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This study examines the dynamics and comparisons of Islamic family law in Brunei Darussalam and Indonesia, particularly in terms of codification, regulation, and the adaptation of Shariah principles. Using a qualitative descriptive-analytical method, this research explores the differences between the two countries in marriage registration, divorce rights, guardianship obligations, and the role of mediation in divorce cases. The findings indicate that Brunei applies a centralized Islamic family law system under royal control, while Indonesia adopts a pluralist system that accommodates customary and Shariah laws. The codification in Brunei and the adaptation of Islamic law in Indonesia demonstrate that both countries are able to uphold Shariah principles while adjusting to the needs of modern society. This research emphasizes the importance of balancing traditional values with contemporary legal needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research discusses the urgency of legal reform related to the restructuring of non-legal entity companies, such as trading businesses (UD), partnerships, and commandite partnerships (CV). The study highlights the legal uncertainties faced by these entities, which hinder their ability to adapt to market dynamics, access financial resources, and engage in strategic restructuring actions like mergers, acquisitions, and separations. Using a normative legal research method, this study analyzes existing legislative frameworks, including overlaps between the Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises Law (UU UMKM) and the Job Creation Law, which create significant challenges for non-legal entities. The findings reveal that the absence of clear legal guidelines for restructuring leads to hesitancy in strategic decision-making and restricts these entities from accessing vital investment opportunities. The research concludes that comprehensive legal reform is essential to provide clear, specific regulations, establish structured partnerships, and create a conducive business environment for non-legal entities. These reforms will empower businesses to innovate, compete, and sustain growth while enhancing their overall market competitiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sharia law, derived from the Quran and Hadith, offers a comprehensive framework for addressing societal issues and promoting justice and equity. Despite Western misconceptions, Sharia law effectively meets the needs of contemporary society. Through a comparative analysis, this article explores Sharia's stance on key legal concepts such as polygamy, punishment for murder, the right to wear the hijab, and inheritance. It navigates the complex interaction between Sharia and Western legal systems, proposing policy reforms to harmonize distinct legal traditions while upholding justice and equity through Sharia law. Utilizing empirical evidence and multimodal decision-making methodologies, such as the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), the article advocates for practical reforms that empower marginalized groups, foster societal cohesion, and address contemporary challenges. By debunking misconceptions and highlighting Sharia law's relevance and adaptability, this paper offers a deeper understanding of justice and equity based on Sharia to meet the demands of the contemporary world.

The intensification of legal development, increased interpenetration of legal systems, and transformation of legal and state phenomena in the context of globalisation and integration processes necessitate the investigation of the nature of judicial lawmaking and judicial reform and their correlation. The purpose of this study was to theorise the relationship between judicial lawmaking and judicial reform. This study was based on the historical, formal legal, and comparative methods employed in the context of natural law, positivist, sociological approaches, integrative type of legal understanding, theories of lawmaking and justice. The principal findings of this study lie in substantiation of a series of theoretical provisions on judicial lawmaking and judicial reform. It was found that the legal nature of judicial lawmaking is profound and multifaceted. Judicial lawmaking and judicial reform are closely interrelated. One of the manifestations of this interaction is that the introduction of judicial lawmaking is a task, vector, or result of judicial reform. The study proved that judicial lawmaking is a significant achievement of judicial reform, and not a side effect of the transformation of the judicial system. Judicial lawmaking is an essential factor that substantially affects judicial reform in material, procedural, and organisational aspects. Judicial reform, as an independent type of state transformation, is a crucial area of state- building and is aimed at transforming justice into a fair mechanism for resolving legal conflicts and disputes based on the rule of law. With each stage of judicial reform in Ukraine, the need for official recognition of judicial lawmaking becomes more urgent. The 2016 judicial reform did not positively resolve this issue. As of 2024, the need to introduce judicial lawmaking is mostly recognised at the doctrinal level, but the legislating body denies it, although there are various manifestations of the applied use of the lawmaking potential of courts in the national legal system of Ukraine. The practical value of the findings is that the highest authorities of Ukraine can use them to improve the efficiency of lawmaking, justice, and the transformation of the judicial system

