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Pri procesu oblaganja tablet je pomembno razumeti dinamiko omočenja in absorpcije vode v površino tablete. V magistrskem delu so bili izvedeni eksperimenti za analizo dinamike širjenja in absorpcije kapljice črnila na površino tablete. Na prerezano tableto se je spustilo kapljico črnila, zaradi česar se je ta omočila in spremenila barvo. Raziskal se je vpliv omočenja v primeru dveh tipov različnih placebo tablet za primera dodane ene in dveh kapljic, pri čemer se je med temi spreminjal tudi časovni interval med posameznimi kapljicami. Trenutek stika se je opazoval s hitrotekočo kamero, nato pa se je pojav širjenja in absorpcije analiziral po posameznih ravninah oz. koordinatah in po površini. Omočenje se je povečalo z dodajanjem kapljic, s povečano površino za okoli 1 mm2, globino za 1 mm in širino za okoli 0,5 mm. Pri različnih časovnih intervalih so se vrednosti razlikovale med obema tipoma tablet. Raztros merjenih vrednosti se je večal z večjim časovnim intervalom med kapljicama. In the tablet coating process, it is important to understand the dynamics of wetting and absorption of water into the tablet surface. In the master's thesis, experiments were carried out to analyze the dynamics of the spread and absorption of an ink droplet on tablets. A drop of ink landed on the halved tablet, causing it to become wet and discolored. The influence of wetting was investigated in the case of two types of different placebo tablets for the cases of adding one and two drops, whereby the time interval between individual drops was also changed. The moment of contact was observed with a high-speed camera, and then the phenomenon of propagation and absorption was analyzed by individual planes or coordinates and by surface. Wetting had increased with the addition of droplets, with an increased surface area of about 1 mm2, depth of 1 mm, and width of about 0.5 mm. At different time intervals, the values differed between the two types of pills. The scatter of the measured values increased with a greater time interval between the drops.

V diplomski nalogi smo se osredotočili na analizo omočene površine pri procesu oblaganja tablete. Pripravili smo merilno progo, pri kateri smo spremljali, kako se spreminja omočenost tablete, ko na površje le-te pade najprej ena kapljica, nato pa z različnimi časovnimi zamiki še druga kapljica. Določili smo volumne kapljic za različne pretoke kapljevine, časovne zamike padca druge kapljice ter analizirali spreminjanje velikosti omočene površine ob spreminjanju teh dveh parametrov. Za večjo omočeno površino potrebujemo večji pretok, posledično velik volumen kapljice ali kratek časovni zamik padca druge kapljice. Največja omočena površina pri igli G30 je bila pri pretoku 550 µl/min, najmanjša pri pretoku 10 µl/min, pri igli G34 pa je bila največja omočena površina pri pretoku 450 µl/min, najmanjša pa pri pretoku 6 µl/min. In the diploma thesis, we focused on analyzing the wetted surface during the tablet coating process. A measuring setup was prepared comprising of a high speed camera, a strong light, a syringe pump and a computer, which was used to evaluate how the wetted areas of the tablet changes when water drops fall on its surface. Volumes for different liquid flow rates and the time delays of the drop of the second droplet were determined, and the change in the size of the wetted surface when changing these two parameters were analyzed. For a larger wetted surface a larger flow is needed, resulting in a large droplet volume or a short time delay for the second droplet to fall. The largest wetted surface for the G30 needle was at a flow rate of 550 μl/min, the smallest at a flow rate of 10 μl/min, the largest wetted area for the G34 needle was at a flow rate of 450 μl/min and the smallest at a flow rate of 6 μl/min.

V diplomskem delu je predstavljena analiza kombiniranja 5-osne obdelave z meritvami geometrije na kompleksnem izdelku ? oblikovnem vložku. Omenjena tehnologija omogoča obdelavo v enem vpetju in s tem zagotavlja večjo kakovost obdelave. Osrednji problem, na katerega se nanaša diplomska naloga, je naknadna kontrola natančnosti obdelane površine. Narejen in izpisan je celoten proces od 3D modela do končnega izdelka. Predstavljena je obdelava izdelka pred in po kaljenju s strategijami 3, 3+2 ter 5-osnega frezanja. Prikazan je postopek izdelave programa za merjenje direktno na CNC stroju. Izvedene so tudi meritve na koordinatnem merilnem stroju. Pridobljena sta oba merilna poročila in podana je diskusija rezultatov med njima. Ugotovljena so bila nekatera odstopanja izven tolerančnega območja, ki smo jih pojasnili. Prikazana je tudi analiza stroškov, ki se pojavijo pri meritvah izven proizvodnega procesa. The thesis presents an analysis of combining 5-axis machining with geometry measurements on a complex product - a form insert. The mentioned technology enables processing in one clamping and thus ensures a higher quality of machining. The main problem to which the thesis refers is the subsequent control of the accuracy of the machined surface. The entire process from the 3D model to the final product is documented. The machining of the product before and after hardening with 3, 3+2 and 5 axis milling strategies is presented. The process of creating a program for measuring directly on a CNC machine is shown. Measurements were also carried out on a coordinate measuring machine. Both measurement reports are obtained and a discussion of the results between them is given. Some deviations outside the tolerance range were found, which we explained. An analysis of the costs arising from measurements outside the production process is also shown.

V magistrskem delu je predstavljena klasifikacija laserskih proizvodov. Predstavljene so zahteve in obseg standarda IEC 60825-1: Varnost laserskih proizvodov – 1. del: Klasifikacija opreme in zahteve (“Safety of laser products – Part 1: Equipment classification and requirements”). V sklopu navedenega standarda je bilo izvedeno preskušanje laserske naprave in sicer medicinskega endoskopskega laserja. Preko rezultatov preskušanja je testna naprava klasificirana oziroma umeščena v ustrezen razred laserjev. Glede na razred v katerega sodi, so določene varnostne zahteve, ki jih proizvod mora izpolnjevati. Predstavljena je tudi vsebina poročila o preskusu po IEC 60825-1 standardu. Pri meritvah laserskega sevanja se pojavi nekaj izzivov, zato se v nadaljevanju dela osredotočim na enega izmed njih. Tekom meritev izsevanje moči laserja, se lahko pojavi nepričakovn rezultat. Ta je lahko posledica napake na testni napravi ali na foto-detektorju. Ker je slednje težko določiti, je bila v ta namen zasnovana naprava za preverjanje delovanja foto-detektorja. Izdelan je bil referenčni laserski vir, ki služi kot primerjava izmerjene izsevane moči laserske diode s podatkovnim listom laserske diode. S primerjavo rezultata izmerjene vrednosti ugotovimo, ali foto-detektor ustrezno deluje. The thesis presents classification of laser equipment and devices. It illustrates the requirements and scope of safety standard IEC 60825-1: Safety of laser products – Part 1: Equipment classification and requirements. Within the scope of the standard IEC 60825-1, the testing of the laser device was performed. The device under test was medical endoscopic laser source. Through the testing and measurements, the device is classified and placed into appropriate laser class. Depending on the class to which it belongs, there are certain safety requirements that the product must meet. The content of the official test report according to the IEC 60825-1 standard is also presented. There are several challenges in measuring laser radiation. I focus on one of the problems that can occur. During the measurement of the laser radiation power, an unexpected result may appear. This can be the result of an improper working of the test device or of the photo-detector. Since the latter is difficult to determine, a device for verifying the operation of the photo-detector was designed for this purpose. A reference laser source was constructed to serve as a comparison of the measured radiated power of the laser diode with the data sheet of the laser diode. By comparing the result of the measured value, we can determine whether the photo-detector is working properly.

