those of economic growth were unemployment and inflation.FINDINGS: The results of the study indicate that economic growth, industrialization, government spending and environmental taxes have a significant effect on Indonesia’s environmental quality. Collectively, these determinants account for 22.18 percent of the variance. However, environmental quality and unemployment do not have a significant effect on Indonesia’s economic growth. Meanwhile, inflation has a significant effect on economic growth. Simultaneously, the influence of the determinants of economic growth is 33.52 percent.CONCLUSION: Economic growth, industrialization, government spending and environmental taxes have a significant influence on Indonesia’s environmental quality. On the other hand, environmental quality and unemployment do not have a significant effect on Indonesia’s economic growth. Meanwhile, inflation has a significant effect on economic growth. The policies suggested, include the following 1) the government must be able to maintain environmental quality while still encouraging economic growth, implemented by creating an environmentally sound growth concept or applying the green economic concept to harmonize growth and the environment; 2) the industrialization process must be maintained so that it does not damage the environment, and pollution threshold rules created in the industrialization process must be applied

The European Green Deal, the European Union's roadmap for a green transition, was launched in 2019. With this strategy, the European Union aims to stop carbon emissions by 2050 through green policies in many sectors, especially in the energy sector. The European Union also uses various environmental tax instruments to achieve this goal. Environmental taxes, one of these instruments, are considered to have a regressive effect on employment and welfare, especially in carbon-intensive industries. In order to mitigate these negative social and economic impacts of the green transition, the European Union has implemented the Just Transition Mechanism. However, it is not known whether the Just Transition Mechanism will be sufficient after the newly introduced regulations such as the plastic tax, the Energy Tax Directive, and the Carbon Border Adjustment. This study conducted a panel data analysis covering the period between 1994-2020 to analyze the impact of environmental taxes on employment. In this panel of 29 European countries, the dependent variable is the unemployment rate while independent variables are environmental taxes, gross domestic product, renewable energy supply and energy efficiency. As a result of this analysis, it is concluded that environmental taxes have an increasing effect on unemployment. Therefore, based on the panel data analysis, it is concluded that the Environmental Tax Reform package, which will provide double dividend in terms of both environmental and employment, should be implemented in addition to the Just Transition Mechanism.

The phenomenon of accelerated economic growth and heightened energy consumption in emerging economies is resulting in a substantial upsurge in CO2 emissions. Due to the inescapable apprehensions around climate change and the diminishing availability of fossil fuel resources, there exists a pervasive need on a worldwide scale to transition towards renewable energy sources. However, emerging economies have unique hurdles in adopting renewable energy technologies, owing to low financial resources, volatile political environments, and insufficient regulatory frameworks. Therefore, the present study aims to examine the effectiveness of financial development, environmental taxation, and political stability in facilitating the adoption of renewable energy in developing countries. The system‐Generalized Method of Moments approach was used to analyze the dataset including 17 emerging economies spanning the period from 1994 to 2021. The study also utilizes the cross‐sectional autoregressive distributed lag approach, and the results obtained from cross‐sectional autoregressive distributed lag align closely with those obtained from the system‐Generalized Method of Moments estimates, thereby confirming the reliability and strength of the findings. Results show that environmental taxes encourage the adoption of renewable energy; however, political stability and financial development help to provide a feasible structure for the adoption of renewable energy. The findings will contribute to the development of viable policy recommendations for these economies to facilitate the advancement of sustainable energy transitions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the dynamic relationships between digitalization, environmental tax revenues, and energy resource capacity within the framework of the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC), focusing on their combined impact on environmental quality. It employs a cross-sectional augmented autoregressive distributed lag (CS-ARDL) approach, an advanced technique for complex panel data that is specifically designed to address issues of cross-sectional dependence and slope heterogeneity inherent in panel data analysis. The research covers 88 countries, including both low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) and high-income countries (HICs), to understand how digitalization, as a driving force of the Fourth Industrial Revolution, interacts with environmental taxation and energy resource management to affect greenhouse gas emissions. The results reveal distinct effects of environmental taxes and energy capacity on environmental quality, with marked differences between LMICs and HICs. In HICs, technological progress, especially in information and communication technology (ICT), is found to contribute significantly to environmental quality. For LMICs, the effects are less evident, and the findings suggest the need for tailored strategies in environmental policy and energy management. By providing empirical evidence on the differential impacts of digitalization and energy policies in different economic contexts, this research enriches the environmental economics discourse. It highlights the need for policy frameworks tailored to specific contexts