The 1929 Child Marriage Restraint Act (cmra), initially propounded as the Sarda Bill, became the first law related to marriage enacted in colonial India to be universally applicable to all subjects regardless of personal religious affiliations. Though formally adopted before Indian independence, the crma was advanced and passed by the newly formed Central Legislative Assembly which consisted primarily of Indians. As a result, the cmra garnered vociferous debates within both Muslim and Hindu communities and signaled a new challenge for religious communities which was distinct from British colonial legal logics. The focus of this article will be on one Muslim scholarly engagement with the cmra, that of Mufti Kifāyatallāh Dihlawī, the President of the Jamʿiyyat-i ʿUlamāʾ-i Hind (juh) and a highly influential Deobandi scholar. By navigating the contours of his legal debate surrounding the cmra, this article explores how the process of Islamic legal reform in the late colonial period in India was met with a new set of challenges as Indians gaining legislative authority sought to enact legal reforms that were seen as impinging on the rights of religious communities. And while, in this case, Muslim juristic opinions were sought, they could ultimately be trumped by larger social and political forces. More broadly, this article demonstrates that as India inched towards self-governance, competing groups and entities sought to claim communal representation of Muslims, and in the process, arguments made by religious scholars, even if they were recognized as being representative of broad Muslim sentiments, could be dismissed by emerging legal logics which supported the nationalizing tendencies of the Imperial Legislative Assembly over and above the rights of religious communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article summarizes, expands and substantiates scientific knowledge about the theoretical and practical aspects of the influence of judicial law-making on judicial reform. The legal nature of judicial law-making is characterized, taking into account modern contextual and conceptual approaches to understanding the law-making potential of the court. Judicial law-making is an important, integral and special type of law-making. The legal nature of judicial law-making is deep and multifaceted, in particular, it is a way of achieving the goal of justice and ensuring the rule of law; an important guarantee of the protection of human rights; a necessary element of implementing the rule of law in the mechanism of ensuring human rights and freedoms; a means of overcoming legislative gaps and exceptional legal problems in the course of law enforcement; a tool for supplementing the law; «insurance» agent of the legislator, etc. In the democratic countries of the world, judicial law-making has proven itself as an effective tool entrusted to the courts within the limits of their judicial activity, and they use this tool with an appropriate level of responsibility. The peculiarities and directions of influence of international and national judicial law-making on reforming the judicial system and legal reform are analyzed. The theoretical and practical value of the influence of judicial law-making on judicial and legal reforms lies in the fact that it is a conceptual basis for the qualitative transformation of the domestic judiciary, judiciary, justice and the legal system, in particular the field of judicial law. The state and trends of the introduction of judicial law-making into the national legal system of Ukraine based on the results of the last judicial reform are revealed. With each stage of judicial reform in Ukraine, the need for official recognition of judicial law-making becomes more relevant. The judicial reform of 2016 did not positively resolve this issue. Currently, the need to introduce judicial law-making is mostly recognized at the doctrinal level, but is rejected by the legislator. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relevance of this study is driven by the increasing dynamics of contracts concluded between the Republic of Kazakhstan and the People's Republic of China, as well as the lack of research on the comparison of contractual legal structures between the two countries and their criminological implications. The purpose of this study is to conduct a comparative analysis of the contract legislation of China and Kazakhstan, identify common and distinctive features, and explore the criminological impacts of these differences. The study reveals that the contract law of China and Kazakhstan share some similarities, such as the concept of a contract and the basic principles of contractual relations. The differences between the two countries' contract law and enforcement approaches highlight the importance of the legal environment in shaping the behaviour, risk assessment, and decision-making processes of parties involved in contractual relationships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Foro Revista de Derecho is the property of Universidad Andina Simon Bolivar, Sede Ecuador and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The study aims to identify waqf issues in Lampung and South Sumatra Provinces and explore potential solutions to develop a national waqf ecosystem that is more responsive to the development of time. This research employed empirical juridical research. The primary data was gathered through observations, interviews, and documentation with waqif (donors), nadzir (the administrators of Waqf), public figures, academics, and BWI (Indonesian Waqf Institution) of Lampung and South Sumatra. The secondary data were gathered from books, laws and regulations, judicial decisions, scientific journals, and websites. This study discovered that the challenges of Waqf in Lampung and South Sumatra Provinces comprised aspects of management and supervision, a lack of socialization and literacy, waqf fraud, and insufficient nadzir (donors) resources for creating profitable Waqf and waqf digitization. The solution is to enhance the national waqf ecosystem by reforming waqf laws to strengthen waqif, nadzir, and BWI. With the renewal of waqf law, a positive ecosystem will emerge, reducing waqf disputes and improving people's well-being.