Napisana diplomska naloga je močno povezana z mojo trimesečno obvezno strokovno prakso, ki sem jo opravljal v sklopu svojega študijskega programa v podjetju Metrel d.d. Sedež podje-tja, ki se ukvarja z merilno in regulacijsko opremo, je v Horjulu. Mentor, ki sem ga imel v pod-jetju, je vodja kalibracijskega laboratorija. Kalibracijski laboratorij je akreditiran laboratorij in lahko izvaja različne kalibracije tako za Metrelove kot tudi za druge inštrumente. Diplomsko delo je vezano na eno od nalog, ki sem jo reševal med praktičnim usposabljanjem in kasneje zaključil. Opisuje izdelavo in meritve ojačevalnika, ki je namenjen kontroli različnih tokovnih klešč. Cilj naloge je bil sestaviti ojačevalnik, ki bi bil enostaven za uporabo in bi hkrati imel željeno natančnost in linearnost ojačenja. Z voltmetrom, priključenim na izhod ojačevalnika, preverja-mo natančnost meritev tokovnih klešč. V nalogi se posvečam tudi stabilnosti izhoda, saj je potrebno zagotoviti čim manjše nihanje meritev. Opisan je tudi postopek izdelave, saj je ojače-valnik rezultat mojega dolgotrajnega dela. Njegova izdelava in izboljšava sta bili odvisni od sprotnih zahtev in ugotovitev opravljenih meritev. Postopek dela se je začel z jasno določenimi zahtevami, ki jih je bilo potrebno izvesti za dose-go željenega rezultata. Ker je projekt služil podjetju Metrel, je zahteve določil mentor. Najprej sem zgradil preprosto vezje z operacijskim ojačevalnikom, ki sem ga ves čas izpopolnjeval in vsakič izvedel sklop meritev. Tako sem se približeval željenim zahtevam. Vse meritve sem be-ležil v Excelov dokument in iz njih nato izračunal željene podatke. V napisanem delu opisujem dva ojačevalnika. Prvi ojačevalnik sem moral opustiti, ker je bilo med uporabo kasneje ugotov-ljeno, da meritve majhnih tokov s tokovnimi kleščami niso zadovoljive. Meritve novega opera-cijskega ojačevalnika so pokazale, da so bile z novim ojačevalnikom odpravljene težave prej izdelanega ojačevalnika. Tako bo ojačevalnik primeren za uporabo v laboratoriju. This undergraduate thesis is closely linked to my three-month internship work in the company Metrel d.d, located in Horjul Slovenia. The company specializes in measuring and regulation equipment. During the internship, my mentor Janko Mole - Head of Calibration Laboratory assigned me a task. I've built an amplifier device to check the current clamps for quality. The project started by the design of the circuit. The amplifier circuit must accurately amplify the current from the current clamp's output. To achieve the equirement to measure the current with the smallest value of 1 mA, the amplifier circuit should be able to amplify currents as small as 1 uA. After creating a simple amplifier circuit and taking its measurements, I started making changes and adding functionality to it. Finished circuit was later built in-to the casing. By measuring and comparing the input and output signals, I've inquired information that hel-ped me the amplifier analysis. The aim was to minimize the difference between a measured output signal and its expected value under 0,1 % for any current or frequency value of an in-put signal. During the measurements, it was crucial to find and eliminate all outside influences to get the right results from the measurements taken. After my three-month practice, I retur-ned to the company and built a new amplifier device, because of the problems that were fo-und while using the old one. Measurements of electric current of the smallest required value (1 mA) were not good enough. The new amplifier device has a different amplifier circuit which correctly amplifies the smallest currents. The main process were measurements, because of the importance for the understanding of the created circuit. All measurements were calculated in Excel. From there on, I analysed the re-sults by using tables and graphs. Improvements continued until results of the measured circuit proved that all the requirements were met.