that effectively balance economic growth with sustainable development goals, thereby providing insightful implications for achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The main aim of this paper is to assess the impact of environmental taxes on the financial security of the logistics sector in Poland from 2008 to 2020. Design/methodology/approach: We normalize diagnostic variables into synthetic indicators to verify the hypothesis. We use the classical least squares method (OLS). Findings: The results indicate a positive trend in the financial security of the logistics sector in Poland from 2008 to 2020. However, in 2020, there was a certain breakdown in financial security caused by the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic. Moreover, environmental taxes statistically significantly impact the logistics sector's financial security (p < 0.05). Research limitations/implications: The availability of data, the choice of normalization method and the estimation method for the model. Practical implications: The research results indicate that the logistics sector should analyze regulations in shaping the EU environmental protection policy, including, above all, environmental taxes. Social implications: Environmental taxes are an important element influencing the development of the logistics sector, including issues related to residents' quality and living conditions. Originality/value: The novelty in the paper is the creation of models of the impact of environmental taxes on the financial security of the logistics sector. The paper addresses many recipients interested in the logistics sector's financial situation and environmental taxes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Modern Science is the property of Alcide De Gasperi University of Euroregional Economy and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of MB University International Review - MBUIR Journal of Theory & Practice is the property of University MB / Univerzitet MB and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Proceedings of the Faculty of Economics & Business in Zagreb / Zbornik Ekonomskog Fakulteta u Zagrebu is the property of Ekonomski Fakultet u Zagrebu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Evidence of the accumulation of carbon dioxide (CO2) and other greenhouse gases (GHGs) over the years is placing greater emphasis on the use of taxes to achieve a sustainable environment. This study evaluates the effectiveness of environmental taxes in mitigating the effect of tourism on environmental performance in EU-28 countries for the period 2002–2019. The empirical results of the panel threshold regression model suggest that the effect of tourism on environmental performance is dependent on the level of environmental taxes. Particularly, the effect of tourism on environmental performance is insignificant when environmental taxes are below the threshold level of 9.43%. However, once environmental taxes cross a threshold level, tourism would improve environmental performance. This suggests a significant difference in the way tourism influences environmental performance during periods of lower and higher environmental taxes. These findings, therefore, provide insights to policymakers and other stakeholders on the use of environmental taxes as an instrument to avert environmental degradation, and thus mitigate global warming and other significant climate changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the viability of environmental taxes as a means to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions within the European Union (EU) using the panel threshold model on two balanced panel data comprising countries from the European Union: the Northern and Western countries and Southern and Eastern countries for the period 2000–2020. The study's empirical results support the Pigouvian theory for developed countries, as they indicate an optimal minimum threshold for environmental taxes, where these taxes effectively contribute to reducing greenhouse gas emissions. However, the results diverge for emerging countries, revealing a maximum threshold for environmental taxes beyond which their impact in curbing emissions diminishes. To achieve the ambitious goal of climate neutrality, policymakers must adopt a comprehensive and diversified approach. This includes a combination of environmental taxes, more stringent regulations, and emission standards for industries. Additionally, the implementation of carbon pricing mechanisms, promotion of investments in sustainable fuels and technologies, and the establishment of low-carbon emission infrastructure are essential components of this strategy. By integrating these various measures, policymakers can better navigate the path toward climate neutrality and effectively combat climate change in the EU and beyond. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on panel data from 2011 to 2019 for heavily polluting listed firms in the manufacturing industry, this paper examines the impact of environmental taxes on technological innovation and firm performance using the propensity score matching (PSM) and differences-in-differences (DID) methods. The empirical results show the following: (i) Firm performance and innovation quantity are positively affected by environmental taxes. The average effects of environmental taxes on firm performance and innovation quantity are 1.28 and 0.219, respectively. However, environmental taxes have no significant impact on innovation quality. (ii) A mechanism analysis reveals that innovation quantity plays a significant partial mediating role in the positive effect of environmental taxes on firm performance. (iii) Heterogeneity analysis shows that different environmental tax rates lead to a variation in innovation quantity and firm performance across regions. The positive effect of environmental taxes on innovation quantity is only confirmed in high-tax and low-tax areas. Meanwhile, high environmental taxes are related to better firm performance. Based on the research, policy recommendations are put forward to optimise environmental taxes, such as improving the environmental tax system and coordinating environmental tax and innovation policies.