The European and American Enlightenment movements of 1688 to 1815 transformed the Western legal tradition, notably in areas of constitutional law, criminal law, private law, legal and political theory, and legal education. Particularly the American and French Revolutions effected massive and sometimes violent changes to traditional patterns of law, politics, and society — separating church and state and placing a new premium on democratic rule of law by the general will and public opinion. These legal reforms were grounded in part in new Enlightenment liberal beliefs in deism, rationalism, individualism, and nationalism — ideas that came to strong expression in the many new constitutions and codes issued in the later 18th and 19th centuries. Even so, Enlightenment legal reformers often worked side by side with Christian legal reformers, and they reconstructed traditional Christian legal teachings more than they created laws anew. As a consequence, until the mid-19th century, there was more continuity than discontinuity between Enlightenment-based legal teachings and practices and those of the Western Christian tradition. The Enlightenment, however, provided new secular logics for many of the traditional laws that it adopted and then adapted, and these secular teachings would later fuel the more strident post-Christian, if not anti-Christian, legal campaign of modern liberalism.

One argument that is at times adduced against proposals for legal change, such as granting personhood to autonomous agents, is that the change in question will be inefficacious if it takes the law too far from the folk world of people. By contrast, in this article we argue that legal concepts and folk concepts are more malleable than we tend to assume. We turn to (legal) history to demonstrate that the relationship between legal concepts and folk concepts is not one-directional, which means that changes in the law can and have influenced folk psychology as well as vice versa. This has implications for debates around the regulation of new technologies: the ‘lack of efficacy’ argument is not a strong one and mere reference to current folk concepts cannot suffice in such debates. Moreover, the efficacy argument does not, and cannot, replace normative arguments in this respect, so the malleability of folk concepts needs to be considered by legal decision-makers. Current conceptual apparatuses (legal or folk) are not immutable, and reification of the current status quo should not be presupposed.

Ghana's 1985 Intestate Succession Law (PNDC Law 111) is a notable example of attempts by postcolonial African states to introduce new forms of protection for widows and children in cases of death ‘intestate' (that is, when the deceased person had not made a valid will). Whilst some legal scholars depicted Law 111 as a radical departure from customary laws pertaining to marriage and property, feminist scholars have been more sceptical, pointing to deficiencies in both the letter and implementation of the law, and advocating for further reform. This article is driven by a historical question: given that several previous governments had considered the issue of intestate succession but had not actually reformed the law, why did the military regime of Flight Lieutenant Jerry Rawlings decide upon Law 111 in 1985? The national archives for this period are fragmentary, but we draw from newspapers, ‘grey literature', and oral history interviews to trace the prolonged struggle over intestate succession, suggest what motivated the Rawlings' regime in 1985, and identify the compromises that were made. By locating Law 111 in Ghana's postcolonial political history, we nuance established typologies of women’s organisation, activism, and advocacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper relocates the study of contemporary Islamic law from state judiciaries and reformist polemics to the learning circles of late colonial Sudan. It focuses on the careers of two Mālikī jurists: ʿUthmān b. Ḥasanayn Barrī al-Jaʿalī (d. 1960) and Abū Ṭāhir Ḥasan Fāy al-Bijāwī (d. 1984). Hardly indifferent to the pressures of modernity, each attempted to resuscitate a Mālikī school beset by colonial reforms from above and revisionist critiques from below. A Sufi, political advisor, and traditionalist, al-Jaʿalī composed an homage to the "slavish imitation" of Mālikī jurists (taqlīd) that nevertheless admitted the intervention and frequent rebuke of its author. al-Bijāwī did the opposite, employing his expertise in ḥadīth to recast demands for dissolving legal schools (madhhab s) in a clever justification of Mālikī doctrine. Together they highlight examples of internal reform, as well as the significance of Africa's jurists, that remain understudied in the contemporary history of Islamic law. Less the dissolution of the madhhab than its resilience, they attest to the ways in which Mālikī scholars continued to defend the classical legal tradition long after its presumed demise at the hands of modernity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article tracks the ways citizens in the People's Republic of China have come to manage the banality of state violence and impunity by turning common political failures into a distinctive politics of fiasco. As a mode of civilian engagement with officialdom in contemporary China, this kind of politics is a departure from the usual straightforward forms of popular resistance, as typified by the 1989 Tiananmen Square protest. Fiasco is not just any kind of failure. It is a kind of flop with performative flair, where repeated malfunctions and blunders escalate in often ludicrous and humiliating fashion to turn once earnest and serious projects in feel‐bad dramas of inescapable failure. As such, this form of politics casts a renewed light on the aesthetic and affective dimensions of citizen–state struggles, especially among those that persist in confronting failures of justice under authoritarian conditions of political non‐crisis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One argument that is at times adduced against proposals for legal change, such as granting personhood to autonomous agents, is that the change in question will be inefficacious if it takes the law too far from the folk world of people. By contrast, in this article we argue that legal concepts and folk concepts are more malleable than we tend to assume. We turn to (legal) history to demonstrate that the relationship between legal concepts and folk concepts is not onedirectional, which means that changes in the law can and have influenced folk psychology as well as vice versa. This has implications for debates around the regulation of new technologies: the 'lack of efficacy' argument is not a strong one and mere reference to current folk concepts cannot suffice in such debates. Moreover, the efficacy argument does not, and cannot, replace normative arguments in this respect, so the malleability of folk concepts needs to be considered by legal decision-makers. Current conceptual apparatuses (legal or folk) are not immutable, and reification of the current status quo should not be presupposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Bamboo & Silk is the property of Brill Academic Publishers and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