Uvod: Radon (Rn) je naravni radioaktivni plin, ki je v zemlji zelo razširjen. Proti površju potuje s talnim zrakom in se v primeru netesnega stavbnega ovoja v stiku z zemljino kopiči v kletnih in pritličnih prostorih stavb. Ogljikov dioksid (CO2) je prisoten v atmosferi, kjer deluje kot toplogredni plin. Nastaja tudi pri celičnem dihanju in se zato kopiči v zaprtih prostorih. Rn in CO2 imata v povišanih koncentracijah negativne učinke na zdravje, po drugi strani pa sta zanesljiva indikatorja prezračevanja prostorov. V raziskavi smo izvedli meritve koncentracij Rn in CO2 v zraku treh domov starejših občanov (DSO), ki se na zemljevidu tveganja za prisotnost Rn v stavbah nahajajo na treh različnih območjih tveganja, in sicer z nizkim (DSO-N), zmernim (DSO-Z) in visokim (DSO-V) tveganjem. Namen: V izbranih prostorih DSO smo preučili dinamiko Rn in CO2 v zraku kot dejavnikih tveganja za zdravje, predvsem z vidika lokacije stavbe, njenih gradbenotehničnih karakteristik in sistemov prezračevanja ter specifik uporabnikov. Z izračunom efektivnih doz smo ocenili vpliv na zdravje zaposlenih in varovancev domov, glede na prisotnost Rn (in njegovih razpadnih produktov, RnP) v zraku. Metode dela: Meritve koncentracij Rn in CO2 smo izvedli v hladni in topli polovici leta, v obdobju 2021?2022. Najprej smo izmerili trenutne koncentracije Rn zjutraj v neprezračenih prostorih, ko so vrednosti slednjega praviloma najvišje. Na osnovi teh pridobljenih podatkov o trenutni koncentraciji Rn smo izbrali prostore za nadaljnje večtedenske kontinuirne meritve koncentracij Rn in CO2. Pri ogledu stavb smo popisali njihove gradbenotehnične karakteristike v ocenjevalni list, v prostorih pa smo posebno pozornost namenili iskanju potencialnih vstopnih točk za Rn. Tesnost stavbnega ovoja smo preverili z izračunom stopnje infiltracije zraka skozi stavbni ovoj v stavbo na osnovi kontinuirnega poteka koncentracije CO2. Iz povprečnih koncentracij Rn smo izračunali celoletne efektivne doze, ki jih prejmejo zaposleni in varovanci DSO. Rezultati: Povprečne koncentracije Rn (Bq m–3) v topli/hladni polovici leta so bile naslednje: 54/185 v DSO-N, 91/60 v DSO-Z in 176/160 v DSO-V. Skupno število preseganj mejne koncentracije Rn 300 Bq m–3 je bilo v topli/hladni polovici leta naslednje: 5/17 v DSO-N, 1/4 v DSO-Z in 19/39 v DSO-V. Vsak DSO ima drugačno shemo prezračevanja, in sicer najmanj pogosto zračijo v DSO-N, bolj pogosto v DSO-Z in najbolj pogosto v DSO-V. Povprečne koncentracije CO2 (ppm) so odraz zasedenosti prostorov in so bile v hladni polovici leta naslednje: 543 v DSO-N, 619 v DSO-Z in 458 v DSO-V. Število preseganj mejne koncentracije CO2 1000 ppm pa je bilo v hladni polovici leta naslednje: 7 v DSO-N, 21 v DSO-Z in 0 v DSO-V. Povprečne celoletne efektivne doze (mSv) za zaposlene/oskrbovance so naslednje: 0,54/0,02 v DSO-N, 0,45/0,29 v DSO-Z in 1,15/0,21 v DSO-V. Razprava in zaključek: Koncentracije Rn so bolj odraz prezračevanja prostorov kot območja tveganja na radonskem zemljevidu ali gradbenotehničnih karakteristik stavb. Koncentracije CO2 dodatno potrjujejo različne sheme zračenja prostorov, ki je v DSO-V zadostno, v DSO-N in DSO-Z pa bi ga bilo treba povečati. Zadovoljivo nizka koncentracija CO2 in povišana koncentracija Rn v zraku enega od prostorov DSO-V kaže na močan vir Rn, ki vstopa v prostor iz revizijskega jaška za kanalizacijo. V tem prostoru koncentracija Rn v jutranjih urah največkrat preseže mejno vrednost, zato priporočamo sanacijo. Efektivne doze so višje v hladni kot v topli polovici leta, vendar niso skrb vzbujajoče. Z bolj pogostim zračenjem prostorov v DSO-N in DSO-Z se bodo efektivne doze znižale. Če bodo v prostoru v DSO-V, kjer prejme zaposlena oseba celoletno efektivno dozo 2,19 mSv z ustreznimi sanacijskimi ukrepi znižali koncentracijo Rn, se bo znižala tudi efektivna doza. Introduction: Radon (Rn) is a radioactive natural gas widespread in the earth's crust. It travels towards the surface with the soil air and, if the building envelope in contact with the ground is not tight, accumulates in the basement and ground floor. Carbon dioxide (CO2) is present in the atmosphere and acts as a greenhouse gas. It is also produced during cellular respiration and therefore accumulates in closed spaces. Rn and CO2 in elevated concentrations have adverse effects on health, but on the other hand are reliable indicators of room ventilation. In this research, we measured Rn and CO2 concentrations in the air of three elderly care homes (DSO), located in three different areas, concerning the radon risk map for the presence of Rn in buildings: on low (DSO-N), moderate (DSO- Z) and high (DSO-V) risk area. Purpose: In the selected premises of the DSO, we studied the dynamics of Rn and CO2 in the air as risk factors for health especially from the point of view of the location of the building, its construction-technical characteristics and ventilation systems, as well as the specifics of the users. By calculating the effective doses received by exposure to Rn (and its progeny, RnP) in the air, we assessed the impact on the health of employees and residents. Experimental: Rn and CO2 concentrations were measured in the cold and warm half of the year, from 2021 – 2022. First, we measured the instantaneous Rn concentrations in unventilated rooms in the morning, when the values are generally the highest. Based on the instantaneous Rn concentrations, we selected the premises for further continuous measurements of Rn and CO2 concentrations over several weeks. When visiting the buildings, we recorded their construction and technical characteristics in the evaluation sheet. We paid particular attention to the search for potential entry points of Rn to the rooms. The tightness of the building envelope was checked by calculating the rate of air infiltration through the building envelope into the building, based on the continuous measurements of CO2 concentration. From the average Rn concentrations, we calculated the annual effective doses received by employees and residents in each DSO. Results: The average Rn concentrations (Bq m–3) in the warm/cold half of the year were as follows: 54/185 in DSO-N, 91/60 in DSO-Z and 176/160 in DSO-V. The total exceedings of the Rn limit concentration of 300 Bq m–3 in the warm/cold half of the year were as follows: 5/17 in DSO-N, 1/4 in DSO-Z and 19/39 in DSO-V. Each DSO has a different ventilation scheme they ventilate least often in DSO-N, more often in DSO-Z and most often in DSO-V. The average CO2 concentrations (ppm) reflect the occupancy of the premises and were the following in the cold half of the year: 543 in DSO-N, 619 in DSO-Z and 458 in DSO-V. The total exceedings of the CO2 limit concentration of 1000 ppm were in the cold half of the year as follows: 7 in DSO-N, 21 in DSO-Z and 0 in DSO-V. The average yearly effective doses (mSv) of employees/residents are as follows: 0.54/0.02 in DSO-N, 0.45/0.29 in DSO-Z and 1.15/0.21 in DSO-V. Discussion and conclusion: Rn concentrations reflect more room ventilation than risk areas on the radon map or building construction-technical characteristics. The CO2 concentrations further confirm the different room ventilation schemes, which is sufficient in DSO-V, but it would be necessary to increase it in DSO-N and DSO-Z. Satisfactorily low CO2 concentration and elevated Rn concentration in the air of one of the DSO-V rooms indicate a strong source of Rn entering the room from the sewage audit shaft. In this room, the concentration of Rn in the morning most often exceeds the limit value therefore, we recommend remediation. The effective doses are higher in the cold than in the warm half of the year, but they are not worrying. The effective doses will decrease with more frequent ventilation of the premises in DSO-N and DSO-Z. If the Rn concentration in the room of the DSO-V, where the employee receives a yearly effective dose of 2.19 mSv, were reduced with appropriate remedial measures, the effective dose would decrease too.

Water has a significant influence on fundamental biophysical processes in the soil. It is one of the limiting factors for plant growth, which is why monitoring the water content in the field is particularly important in agriculture. In this article we present the methods currently used to measure the soil water content. We have described their functional principles, advantages, disadvantages and possible applications. Due to their widespread use in agriculture, we have focused on dielectric sensors, which are classified as electromagnetic methods. We have investigated the influence of soil properties on measurements with dielectric sensors and described possible methods for soil-specific calibration. In agriculture and environmental sciences, measurements of soil water content are particularly important for irrigation management. Irrigation based on measurements enables us to optimize the use of water resources and reduce the negative impact on the environment. For the correct functioning of such sensors it is necessary to check the suitability of the factory calibration function. Special attention is required when installing the sensors, as the presence of air gaps causes errors in the measurements.

Pravilno in natančno izmerjene temperature so pomemben podatek za izvedbo in načrtovanje procesov na področju proizvodnih in metalurških tehnologij. V pilotnem laboratoriju smo pri procesih temperaturnega utrujanja jekel izvedli meritve temperatur na preizkušancih iz modificiranega jekla AISI H11. Izvedli smo simulacije temperaturnega utrujanja, izmerili temperature kritičnih točk testnega preizkušanca, analizirali rezultate izvedenih meritev ter predlagali ustrezne rešitve. Za testirano jeklo je process napredovanja razpok do 5000-ega cikla počasen, med 5000 in 10000 ciklom se pojavijo večje razpoke, po 10000 ciklu pa se širjenje oziroma napredovanje razpok ponovno upočasni. Correctly and precisely measured temperatures are important information for the implementation and planning of processes in the field of production and metallurgical technologies. In the pilot laboratory, during temperature fatigue processes of steels, we performed temperature measurements on test specimens made of modificated AISI H11 steel. We carried out simulations of temperature fatigue, measured the temperatures of the critical points of the test specimen, analyzed the results of the measurements and proposed appropriate solutions. For the tested steel, the crack propagation process is slow up to the 5000th cycle, between 5000 and 10000 cycles, larger cracks appear, and after 10000 cycle, the propagation or propagation of cracks slows down again.