Objective: The objective of the article is to examine the influence of environmental policy stringency on the eco-innovation level, measured by a number of patents, in European Union countries. Research Design & Methods: The research method was quantitative. The study used ordinary least squares (OLS) panel regression analysis based on data covering 18 EU countries (Austria, Belgium, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, the Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, and Sweden) and a period from 2013 to 2020 (144 observations). In estimated models, gross domestic product per capita, material import dependency, and human resources in science and technology served as control variables. The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, the European Innovation Scoreboard, Eurostat, and the World Bank were the data sources. Findings: Higher stringency of technology support and market-based instruments positively influences eco-innovation-related patents in EU countries whereas more strict non-market-based instruments do not impact the eco-innovation level. Technology support instruments are more effective in stimulating eco-innovation than market-based instruments. Individual technology support instruments differ in their impact on eco-innovation with R&D subsidies being the most important. The stringency of feed-in tariffs and auctions is a significant factor triggering eco-innovation in the case of wind energy technologies, but not in the case of solar ones. Implications & Recommendations: This study suggests that stringent technology support and market-based instruments are effective in stimulating eco-innovation in EU countries considered in the research sample. The environmental policy aimed at fostering eco-innovation should concentrate on increasing R&D subsidies for clean technologies. Further tightening emission standards aiming to enhance eco-innovation level is not recommended. Contribution & Value Added: This study contributes to the literature on the importance of environmental policy stringency in fostering eco-innovation and provides new empirical evidence by examining not only instruments that may have an indirect impact on eco-innovation (i.e. market and non-market ones) but also technology support instruments, which have received less attention in previous studies. The analysis used data on the recently updated and improved OECD environmental policy stringency index.

Sustainability is crucially important in the textiles and apparel (TA) supply chains. In this paper, we evaluate the impact of clean technology adoption and environmental taxes on the TA supply chains. First, we consider a monopoly case, where a two-echelon supply chain consists of one buyer and one manufacturer. We find that raising the environmental tax rate motivates the manufacturer to invest in green technologies. We then extend our model to examine the duopoly case. We find that in the duopoly case, if the buyer's market share is sufficiently small (large), the optimal greenness level for this buyer's product decreases (increases) in the environmental tax rate; whereas if the two products market shares are relatively equal, the optimal greenness levels for both products buyers increase in the environmental tax rate. The existence of the spillover effect reduces the cost and improves the product greenness. Consumer welfare can be improved if the efficiency of green technology adoption and the coefficient of greenness level on market demand are sufficiently high. This result implies that if the government cares about consumers, the manufacturer should be encouraged to enhance the cost reduction ability in terms of green technology, and consumer education about sustainability consciousness should be enhanced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite changes in regulatory policy, greenhouse gas emissions into the atmosphere have not decreased. A methodology for the search and selection of sources of financing for activities to combat climate change is proposed. The basis of the research methodology is the bibliometric and predictive analysis of the generated databases. It is proposed to use not only environmental tax revenues but also other sources of financing as part of mixed capital. It was revealed that the dynamics of environmental tax revenues are inferior to the dynamics of total tax revenues in GDP. The largest share of environmental taxes belongs to transport and energy taxes. The use of logical and predictive research approaches demonstrated that environmental revenues were insufficient and that extra funding and financial outsourcing were required for climate change activities. As a result of the correlation analysis, the most significant environmental revenues were for the following countries: France (0.981), Belgium (0.976), Greece (0.976), Austria (0.972), and Portugal (0.969). A negative Pearson correlation coefficient occurred for the countries: Denmark (-0.040), and Sweden (-0.101). To increase the significance of the coefficient, it is proposed to change the elements of environmental taxes in these countries. An outsourcer providing financial services to clients forms a regional environmental financial system. This will increase the rate of capital turnover and reduce the need for capital. The outsourcer will reduce "cash gaps" by promptly attracting financial tools and financial management techniques, accelerate the turnover period of mixed capital, and boost the effectiveness of managing environmental tax revenues.