As groundwater is the primary element of life, countries all over the world are experimenting with legal reforms. The degree to which law reforms combine justice and sustainability is a crucial question. In response to this question, the present article focuses on a case study of Uttar Pradesh, India. Our response is based on a content analysis of the Uttar Pradesh Groundwater (Management and Regulation) Act, 2019, and the Uttar Pradesh Groundwater (Management and Regulation) Rules, 2020. Three conclusions emerged from our investigation. First, the 2019 Groundwater Act and the 2020 Draft Groundwater Rules are primarily motivated by concerns about resource sustainability, particularly in areas where the water table is steadily declining. Still, neither the 2019 Groundwater Act nor the 2020 Draft Groundwater Rules propose any proactive groundwater justice measures. Second, we suggest that some locally defined basic elements are critical in supporting sustainability and - to a lesser extent - groundwater justice. These characteristics include a community's ability to (1) recognize a crisis and show a willingness to address it; (2) establish a rule-bound community groundwater resource; (3) demonstrate leadership and a sense of community; and (4) make use of awareness, information, and knowledge. Our third conclusion is that there is a need for community practices and state-led groundwater law to co-evolve; this co-evolution has the potential to create groundwater arrangements that support both groundwater justice and sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the current legal frameworks surrounding necrophilia in the United Kingdom. More specifically, it draws upon Aggrawal's [(2009). A new classification of necrophilia. Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine, 16(6), 316–320] typologies of necrophilia, arguing that a multifaceted definition of necrophilia is required in order to properly legislate against it. The recent case of David Fuller is incorporated into discussions, and efforts towards legal reform are examined accordingly. The article makes recommendations of how future research can progress discussions in this acutely underresearched area of criminology and law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Blasphemy laws in Pakistan have been a subject of intense debate, scrutiny, and controversy both domestically and internationally. This article presents a comprehensive analysis of the evolution, legal framework, societal implications, and human rights concerns surrounding blasphemy laws within the Pakistani legal system. Beginning with a historical overview, the study examines the origins and development of these laws within the context of the Pakistan Penal Code (PPC) and Shariah-based legal principles. Through an exploration of notable cases and incidents, the article highlights the challenges faced in implementing fair trials and the far-reaching consequences on individuals accused of blasphemy. Additionally, it critically evaluates the conflicts between the laws and the fundamental principles of freedom of speech and expression, delving into the human rights implications and international perspectives. By reviewing reform efforts and proposing potential amendments, this article seeks to contribute to the ongoing discourse on the need for balanced legal reforms and societal harmony in navigating the complex landscape of blasphemy laws in Pakistan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The central purpose of this investigation was to determine the scope of compliance that the adoption of conventional guarantees in Colombian administrative disciplinary law has had, within the framework of popularly elected public servants, since the issuance of the ruling Petro Urrego vs. Colombia in 2020. In this way, this research was methodologically based on a qualitative approach with analytical-explanatory scope, which from a hermeneutical point of view breaks down a set of legal arguments that allow us to glimpse the scope of the current reform of the Law. 1952 of 2019 by Law 2094 of 2021, regarding compliance with the guarantees required by paragraph 2 of article 23 of the American Convention on Human Rights, with regard to the adoption of disciplinary sanctions that restrict political rights to employees public elections. In that sense, the result of this research led to offering legal elements that would allow strengthening the institutional order of the authorities that are in charge of the exercise of the disciplinary function, since it makes known and better understood the current reality of administrative disciplinary law in the face of the need to inexorably incorporate conventional guarantees into the Colombian disciplinary system, as well as to satisfy their effective application and compliance, otherwise multiple lawsuits and possible sentences would be filed in the future against the Colombian State for non-compliance with them. From the above, it is concluded that it is pertinent to have competent judicial authorities with autonomy, independence and absolute impartiality, who administer the full disciplinary function in Colombia, in compliance with the international standards adopted to sanction public servants, especially those of popular election. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Regulatory impact assessment (RIA) is a pivotal tool for shaping and enhancing the quality and effectiveness of laws (Davidson et al., 2021). This research focuses on comparing RIA mechanisms in the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) member countries and Thailand. It involves analyzing RIA criteria, methodologies, impact assessment report preparation, and quality assurance for legislation. Employing qualitative research methods, the study employs document analysis, in-depth interviews with key informants from legislative, administrative, and legal sectors, individuals impacted by laws, and experts in various fields. Content analysis was employed. The study emphasizes the crucial roles of the government and Parliament in RIA development. Delegating RIA responsibilities to independent organizations aims to reduce legislation volume and improve its quality, contributing to a "good parliament" and an "effective government" following democratic principles and the Thai Constitution of 2017. The research underscores Parliament's crucial role in standardizing law impact assessment. This promises better legislation quality, transparency, and accountability, aligning with global standards and encouraging public participation for improved governance and societal well-being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose – The paper aims to recommend legal and regulatory reforms to better prevent child abuse in childcare institutions in Hong Kong. Design/methodology/approach – A summary of investigation report and news reports are referred to in describing the abuse incidents which occurred in a children’s residential home. Routine Activity Theory (RAT) is used as the framework for identifying the causes. Local and overseas legislation, regulations, case law, and policies are analysed to provide recommendations for reforms. Findings – There are systematic failures such as workload issues, inadequate supervision, and the absence of continuing professional development (CPD) that contributed to the incidents. The regulations governing the operation of childcare centres and criminal laws against child abuse are long overdue for an update in Hong Kong. On the institutional side, this paper recommends enacting regulations that mandate CPD, lower the staff-to-child ratio, and strengthen the Social Welfare Department’s (SWD) supervisory powers over childcare centres. From the criminal law perspective, it is recommended that “reasonable chastisement” be abolished as a defence of corporal punishment, and that there be new offences for failure to report suspected child abuse incidents and causing or allowing the death/serious harm of a child. Originality/value – The child abuse incidents, occurring in a childcare institution, have drawn wide public concern. Reform is required to protect vulnerable children and regain public confidence.