Elektroobločne peči se uporabljajo za proizvodnjo jekla. Delujejo na principu električnega obloka. Električni oblok je vidna plazma, ki nastane v ioniziranem plinu, ki ga ioniziramo s pomočjo električnega toka. Pri tem procesu se sprosti veliko toplote, ki jo izkoriščamo za taljenje kovin. Elektroobločne peči zaradi tega dosežejo temperature vse do 1.800 °C, zaradi tega je potrebno zagotoviti ustrezno hlajenje. Paziti je potrebno pri pravilni izbiri senzorjev, saj imamo opravka z zelo visokimi temperaturami. V diplomski nalogi je opisan postopek izdelave merilnega sistema za merjenje temperature in pretoka hladilne vode, ki se nahaja v plašču elektroobločne peči. Projekt je bil izdelan s Siemensovim programskim okoljem TIA Portal, ki je namenjen programiranju logičnih krmilnikov ter izdelavi vmesnikov človek-stroj. V teoretičnem delu diplomske naloge je kratek opis elektroobločne peči, sistem hlajenja elektroobločne peči, postopek izdelave jekla, opisane so zahteve in cilji projekta. Predstavljeni so gradniki sistema in uporabljena orodja, ki so bila potrebna za izvedbo projekta. V osrednjem delu diplomske naloge pa je opisan celoten postopek izdelave programa programirljivega logičnega krmilnika in grafičnega prikaza. Glavni cilji diplomske naloge so: opisati temeljne principe delovanja elektroobločne peči, izdelati sistem za merjenje temperatur hladilne vode in narediti učinkovit grafični prikaz meritev temperatur hladilne vode panelov elektroobločne peči. Programa za programirljivi logični krmilnik in obliko grafičnega prikaza sem razvil v celoti samostojno. To mi je omogočilo, da sem se lahko osredotočil in naredil čim bolj učinkovit grafični prikaz. Po končanem projektu so bili doseženi vsi zastavljeni cilji. Electrical arc furnaces are used in steel production. They work on a principle called the electrical arc. Electrical arc is the visible plasma that is created in an ionized gas, which is ionized with the help of an electric current. During this process a lot of heat is released, which is used to melt metals. As a result, the electrical arc furnaces can reach a temperature of 1800 °C. This is way we must provide appropriate cooling. We must be careful at choosing the right sensors because we are dealing with very high temperatures. The diploma thesis describes the making process of developing a measuring system for measuring temperature and flow of the cooling liquid, that is located in the electrical arc furnace wall. The project was made with Siemens program TIA Portal, which is used to program logical controllers and for developing human machine interface. In the theoretical part of the diploma thesis is a short description of the electrical arc furnace, the cooling system of the electrical arc furnace, the making process of steel, and the requirements and objectives of the project are presented. The building block of the measuring system and the tools for creating the project are described. The main part of diploma thesis is describing the whole programing process of the programable logical controller and graphic display. The main goals of the diploma thesis are: to describe the basic operations of the electric arc furnace, to create a system for measuring cooling water temperatures and to make an effective graphic representation of the cooling water temperatures. I had free hands when it comes to designing the program for the programable logical controller and the design of the graphical display. I could focus on creating an effective graphical display. At the end of the project all the set goals were met.

Podjetje MyCol d. o. o. razvija termokromatske indikatorje, ki pri določeni temperaturni meji nepovratno spremenijo barvo. Pri razvoju teh indikatorjev zelo pogosto opravljajo serijo dokaj preprostih, a vseeno časovno potratnih meritev, kjer zajamejo barvni spekter indikatorjev pri različnih temperaturah, pri čemer uporabljajo več ločenih naprav. Da bi olajšal ta postopek, sem v jeziku c# z WPF ogrodjem razvil računalniško aplikacijo, ki je povezala te naprave in proces avtomatizirala. Za eno od naprav sem imel na voljo dokumentacijo komunikacijskega protokola, tako da sem jo lahko upravljal direktno. Drugo napravo pa sem lahko uporabljal le preko ločenega programa. To napravo moj program upravlja tako, da simulira uporabniške vnose (klike miške, pritiske tipk na tipkovnici ...) in jo manipulira preko uporabniškega vmesnika ločenega programa. Kljub alternativni rešitvi avtomatizacija postopka prihrani veliko časa. Company MyCol d.o.o. is developing thermochromatic indicators which, at a certain temperature point, irreversibly change their color. During the development of these indicators, they very often perform a series of fairly simple, yet time-consuming measurements where they observe the color spectrum of an indicator at different temperatures where they use multiple separate devices. To simplify this procedure, I wrote an application in the c# language using the WPF framework which connected those devices and automated the mentioned procedure. For one of the devices, I had the documentation of its communication protocol available to me. Therefore, I could control it directly. The other device could only be used through a separate application. My program controls that device by simulating user inputs (mouse clicks, keyboard key presses ...) and manipulating it through the user interface of the separate application. Despite this workaround, the automation of the procedure saves a lot of time.

V proizvodnih procesih je želja neprestano dosegati ustrezno kakovost in pravočasnost pri izdelavi izdelkov, ter s tem zadovoljiti želje kupcev. Težave se začnejo pojavljati, ko v starejših proizvodnjah nimamo ustreznega nadzora nad procesom in se je potrebno soočati s problemi v procesu kot so: obraba, lomi orodja, padci kvalitete izdelka, nepravilne nastavitve stroja, nepravilnosti na izdelkih. Cilj diplomske naloge je posodobiti obstoječo starejšo ekscentrično stiskalnico z vpeljavo sodobnega nadzornega sistema in tako izboljšati potek proizvodnega procesa ter spremljanje kvalitete izdelkov. V prvem delu smo obravnavali stiskalnico in ugotavljali glavne procesne parametre in variabilnosti pri zagotavljanju kakovosti v procesu preoblikovanja pločevine. Nato smo izbrali nadzorni sistem, ki spremlja in zaznava želene parametre ter na stiskalnico vgradili potrebne komponente za delovanje sistema. Po uspešni vgradnji smo sistem preizkusili in spremljali ter zaznavali napake v procesu. V rezultatih smo prikazali nekaj uspešno zaznanih napak ter opisali pridobitve v procesu z vpeljavo sistema. Zaključili smo z diskusijo pridobljenih rezultatov. In production processes, we constantly strive to achieve quality and punctuality in product production and, with that, fulfilling customers’ wishes. However, troubles start appearing when we have no appropriate process monitoring system in older productions, and we have to face problems in the process, such as wear, breaking of the tool, drop in product quality, incorrect machine settings, and product irregularities. This thesis aims to update an existing older eccentric press by introducing a modern monitoring system. In the first part, we evaluated the press and determined the principal process parameters and variability in quality assurance in the process of metal forming. Then we chose a monitoring system that follows and detects wanted parameters and installed the necessary components for the system to work onto the press. After a successful installation, we tested, monitored, and detected the faults in the process. In the results, we explained some of the successfully detected faults and described the gains in the process through the introduction of the system. Finally, the work is concluded with a discussion of obtained results.