ABSTRACTThe use of environmental taxes can encourage a shift toward eco-friendly choices. When used in conjunction with other policy tools available, environmental taxes can help bring about the adjustments needed in order to address our current environmental and climate challenges. Therefore the objective of this study was to examine the impact of environmental taxes on energy consumption and energy intensity using panel data covering the period 1995–2014 from 35 OECD countries. I employed environmental tax to total tax ratio, total energy consumption, and total energy intensity to estimate the relation between energy consumption and environmental taxes. Using the fully modified and dynamic OLS techniques and I showed that environmental taxes have a negative effect on energy consumption and energy intensity in the long run. Furthermore, using the Dumitrescu and Hurlin’s panel granger causality test I found a bi-directional long-run causality between environmental taxes and energy consumption and intensity. With regards to the disaggregated effect of environmental taxes, this study found that energy taxes (including CO2 taxes) have a larger effect on energy consumption and energy intensity than pollution and transport taxes. To test for the robustness and sensitivity of my model, I resorted to the total environmental tax to GDP ratio and employed both GMM and quantile regressions. Thus, I concluded that environmental taxes have a significant impact on energy consumption and energy intensity among OECD member countries.

This paper aims to capture the effect of environmentally related taxes on environmental quality in Canada while controlling economic growth, financial development, and energy consumption over the period of 1990Q1 to 2020Q4. The present study employs novel econometric approaches, namely, the nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag (N-ARDL) test and the gradual shift causality (GS-C) test. The outcomes of the study reveal that (i) there is long-run cointegration equation between environmental taxes (E-TAX), carbon dioxide emissions (CO2E), economic growth (ECG), financial development (FD), and primary energy consumption (PREC); (ii) E-TAX causes to decrease in environmental degradation in Canada; (iii) PREC and ECG increase (and cause) environmental degradation in Canada; and (iv) financial development also positively affect the environmental sustainability. This effort may also be of great importance for policymakers and decision-makers to better understand the factors of environmental degradation for developing effective tax policies that will alleviate human impacts and contribute to reducing environmental degradation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite changes in regulatory policy, greenhouse gas emissions into the atmosphere have not decreased. A methodology for the search and selection of sources of financing for activities to combat climate change is proposed. The basis of the research methodology is the bibliometric and predictive analysis of the generated databases. It is proposed to use not only environmental tax revenues but also other sources of financing as part of mixed capital. It was revealed that the dynamics of environmental tax revenues are inferior to the dynamics of total tax revenues in GDP. The largest share of environmental taxes belongs to transport and energy taxes. The use of logical and predictive research approaches demonstrated that environmental revenues were insufficient and that extra funding and financial outsourcing were required for climate change activities. As a result of the correlation analysis, the most significant environmental revenues were for the following countries: France (0.981), Belgium (0.976), Greece (0.976), Austria (0.972), and Portugal (0.969). A negative Pearson correlation coefficient occurred for the countries: Denmark (-0.040), and Sweden (-0.101). To increase the significance of the coefficient, it is proposed to change the elements of environmental taxes in these countries. An outsourcer providing financial services to clients forms a regional environmental financial system. This will increase the rate of capital turnover and reduce the need for capital. The outsourcer will reduce "cash gaps" by promptly attracting financial tools and financial management techniques, accelerate the turnover period of mixed capital, and boost the effectiveness of managing environmental tax revenues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Green growth policies aim to address both climate change and economic growth and are now prevalent throughout many economies. While green growth is sufficiently assessed in qualitative, case-study-based literature, quantitative and cross-country analyses are still limited. In response to this research deficit, our aim is twofold: (1) to develop a classification framework to quantitatively analyse green growth and (2) to identify key policy inputs and techno-economic or environmental outputs for green growth through a novel taxonomy. We focus on the G7 countries, since they have, historically, tended to align their economic policies. We employ a machine-automated K-means clustering algorithm, as well as correlation analyses, to assess where green growth "win–wins," or co-benefits to the economy and environment, might exist. Our findings suggest that enthusiasm should be tempered for public policy commitments for green growth; despite unified green growth policy in G7 countries—significant differences are observed for both policy inputs and environmental/economic outputs. As a result, we caution policymakers and researchers against drawing generalised conclusions about the effectiveness of green growth policies, even among highly developed economies. Finally, our research draws attention to data deficiencies which, evidently, reduce more robust assessment across countries and over time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to examine how environmental taxation, green growth, and eco-innovations contribute to a more sustainable environment. This study