The complex regulatory framework governing the U.S. health care system can be an obstacle to programming that address health-related social needs. In particular, health care fraud and abuse law is a pernicious barrier as health care organizations may minimize or forego programming altogether out of real and perceived concern for compliance. And because health care organizations have varying resources to navigate and resolve compliance concerns, as well as different levels of risk tolerance, fears related to the legal landscape may further entrench inequities in access to meaningful programs that improve health outcomes. This article uses food and nutrition programming as a case study to explore the complexities presented by this area of law and to highlight pathways forward. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of International Annals of Criminology is the property of Cambridge University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Riwayat: Educational Journal of History & Humanities is the property of Riwayat: Educational Journal of History & Humanities and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Riwayat: Educational Journal of History & Humanities is the property of Riwayat: Educational Journal of History & Humanities and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Legal reform is a method of continuous improvement and promotion of laws. In order to promote legal reform, it is necessary to research and learn about excellent legal reform experiences. The People’s Republic of China (PRC) legal reform experience is worth studying and learning about because the PRC has rich reform achievements. There are two important factors contributing to the success of the PRC legal reform. One is that the PRC establishes correct and reasonable legal reform objectives, and the other is that the PRC provides impetuses for legal reform. Therefore, this paper will analyze the above two legal reform experiences to help other countries complete legal reforms.

Communal Intellectual Property (KIK) in various regions of Indonesia, including Enggano Island, is abundant. However, there is a notable absence of visible protection for KIK on this island. Thus, there is a need for legal reforms or the strengthening of intellectual property protection in order to address this issue. This study aims to inventory and identify the forms of communal intellectual property protection, as well as the factors inhibiting such protection. The empirical method was employed for this study. The population and sample consisted of pa'buki (traditional leaders), tribal chiefs, sub-tribal chiefs, community members, and the head of the regional office of the Ministry of Law and Human Rights. The findings of this study revealed an inventory of KIK potentials, encompassing traditional knowledge, genetic resources, traditional cultural expressions, and potential geographical indications. However, special protection measures for KIK potentials in Enggano Island were found to be lacking, with only preventive and repressive means being available for protection. The inhibiting factors affecting KIK protection included the condition of the area, a lack of socialization efforts, and limited government attention. Based on the study's results, it is imperative to develop an inventory of these KIK potentials and establish relevant agencies responsible for registering and protecting KIK in Enggano Island. This will help ensure the preservation and safeguarding of Enggano’s unique communal intellectual property.