Nerjavno izločevalno utrjeno jeklo 17-4 PH je znano po svojih odličnih mehanskih lastnostih in zelo dobri odpornosti proti koroziji. Uporabnost jekla je široka in sega v mnoga področja, kot so letalska industrija, kemijska industrija, prehrambena industrija, izdelavo papirja in splošno jeklarsko industrijo. V okviru diplomskega dela smo izvedli meritve toplotnih lastnosti s pomočjo naprave Hot Disk TPS 2200 na osnovi metode tranzientnega planarnega toplotnega vira v skladu s standardom ISO 22007-2. Naprava Hot Disk TPS 2200 je visokokakovostna in sodobna naprava za določanje toplotnih lastnosti najrazličnejših materialov. V delu so opisane tudi lastnosti jekla 17-4 PH in njegove toplotne obdelave. Predstavljene so tudi sorodne metode za merjenje in določevanje toplotnih lastnosti materialov. Izvedene so bile meritve oziroma določitve toplotnih lastnosti jekla v tako imenovanem dobavljenem stanju in po dveh standardnih toplotnih obdelavah. Srednje izmerjene vrednosti toplotnih lastnosti vseh treh analiziranih vzorcev jekla 17-4 PH pri sobni temperaturi znašajo: v tako imenovanem dobavljenem stanju (toplotna prevodnost 13,04 W/(m K), specifična toplota 3,457 MJ/(m3 K), ter temperaturna prevodnost 3,776 mm2/s), po izvedeni toplotni obdelavi H 900 (toplotna prevodnost 14,6 W/(m K), specifična toplota 3,314 MJ/(m3 K), ter temperaturna prevodnost 4,412 mm2/s) in po izvedeni toplotni obdelavi H 925 (toplotna prevodnost 15,47 W/(m K), specifična toplota 3,651 MJ/(m3 K), ter temperaturna prevodnost 4,242 mm2/s). Ugotovili smo, da ima najvišjo toplotno prevodnost vzorec jekla 17-4 PH po toplotni obdelavi H 925. Precipitation hardening 17-4 PH stainless steel is known for its excellent mechanical properties and high corrosion resistance. The applicability of steel is wide ranging to many areas such as aerospace, chemical, food industry, paper production and general steel industry. As part of the thesis, we performed measurements of thermal properties using the Hot Disk TPS 2200 device based on the transient planar heat source method in accordance with the ISO 22007-2 standard. The Hot Disk TPS 2200 device is a high-quality and modern device used for determining the thermal properties of a wide variety of materials. The work also describes the properties of steel 17-4 PH and its heat treatment. Related methods for measuring and determining the thermal properties of materials are also presented. Measurements and determinations of the thermal properties of the steel were performed in the so-called delivered state and after two standard heat treatments. The average measured values of the thermal properties of all three analysed samples of 17-4 PH steel at room temperature are: in the so-called delivered state (thermal conductivity 13,04 W/(m K), specific heat 3,457 MJ/(m3 K), and temperature diffusivity 3,776 mm2/s), after heat treatment H 900 (thermal conductivity 14,60 W/(m K), specific heat 3,314 MJ/(m3 K), and temperature diffusivity 4,412 mm2/s) and after heat treatment H 925 (thermal conductivity 15,47 W/(m K), specific heat 3,651 MJ/(m3 K), and temperature diffusivity 4,242 mm2/s). We conclude that the 17-4 PH steel sample has the highest thermal conductivity after H 925 heat treatment.

Orodno jeklo za delo v vročem H13 je visokokakovostno in v inženirski praksi pogosto uporabljeno jeklo. V diplomskem delu smo obravnavali njegovo različico izdelano z aditivno tehnologijo t.i. 3D tiska kovinskih materialov. V okviru eksperimentalnega dela smo izvedli meritve toplotne prevodnosti in specifične toplote ter določili temperaturno prevodnost pri sobni temperaturi jekla izdelanega z aditivno tehnologijo in jih primerjali z vrednostmi za jeklo izdelano po klasični proceduri. Meritve, vrednotenje in analizo smo izvedli na napravi za določanje toplotnih lastnosti Hot Disk TPS 2200 v skladu s standardom ISO 22007-2. Vrednosti toplotnih lastnosti jekla H13 izdelanega po klasični metodi znašajo: toplotna prevodnost 26,81 W?m-1?K-1, specifična toplota 3,73 MJ?m-3?K-1 in temperaturna prevodnost 7,19 mm2?s-1. Vrednosti toplotnih lastnosti jekla za delo v vročem H13 izdelanega s 3D tiskom pa so: Prvi poizkus: toplotna prevodnost 18,16 W?m-1?K-1, specifična toplota 3,57 MJ?m-3?K-1 in temperaturna prevodnost 5,09 mm2?s-1, Drugi poizkus: toplotna prevodnost 18,60 W?m-1?K-1, specifična toplota 3,64 MJ?m-3?K-1 in temperaturna prevodnost 5,11 mm2?s-1. Ugotovili smo, da so toplotne lastnosti jekla H13 izdelanega z 3D tiskom manjše od jekla H13 izdelano po klasični metodi: toplotna prevodnost manjša za 8,21 W?m-1?K-1, specifična toplota manjša za 0,09 MJ?m-3?K-1in temperaturna prevodnost manjša za 2,08 mm2?s-1. Sklepamo, da je glavni razlog prisotnost zračnih mehurčkov oziroma por v vzorcu. Hot tool steel H13 is a high-quality and widely used steel in engineering practice. In the thesis, we discussed its version made with additive technology, the so-called 3D printing of metal materials. As part of the experimental work, we performed measurements of thermal conductivity and specific heat and determined the temperature diffusivity at room temperature of steel produced with additive technology and compared them with the values for steel produced according to the classical procedure. Measurements, evaluation and analysis were performed on the Hot Disk TPS 2200 device for determining thermal properties in accordance with the ISO 22007-2 standard. The values of the thermal properties of H13 steel produced by the classic method are: thermal conductivity 26.81 W⠙m-1⠙K-1, specific heat 3.73 MJ⠙m-3⠙K-1 and temperature diffusivity 7.19 mm2⠙s-1. The values of the thermal properties of the H13 hot work steel produced with 3D printing are: First test: thermal conductivity 18.16 W⠙m-1⠙K-1, specific heat 3.57 MJ⠙m-3⠙K-1and temperature diffusivity 5.09 mm2⠙s-1, Second test: thermal conductivity 18.60 W⠙m-1⠙K-1, specific heat 3.64 MJ⠙m-3⠙K-1 and temperature diffusivity 5.11 mm2⠙s-1. We found that the thermal properties of H13 steel produced by 3D printing are lower than H13 steel produced by the classical method: thermal conductivity lower by 8.21 W⠙m-1⠙K-1, specific heat lower by 0.09 MJ⠙m-3⠙K-1 and temperature diffusivity smaller by 2.08 mm2⠙s-1. We conclude that the main reason is the presence of air bubbles or pores in the sample.

Tehnološki napredek omogoča optimizacijo opravil v različnih panogah, med katere sodi tudi kmetijstvo. Pršenje fitofarmacevtskih sredstev na vinsko trto varuje rastline pred škodljivci, povzročitelji bolezni in plevelom, vendar pa njihove učinkovine vsebujejo snovi, ki lahko negativno vplivajo na ljudi in okolje. Eden izmed načinov zmanjšanja in optimizacije njihove uporabe je preko prilagoditve programa pršenja glede na geometrijsko obliko, število in velikost listov vinske trte. Preko zajema slikovnega gradiva s pomočjo brezpilotnih letalnikov, je v kratkem času mogoče ustvariti tri dimenzionalen model vinograda. Ob zajemu podatkov so brezpilotni letalniki izpostavljeni različnim vplivom okolja, zato ima končni 3D model pogrešek. S podrobnim opisom okolja in ročno meritvijo dimenzij, smo primerjali med seboj več 3D modelov, katerih slikovno gradivo je bilo zajeto ob različnih razmerah z različnimi parametri. Iz primerjav smo ugotovili, da je metoda fotogrametrije ob primernih začetnih nastavitvah zajema primerna za izdelavo kompleksnega 3D modela vinske trte, ki ima dovolj visoko natančnost in ponovljivost. Technological advancements enable optimization of tasks in different sectors, one of those being agriculture. Spraying vine with phytopharmaceuticals protects a plant from pests, diseases and weeds, however ingredients of such chemicals could pose risk to people and environment. A way to reduce and optimize usage of phytopharmaceuticals is by regulating the amount of spraying by taking into account the geometrical shape, number and size of vine’s leaves. By capturing photographic data with the help of uncrewed aircraft systems, it is possible to create three dimensional model of the vineyard. Because of different environmental influences, which act on UAS, final 3D model has an intrinsic error. With detailed description of the environment and manual measurements, we created multiple 3D models, made from data with different capture variables. Results were compared and we found the following: the method of photogrammetry can be accurate and repeatable enough for creation of complex 3D model of a vine assuming the appropriate settings for given environment were set before capturing the data.