examines the influence of green growth, environmental taxes, and eco-innovations on carbon dioxide emissions in 26 environmentally responsive European Union (EU) countries from 2000 to 2020. The analysis was conducted using the second-generation panel unit root test, cross-sectional dependence, panel cointegration, and panel quantile regression. Theoretical and empirical research has demonstrated that both linear and non-linear green growth strategies are effective in reducing CO2 emissions. There is evidence that CO2 emissions can be reduced through the implementation of environmental taxes, eco-innovations, the use of renewable energy sources, and enhanced energy efficiency. In contrast, economic growth has a positive effect on carbon emissions, and its square term verifies the environmental Kuznets curve. Nevertheless, our research findings provide empirical support for the hypothesis that sustainable development contributes to the maintenance of stringent environmental standards. For the sampled countries, the study's findings have significant policy implications. These results encourage governments to prioritize green growth over traditional economic growth and to encourage eco-innovations in renewable energy technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The focus areas for COP-27 include fast-tracking our worldwide evolution to decarbonization in the energy industry and clean energy as the stockholder's effort to restrict global warming to 1.5 °C (2.7 °F) above the levels of pre-industrial. After this COP-27 summit, most of the developing countries will provoke challenges in accomplishing their targets of a carbon neutrality and sustainable economy with the minimum possible greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. In this regard, the G-7 countries, despite prosperous cautiously, have not prospered in certifying ecological welfare in tandem. Nevertheless, these economies cannot endure their green growth attainments without instantaneously safeguarding their ecological features. To do this, green technologies and environmental taxes are vital apparatuses that can assist in accomplishing carbon neutrality objectives. Consequently, the current study investigates the influence of green technologies, environmental taxes, natural resources, renewable, and fossil fuel energy on GHG emissions in G-7 nations from 1994 to 2020. After confirming the cross-sectional dependency issue, this study uses a battery of second-generation panel methods to estimate the empirical findings. The estimated evidences discovered that green technologies, environmental taxes, and renewable protect environmental quality in the long run. However, natural resources and fossil fuel energy increase the GHG emissions levels. Furthermore, this study suggests that G-7 economies should be more focus on green technologies, imposing environmental taxes eco-innovation related developments, and promote renewable energy projects through the sustainable alteration of their consumption and production processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper aims to review the issue of environmental taxation in three Central European countries, namely Hungary, Slovakia, and the Czech Republic. The examination of these countries is of a particular importance, as they share similar historical backgrounds and have all experienced environmental damage caused by large companies of the socialist era recently. Additionally, these countries are facing new environmental challenges due to re-industrialization. Therefore, it is worth examining the legal solutions each country applies in this area, whether they have well-established and crystallized regulations, and to what extent the legislator is concerned about the issue of environmental taxation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we have reviewed some of the most important measures taken to restore the competitiveness of the Hungarian tax system, mainly in the areas of consumption taxes, environmental taxes and sustainable taxation. We have examined the pre-pandemic situation of Hungarian tax policy, the most typical action plan, changes in consumption taxes and environmental taxes. Since 2010, Hungarian tax policy has undergone significant changes, with the aim of increasing the competitiveness of the economy. The COVID 19 epidemic in 2020 brought new challenges, numerous changes and setbacks at both social and economic level, which needed to be responded to effectively and in a short time. Measures such as simplifying tax administration, increasing the competitiveness of businesses, enhancing the role of consumption taxes, strengthening green taxation and linking taxation and sustainability through the fight against tax avoidance. The increase of the VAT rate to 27% in 2012, shifting the focus to the consumption tax, has had a positive impact on economic growth, while reducing taxes on labour, but new challenges have been faced in the aftermath of the pandemic. This paper summarises the challenges and the steps taken to address them. KEYWORDS: . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Countries are increasingly using free trade agreements (FTAs) and customs unions (CUs) to cooperate on environmental issues by including environmental provisions in regional trade agreements (RTAs). We examine whether countries form RTAs with regional environmental regulations and join a multilateral trade agreement (MTA) with a common environmental regulation that maximizes world welfare. Each government imposes an environmental tax to mitigate negative externalities caused by the consumption of differentiated goods. The main finding is that a deep FTA with regional harmonization of environmental taxes may act as a stumbling block for an MTA with multilateral harmonization of environmental taxes if the degree of product differentiation is intermediate. In contrast, a deep CU with a regional environmental tax serves as a building block, even if negative consumption externalities are transboundary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]