This research aims to address and propose solutions to the issue of conflicting norms within Indonesian Anti-Corruption Act (Act 19/2019). It is a normative study conducted through a statutory and conceptual approach. Primary and secondary legal materials were collected and analyzed prescriptively. The study suggests resolving the conflict between Article 69D and Article 70B-70C by applying the principle of Lex Posterior Derogat Legi Priori. As a result of this conflict, there are ongoing corruption cases that must now follow the legal process outlined in Act 19/2019, even if the alleged offenses took place prior to its enactment. This situation creates a loophole for objections to the legal process, raising concerns regarding justice, benefits, and legal certainty. Consequently, legal reforms are necessary to address these concerns and improve Act 19/2019. Based on these findings, this research asserts that regulations pertaining to corruption eradication should ensure the integrity of the rules by eliminating conflicts of norms and conflicts of interest. In cases where the process of updating regulations faces challenges, the government can establish derivative regulations or implement conflicting norms to achieve the legal objectives of justice, certainty, and benefit within Act 19/2019.

This study investigates the regulatory framework and legal implications of airline liability in the context of air crash victims' rights in Indonesia, focusing on the enforceability of release and discharge agreements imposed by airlines. The research adopts a normative legal method, employing legislative and conceptual approaches to scrutinize primary and secondary legal materials related to aviation accident compensation. The primary sources include the Indonesian Aviation Act No. 1 of 2009, Article 141, and the Minister of Transportation Regulation PM 41 of 2011, alongside the Warsaw Convention of 1929. Secondary sources comprise academic literature, including books, journals, and research reports. The data were analyzed qualitatively, evaluating the extent to which the concepts of release and discharge align with the prevailing legal principles of transportation liability. The findings reveal that the Indonesian aviation regulations mandate airlines to compensate for deaths, permanent disabilities, or injuries resulting from air accidents, including to the heirs, with a cap set at Rp1.25 billion per passenger. However, the legal strength of release and discharge statements is considered weak, as they are not explicitly regulated, potentially disadvantageous to victims forced to sign as a precondition for compensation, and contrary to consumer protection laws prohibiting the shift of airline responsibilities to consumers. The study recommends a thorough government review of these release and discharge provisions to ensure alignment with national aviation laws, consumer protection statutes, and civil codes, emphasizing fairness and the protection of victims' and heirs' rights. This research contributes to the discourse on aviation liability in Indonesia, highlighting the need for legal reforms to uphold justice and certainty in airline compensation practices. Highlights: • Weak Legal Foundation: Release and discharge agreements in Indonesia's aviation sector lack explicit legal backing, undermining their enforceability. • Conflict with Consumer Laws: These agreements often contradict consumer protection laws by shifting airline responsibilities to consumers. • Need for Legal Reform: There is a pressing need for regulatory review and reform to align compensation practices with fairness and legal standards. Keywords: Aviation Liability, Compensation, Release and Discharge, Consumer Protection, Legal Reform

The Indonesia’s economy has experienced rapid and massive development. Even after its contraction due to the pandemic in 2020, the economic growth of Indonesia is still highly significant. Digital transactions play an important role in the economic development. However, the economic growth may potentially lead to considerable number of economic crimes. To deal with them, the penal policy on economic crimes has not been developed according to the growth. The disparity among criminal provisions in economic sectors results in legal uncertainty in the enforcement of economic crimes. This research aims to shed a light on the current penal policy on economic crimes and the urgency of the reform on the economic criminal law. It is concluded that the Economic Crimes Law 1955 is no longer relevant to eradicate economic crimes in Indonesia. Furthermore, Indonesia Penal Code is far left behind by the current economic development. Therefore, a far-reaching reform is necessary. The partial reform of economic criminal law through various legislations has resulted in the legal uncertainty. For instance, they embrace different corporate criminal liability and sentencing principles. Hence, it is important to formulate a law on the principles of economic criminal law applying to all economic crimes.