Hlajenje sistemov v električnih vozilih je nepogrešljivo, saj to zagotavlja maksimalno zmogljivost delovanja sistemov pri njihovem obratovanju. Izmed poznanih načinov hlajenja, kot so zračno hlajenje, hlajenje z ventilatorjem, hlajenje z materialom s fazno spremembo in hlajenje s hladilnim sredstvom, najboljše in najbolj konstantno vzdrževanje temperature sistema omogoča posredno hlajenje s hladilnim sredstvom. Hladilno sredstvo, katerega predstavlja zmes vode in glikola, kroži po ceveh in pri tem odvaja toploto iz področij z višjo temperaturo. Za kroženje hladilnega sredstva skrbi hidrodinamična električno-gnana centrifugalna oziroma turbinska črpalka. Cilj zaključnega dela je zasnova testnega mesta za merjenje karakteristik črpalk za namen hlajenja in gretja sistemov v električnih vozilih s poudarkom, da bo sistem povzročal čim manjšo izgubo tlaka ter omogočal natančne meritve. Kandidat naj na preizkuševališču določi karakteristiko turbinskih črpalk, uporabljenih za ta namen in jih primerja s črpalkami, ki uporabljajo tehnologijo COR. Rezultate naj analizira in predlaga nadaljnje delo. Cooling systems in electric vehicles is indispensable to ensure maximum performance of the systems when they are in operation. Of the known cooling methods such as air cooling, fan cooling, phase change material cooling and refrigerant cooling, indirect refrigerant cooling provides the best and most constant system temperature maintenance. The refrigerant, which is a mixture of water and glycol, circulates through the pipes, removing heat from areas having a higher temperature. The circulation of the refrigerant is handled by a hydrodynamic electrically driven centrifugal pump. The purpose of this thesis is to design a test bench to measure the characteristics of pumps for cooling and heating systems in electric vehicles, with the emphasis on minimising the pressure loss of the system and allowing accurate measurements. The candidate shall characterise the turbine pumps used for this purpose at the test site and compare them with pumps using COR technology. The results should be analysed and further work suggested.

Naravno prezračevanje je v preteklosti bilo glavni način prezračevanja saj vir energije za mehansko ni obstajal. Od takrat je izziv vzdrževanje ustrezne kakovosti zraka samo z enoostranskim naravnim prezračevanjem. To je posebej opazno pri velikih prostorov kjer želimo zagotoviti ustrezno kakovost zraka v celotni globini prostora. Težava se pojavi pri večji oddaljenosti od prezračevalne odprtine kjer vpliv prezračevanja ni enak kot poleg odrptine. Zaradi tega v zaključni nalogi obravnavamo povezave med vplivom in učinkovitostjo naravnega prezračevanja, konfiguracije odprtja okna in položaja v predavalnici. V nalogi je opisan problem ki ga obravnavamo, teoretične osnove na katerih temelji raziskava in potek raziskave. Pri eksperimentalnem delu je uporabljena metoda zmanjševanja koncentracije sledilnega plina. Mertive so bile opravljane v predavalnici III/3A na Fakulteti za strojništvo pri čemer je upoštevana globina in višina predavalnice. Na koncu izvajanja meritev dobimo krivuljo padanja koncentracije sledilnega plina iz katere lahko določimo pretok zraka in učinkovitost prezračevanja. Cilj naloge je na osnovi eksperimentalno dobljenih rezultatov podati priporočila za naravno prezračevanje prostorov kjer biva več ljudi ter kako zagotoviti ustrezno kakovost zraka neodvisno od položaja v prostoru. In the past, natural ventilation was the main method of ventilation, as the source of energy for mechanical ventilation did not exist. Since then, the challenge has been to maintain adequate air quality with only one-sided natural ventilation. This is especially noticeable in large rooms where we want to ensure adequate air quality throughout the entire depth of the room. The problem occurs at a greater distance from the ventilation opening, where the influence of ventilation is not the same as next to the opening. For this reason, in this assignment we discuss the connections between the influence and efficiency of natural ventilation, the configuration of the window opening and the position in the lecture hall. The assignment describes the problem we are dealing with, the theoretical foundations on which the research is based and the course of the research. The method of reducing the tracer gas concentration is used in the experimental work. The experiments were held in lecture hall III/3A at the Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, taking into account the depth and height of the lecture hall. At the end of the measurements, we get a tracer gas concentration drop curve from which we can determine the air flow and ventilation efficiency. The aim of the assignment is to give recommendations for natural ventilation of rooms where several people live and how to ensure adequate air quality regardless of the position in the room, based on experimentally obtained results.

V avtomatizaciji se v zadnjem času problem manipulacije krhkih in občutljivih predmetov ter sodelovanja s človekom rešuje s pomočjo ideje ti. mehke robotike. Ta temelji na posnemanju narave in uporabi inovativnih materialov ter načinov njihove uporabe. Narejenih je že veliko raziskav in prototipov, vendar je uporabno znanje za lastno izvedbo še vedno pomanjkljivo. V diplomski nalogi smo pregledali stanje tehnike na omenjenem področju. Nato smo v programu za tridimenzionalno modeliranje izdelali osnovni model aktuatorja, ki smo ga najprej načrtovali s pomočjo numeričnih simulacij. Izdelan model smo nato natisnili. Eksperimentalni preizkusi so pokazali, da večje število komor, manjši razmak med komorami in višje komore omogočajo večjo deformacijo. Ugotovili smo tudi, da bolj kot se pod tlakom aktuator deformira, večjo silo prenaša. Numerično smo preračunali radije ukrivljenosti in sile osnovnega modela ter jih primerjali z eksperimentalnimi meritvami. Rezultati so imeli podoben potek vendar manjši zamik vrednosti. Na koncu smo zasnovali in natisnili še nekaj uporabnih prototipov in jih testirali. Concurrent problems of automation regarding manipulation of brittle and sensitive objects and human interaction are currently being solved by means of soft robotics. It is based on imitation of nature, innovative materials and applications. There is already a lot of research in this field, but the knowledge for in-house production is lacking. In this bachelor thesis we have researched the state of the art in this field. We created a basic model of the actuator in the programme for three-dimensional modelling, which we designed with the help of numerical simulations. Later we also manufactured this model using 3D printing technology. Experiments have shown that more chambers, smaller distances between them and higher chambers allow greater deformation. We also found that the actuators that have larger deformations also transmit larger forces. We numerically calculated the radii and forces of the basic model which we compared to the results obtained experimentally. The results showed a very similar trend but had a small offset in values. In the end, we designed, printed and tested some useful prototypes.

