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Since past two decades MANET researchers have focused on providing security solution to MANET to protect them from various network attacks. Most of the recent security approaches are restricted to address specific attacks only. This makes them obsolete when a different attack is introduced in the network. The objective of this research work is to offer a comprehensive solution to protect MANET from different security threats. We have proposed Multiple Attacks Protected Ad-hoc On-demand Distance Vector (MAP-AODV) Routing Protocol. It provides a consolidated approach to address different security threats in the network with the lowest computational overhead. The Node Behavior Score (NBS) module of the proposed protocol performs precise detection of the attack whereas Node Reliability Analysis (NRA) module achieves attack mitigation and reliable route formation. The efficiency of the proposed protocol is tested in the simultaneous presence of grayhole and wormhole nodes using NS2 simulation and compared against two existing protocols. The simulation results show better performance of the proposed protocol against different attack types.

Since past two decades MANET researchers have focused on providing security solution to MANET to protect them from various network attacks. Most of the recent security approaches are restricted to address specific attacks only. This makes them obsolete when a different attack is introduced in the network. The objective of this research work is to offer a comprehensive solution to protect MANET from different security threats. We have proposed Multiple Attacks Protected Ad-hoc On-demand Distance Vector (MAPAODV) Routing Protocol. It provides a consolidated approach to address different security threats in the network with the lowest computational overhead. The Node Behavior Score (NBS) module of the proposed protocol performs precise detection of the attack whereas Node Reliability Analysis (NRA) module achieves attack mitigation and reliable route formation. The efficiency of the proposed protocol is tested in the simultaneous presence of grayhole and wormhole nodes using NS2 simulation and compared against two existing protocols. The simulation results show better performance of the proposed protocol against different attack types. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the space environment, cosmic rays and high-energy particles may cause a single-event upset (SEU) during program execution, and further cause silent data corruption (SDC) errors in program outputs. After extensive research on SEU and SDC errors, it has been found that SDC errors in the routing program in satellite networks may lead to the emergence of Sinkhole (SH) and Grayhole (GH) nodes in the network, which may cause damage to satellite networks. To find and solve the problems in time, a digital-twin-based detection and protection framework for SDC-induced SH and GH nodes in satellite networks is proposed. First, the satellite network fault model under SEU and the generation mechanism of SH and GH nodes induced by SDC errors are described. Then, the data structure based on digital twins required by the proposed detection and protection framework is designed, and the detection methods of SH and GH nodes induced by SDC errors are proposed. SKT and LLFI simulation tools are used to build a simulated Iridium satellite network and carry out fault injection experiments. Experiment results show that the accuracy of the proposed detection method is 98–100%, and the additional time cost of routing convergence caused by the proposed framework is 3.1–28.2%. Compared with existing SH and GH detection methods, the proposed methods can timely and accurately detect faults during the routing update stage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the space environment, cosmic rays and high-energy particles may cause a single-event upset (SEU) during program execution, and further cause silent data corruption (SDC) errors in program outputs. After extensive research on SEU and SDC errors, it has been found that SDC errors in the routing program in satellite networks may lead to the emergence of Sinkhole (SH) and Grayhole (GH) nodes in the network, which may cause damage to satellite networks. To find and solve the problems in time, a digital-twin-based detection and protection framework for SDC-induced SH and GH nodes in satellite networks is proposed. First, the satellite network fault model under SEU and the generation mechanism of SH and GH nodes induced by SDC errors are described. Then, the data structure based on digital twins required by the proposed detection and protection framework is designed, and the detection methods of SH and GH nodes induced by SDC errors are proposed. SKT and LLFI simulation tools are used to build a simulated Iridium satellite network and carry out fault injection experiments. Experiment results show that the accuracy of the proposed detection method is 98–100%, and the additional time cost of routing convergence caused by the proposed framework is 3.1–28.2%. Compared with existing SH and GH detection methods, the proposed methods can timely and accurately detect faults during the routing update stage.