V strojništvu se poliuretan pogosto uporablja pri izdelavi preciznih prototipnih orodji, kalupov in modelov (kontrolnih naprav). Ti izdelki imajo visoke zahteve za dimenzijsko točnost. Termični raztezek poliuretana je lahko razlog, da izdelki postanejo dimenzijsko neustrezni. S CNC strojem smo izdelali, s CMM strojem pa eksperimentalno določili spremembo volumna izbranih testnih teles iz poliuretana zaradi termičnega raztezanja. Podali smo oceno vpliva temperature na dimenzijsko točnost izdelkov. Ugotovljeno je bilo, da ima temperatura oz. njena sprememba velik vpliv na dimenzijsko ustreznost precizno izdelanih izdelkov iz poliuretana, kar pa se v praksi prepogosto zanemari. Izdelava testnega volumna s postopkom lepljenja več enako velikih kosov poliuretana z dvokomponentnim lepilom ima vpliv na končni termični raztezek tako narejenega telesa, nima pa vpliva na njegov temperaturni odziv po času. Za izdelke, izdelane iz homogenega kosa poliuretana, velja predpostavka, da za koeficient volumskega termičnega raztezka lahko vzamemo trikratno vrednost linearnega termičnega raztezka (ß ? 3?). In mechanical engineering, polyurethane is often used in the production of precise prototype tools, molds and models (control devices). These products have high requirements for dimensional accuracy. Thermal expansion of polyurethane can be the reason that products become dimensionally inadequate. Polyurethane test bodies were produced with the CNC machine. The change in body volume due to thermal expansion was determined experimentally utilizing the CMM machine. The assessment of the temperature influence on the dimensional accuracy of products was given. It has been shown that temperature, or its variation, has a major influence on the dimensional suitability of precision-manufactured polyurethane products, which is too often neglected in practice. The production of a test volume by bonding several equal sized pieces of polyurethane with a two-component adhesive has an effect on the final thermal expansion of the body so produced, but no effect on its temperature response over time. For products made from a homogeneous piece of polyurethane, it is assumed that the coefficient of volumetric thermal expansion can be taken to be three times the value of the linear thermal expansion (β ⡈ 3α).

jeklo za protibalistično zaščito z oznako SA 600 je rezultat uspešnega sodelovanja slovenskega podjetja SAAT d.o.o in švedskega proizvajalca specialnih vrst jekel Swebor Stal Svenska AB v povezavi s slovenskimi in tujimi institucijami znanja. Jekleno pločevino SA 600 odlikujejo dobre mehanske in izjemne protibalistične lastnosti tudi že pri majhnih debelinah, ki so natančno opredeljene ter podane s strani proizvajalca. Podatki o toplotnih lastnostih jekla SA 600 še niso bili na voljo, zato smo v okviru diplomskega dela določili in analizirali njegovo toplotno prevodnost, specifično toploto in temperaturno prevodnost. Izvedli smo meritve toplotnih lastnosti na sodobni vrhunski napravi za določevanje in analizo toplotnih lastnosti Hot Disk TPS 2200 v skladu s standardom ISO 22007-2 pri sobni temperaturi. Izmerjena toplotna prevodnost jekla SA 600 pri sobni temperaturi je 26,11 W/(mK), specifična toplota 3,70 MJ/(m3K), temperaturna prevodnost pa znaša 7,06 mm2/s. SA 600 armoured steel is a result of succsesfull cooperation slovenian company SAAT d.o.o and sweden special steel manufacturer Swebor Stal Svensk AB in connection with foreign and domestic knowledge institutions. Steel SA 600 is distinguished by its good mechanical propertie and outstanding armour properties even at small thicknesses. In diploma work we were determining heat properties of steel SA600, which is well known for its high strength and armour properties even at small thickness which are presented by the manufacturer. Heat properties are not determined by the manufacturer, so the purpouse of this work was to determine, measure and analyze the heat contuctivity, specific heat and thermal conductivit. For the measurments, we used Hot Disc TPS 2200, a moderen, high-end device for analysing heat properties. The measured heat conductivity of SA 600 steel at room temperature is 26,11 W/(mK), specific heat 3,70 MJ/(m3K) and temperature conductivity is 7,06 mm2/s.

Zaključno delo obravnava razvoj vodno hidravličnega sistema za visoke tlake. Razvoj se je pričel z zasnovo koncepta ob predpostavki, da se za pogonsko kapljevino uporabi voda in da sistem omogoča doseganje visokih tlakov. Po potrditvi analitičnih izračunov z numeričnimi simulacijami je bil zasnovan prototip, ki je bil tudi izdelan. Izvedenih je bilo več meritev, kjer smo postopoma povečevali tlak v pogonskem hidravličnem valju in spremljali povečan tlak v hidravličnem ojačevalniku. Ugotovili smo, katere komponente so najšibkejši člen v zasnovanem ojačevalniku, in predstavili potencialne rešitve za njegov nadaljnji razvoj. The thesis deals with the development of a high pressure water hydraulic system. The development started with a conceptual design assuming that water is used as the driving medium and that the system is capable of reaching high pressures. After validating the analytical calculations with numerical data, a prototype was designed and built. Several measurements were made, during which we gradually increased the pressure in the hydraulic cylinder and monitored the increased pressure in the hydraulic intensifier. We determined which components are the weakest link in the designed pressure intensifier and presented possible solutions for its further development.

V diplomski nalogi bom predstavil razvoj in izdelavo sistema za avtomatizacijo meritev elektromotorjev. Sistem je namenjen merjenju medfazne induktivnosti in upornosti pri večjih električnih pogonskih sistemih. Preden začnem z opisom, bi rad navedel probleme, ki so privedli do ideje in realizacije sistema. Delo opravljam na oddelku za meritve in razvoj v podjetju MAHLE Electric Drives Slovenija. Zadnje čase se razvija veliko novih električnih pogonskih sistemov in smo posledično v merilnici konstantno v časovni stiski. Glavni problem s katerim se srečujemo, je torej čas. Ročne meritve so zelo zamudne, saj je potrebno preklapljanje med različnimi merilnimi napravami in ročno izpisovanje rezultatov. Poleg počasnejše izvedbe, se pri ročni meritvi pojavi tudi drugi problem, ki je človeška napaka. Ta je lahko prisotna pri sami izvedbi meritve in tudi pri izpisovanju rezultatov. Zato je za napredovanje in optimizacijo razvoja ključno, da se čimveč merilnih postopkov avtomatizira. V sistemu so implementirane merilne naprave, usmernik in relejsko vezje, ki preklaplja med fazami elektromotorja. Računalnik se preko ethernet komunikacije pogovarja z vsemi napravami in sprejema podatke. Pri realizaciji sistema sem tako moral dobro razumeti delovanje elektromotorja ter komunikacijske protokole v avtomatiki. Večino gradiva sem črpal iz fakultete in iz podjetja. Končan sistem je zmožen avtomatsko izmeriti elektromotor veliko hitreje od ročne meritve. Poleg tega nam avtomatsko zajema in predeluje vse podatke ter jih na koncu meritve izpiše v samodejno generirano Excel datoteko. Projekt je bil uspešno zaključen, zato upam, da bo naprava dobro služila meni in vsem sodelavcem, ki bodo napravo uporabljali. In the following thesis I will cover research and production of the system for automatisation of measurements of electric motors. The system is used to measure phase to phase inductances and resistances of larger electric drive systems. Before jumping into the description, I would like to list the problems that led to the idea and realization of the system. I am currently working in the measurement and research department at MAHLE Electric Drives Slovenija. Many new electric drive systems have been developed recently and we are constantly in a time crunch in the measurement lab. Therefore, the first and main problem is time. Manual measurements are very time consuming because it is necessary to switch between different measurement devices and write the results manually. In addition to slower execution, there is another problem with manual measurement, which is human error. It can be present when we are performing measurements and also when we are writing down results. Therefore, it is crucial for the advancement and optimization of development to automate as many measurement procedures as possible. The system implements measuring devices, a power supply and a relay circuit that switches between the phases of the electric motor. The computer communicates with all devices via ethernet communication and receives data. In the realization of the system, I needed to have a good understanding of the operation of the electric motor and communication protocols in automation. I drew most of the literature from the faculty and the company. The finished system is able to automatically perform measurements on the electric motor much faster than the manual measurement. In addition, it automatically captures and processes all the data and prints it to an automatically generated Excel file at the end of the measurement. The project was a success and I hope that the device will serve me and my coworkers well.