Summary: MANET is a kind of wireless ad hoc networks, in which mobile nodes operate in dynamic, distributed, and cooperative environment. Open nature of MANET makes it vulnerable to various kinds of attacks. Of these, the most severe are the packet drop attacks such as Blackhole attack, Cooperative Blackhole, and Grayhole attacks. The malicious nodes drop the packets as these packets are routed through them in accordance with the malefic strategy of the particular packet drop attack, which adversely affects the network performance. A substantial amount of research papers focus on dealing with packet drop attacks in the last few years, but security is still an impending issue. In this paper, we have presented the systematic review of the literature of last 6 years on all variants of packet drop attacks. We have classified these techniques into four categories, namely, mathematical based, monitoring based, network dependent, and amalgamation based which are further sub divided into 12 categories. These papers are categorized in a well‐defined structure to bring out their contribution, to underline the left‐out things, and to foreground the emerging issues for future research. Detailed observations are recorded following a panoptic study in order to identify and divulge more eligible and effective mitigation techniques in a particular environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper attempts to resolve the issue of mitigation of blackhole attack and its variants by presenting a battery, efficiency and stability based trust mechanism that performs both prevention and detection of packet drop attacks followed by isolation using the process of dissemination of information validated by the fair nodes. The proposed work operates in two modes to combat both single as well as co-operative form of attack. In standard mode, the promiscuous facility and trust update lead to detection of attack while in advance mode a set of trusted trace packets and procedures detect co-operative attacking nodes thus break the co-operation among malicious nodes. After detection of malicious nodes, dissemination process leads to isolation of the attacking node and validation is performed to avoid bad mouthing attack. The work is compared with several published mechanisms against parameters like PDR, normalized control load, accuracy in detection and residual energy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

INTRODUCTION: Mobile Adhoc Network (MANET) is integrated with Internet of Things (IoT) in many application cases due to its flexibility and scalability. The dynamic nature of MANET introduces some security threats in IoT environment. In those threats, Blackhole attack and Grayhole attack are severe routing attacks that disrupts routing algorithm to crack transmission in the entire network.OBJECTIVES: Many security mechanisms are introduced in MANET based on trust computation schemes. However, computation of inaccurate trust value degrades the performance of mitigation schemes. Thus the major objective of this work is to design a novel security mechanism to protect the MANET-IoT from different adversaries.METHODS: in this paper we propose a novel group based routing algorithm with recommendation filtering supported by security monitors (SMs). Unsupervised machine learning algorithm is adapted for the purpose of recommendation filtering in the network. Initially the entire network is grouped by Secure Certificate based Group Formation (SCGF) algorithm. In each group, Recommendation Filtering by K-means algorithm (RF-K means) algorithm is employed to perform trustcomputation. For secure and optimal route selection, hybrid optimization algorithm that combines Genetic Algorithm and Fire Fly Algorithm (GA-FFA) is proposed. Data transmission is protected by novel Hash Message Authentication Code with Advanced Encryption Standard (HMAC-AES) algorithm in which hash function is integrated with cryptography function.RESULTS: The proposed work is validated in network simulator-3 environment and the obtained results show better performance in terms of packet delivery ratio (96.3%), throughput (135kbps), delay (3.26ms), detection rate (99%), and energy consumption (8.5%).CONCLUSION: The MANET-IoT network is secured by group formation and trust filtering approaches. Further,involvement of cryptography function ensures data security whereas hash function ensures data integrity.

INTRODUCTION: Mobile Adhoc Network (MANET) is integrated with Internet of Things (IoT) in many application cases due to its flexibility and scalability. The dynamic nature of MANET introduces some security threats in IoT environment. In those threats, Blackhole attack and Grayhole attack are severe routing attacks that disrupts routing algorithm to crack transmission in the entire network. OBJECTIVES: Many security mechanisms are introduced in MANET based on trust computation schemes. However, computation of inaccurate trust value degrades the performance of mitigation schemes. Thus the major objective of this work is to design a novel security mechanism to protect the MANET-IoT from different adversaries. METHODS: in this paper we propose a novel group based routing algorithm with recommendation filtering supported by security monitors (SMs). Unsupervised machine learning algorithm is adapted for the purpose of recommendation filtering in the network. Initially the entire network is grouped by Secure Certificate based Group Formation (SCGF) algorithm. In each group, Recommendation Filtering by K-means algorithm (RF-K means) algorithm is employed to perform trust computation. For secure and optimal route selection, hybrid optimization algorithm that combines Genetic Algorithm and Fire Fly Algorithm (GA-FFA) is proposed. Data transmission is protected by novel Hash Message Authentication Code with Advanced Encryption Standard (HMAC-AES) algorithm in which hash function is integrated with cryptography function. RESULTS: The proposed work is validated in network simulator-3 environment and the obtained results show better performance in terms of packet delivery ratio (96.3%), throughput (135kbps), delay (3.26ms), detection rate (99%), and energy consumption (8.5%). CONCLUSION: The MANET-IoT network is secured by group formation and trust filtering approaches. Further, involvement of cryptography function ensures data security whereas hash function ensures data integrity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]