Correct soil water content measurement is important for various environmental and agricultural applications. The aim of thisstudy was to evaluate the performance of two commercially available dielectric sensors, the SM150T (Delta-T Devices) and TRIME-Pico 32(IMKO). We evaluated the manufacturer’s calibration functions and the two-point calibration function recommended by Delta-T Devices.The coefficients of the two-point calibration showed a statistically significant dependence on clay content. Because the soils testedcontained a wide range of clay contents, a clay content correction function was developed. Soil-specific calibration functions were alsodeveloped. In general, measurement errors were the largest when the manufacturer’s calibration was used, but were smaller for the SM150T[root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.011 to0.051m3m−3] compared to the TRIME-Pico 32 (RMSE of 0.030 to0.060m3m−3). The errorsdecreased after applying the clay content correction function for TRIME-Pico 32. For both sensor types, the two-point calibration reducedthe errors, and the soil-specific calibration yielded the lowest error rates.

Staranje vodnih pregrad je eden ključnih izzivov pregradnega inženirstva v Sloveniji kot tudi drugod po svetu. Poleg tega so pregrade izpostavljene spremembam v okolju (podnebne spremembe) in drugim časovno odvisnim vplivom, kot na primer spremembam obratovalnih režimov na pregradah, ki so primarno namenjene hidroenergetski izrabi. Skupek vseh teh sprememb dodatno prispeva k procesu staranja ter k zmanjšanju obratovalne varnosti objektov. Pregrade so zelo pomembni infrastrukturni objekti, ki prinašajo številne koristi kot tudi dodatno tveganje v okolju. V primeru tehničnih okvar in porušitev (delnih ali popolnih) lahko predstavljajo nevarnost za dolvodna območja. Zagotavljanje dobrega kondicijskega stanja starajočih se pregrad trenutno predstavlja enega glavnih izzivov pregradnega inženirstva, saj je povprečna starost slovenskih pregrad že več kot 40 let. S podobnimi izzivi se soočajo tudi drugod po svetu. V prispevku predstavljamo metodologijo za spremljanje kondicijskega stanja betonskih pregrad s spremljanjem vibracij. Metodologija temelji na uporabi nekontaktnih in kontaktnih meritev z beleženjem vibracij na površini konstrukcije. Eksperimentalno delo smo izvajali na pregradi Brežice, ki smo jo začeli spremljati že med gradnjo in nato v prvem letu obratovanja. The ageing of dams is one of the major challenges in specifically Slovenian and generally global dam engineering. Dams are exposed to environmental (climate) changes, as well as time-dependent effects, such as changes in the operating schedules of dams intended primarily for hydroelectric production. These changes can accelerate dams’ ageing and lead to a decrease in their structural and operational safety. Dams are an important part of the infrastructure, as they bring about numerous benefits and at the same time they are also sources of risk. For example, in the event of partial or total failure they pose significant risk to downstream areas. Aging of dams, preserving their functionality, and maintaining their structural health are currently the main challenges of dam engineering. The mean age of Slovenian dams is already over 40 years, although Slovenia is not unique in this situation. In this paper there is presented a novel methodology to monitor structural health of concrete dams, with the use of noncontact and contact measurements through observation of structural vibrations. We present the in-situ experiment on the Brežice dam that began during the dam’s construction and continued into the first year of its operation.

V hidravličnih sistemih se v hidravličnem olju pojavlja vlaga, ki se ji ne moremo izogniti. Vlaga v hidravličnem olju lahko v skrajnih primerih povzroči popolno odpoved sistema. Količino vlage v hidravličnem olju je možno meriti tudi z zaznavali vlage. V diplomskem delu so predstavljeni rezultati meritev zasičenosti hidravličnega olja z vlago. Opisani sta dve zaznavali vlage, ki smo ju uporabili za meritve. Meritve so bile izvedene za osem različnih tlakov (5 bar, 10 bar, 15 bar, 20 bar, 25 bar, 30 bar, 35 bar in 40 bar) in tri različne pretoke (1 l/min, 2 l/min in 3 l/min). Preizkusili smo tudi prototip izločevalnika vlage. Moisture appears in hydraulic oil and there is nothing we can do to avoid it. In extreme cases, moisture in hydraulic oil can be the cause of total system failure. Moisture saturation in hydraulic oil can be measured with moisture sensors. This thesis presents the results of measurements for moisture saturation of hydraulic oil. The two selected sensors on which the tests were performed are described. The measurements were performed for eight different pressures (5 bar, 10 bar, 15 bar, 20 bar, 25 bar, 30 bar, 35 bar in 40 bar) and three different flows (1 l/min, 2 l/min in 3 l/min). We also tested the moisture seperator prototype.

V diplomskem delu opišemo hitro rastoče področje IoT in podrobneje pregledamo eno izmed tehnologij na tem področju, tj. LoRaWAN, ki temelji na LoRa modulaciji. LoRaWAN zaradi svojih prednosti postaja vse bolj priljubljena, saj združuje fleksibilnost protokolov, ki jih uporabljamo predvsem na lokalni ravni (npr. Bluetooth in WiFi) ter dometa mobilnih omrežij (npr. GSM, 3G, LTE itd.). Ob vseh teh lastnostih imamo še izjemno nizko porabo energije, kar omogoča, da merilne naprave montiramo na oddaljena mesta brez stalnega vira napajanja. Te naprave oziroma senzorji nam omogočajo spremljanje želenih vrednosti iz okolice. Meritve se s pomočjo prehodnih naprav pošiljajo v zaledne strežnike, kjer se podatki shranjujejo. Cilj diplomske naloge je realizacija takšnega omrežja za potrebe nadzora in upravljanja kmetijske plantaže. Prikazana je izbira komponent rešitve, opis postavitve takšnega omrežja in opis delovanja rešitve. In this thesis we describe fast growing IoT and take a closer look at one of it’s techonologies, LoRaWAN, which is based on LoRa modulation. LoRaWAN is gaining popularity due to it’s advantages, as it combines the flexibility of protocols mainly used as local networks (e.g. Bluetooth and WiFi) and range of mobile networks (e.g. GSM, 3G, LTE etc.). In addition to all these features, we also have extremely low energy comsumption, which allows us to install measuring devices in remote locations without permanent power source. These devices, usually refered as sensors allow us to monitor desired values from the environment. The measurements are sent via gateway devices to back-end servers, where the data is stored. The aim of this thesis is the realisation of such network for the needs of control and management of agricultural plantations. It shows how to choose components of the solution, how to set up such network and describes how the system operates.

This review and meta-analysis (PROSPERO registration number: CRD42020138845) critically evaluates test-retest reliability, concurrent validity and criterion validity of different physical activity (PA) levels of three most commonly used international PA questionnaires (PAQs) in official language versions of European Union (EU): International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ-SF), Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ), and European Health Interview Survey-Physical Activity Questionnaire (EHIS-PAQ). In total, 1749 abstracts were screened, 287 full-text articles were identified as relevant to the study objectives, and 20 studies were included. The studies’ results and quality were evaluated using the Quality Assessment of Physical Activity Questionnaires checklist. Results indicate that only ten EU countries validated official language versions of selected PAQs. A meta-analysis revealed that assessment of moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) is the most relevant PA level outcome, since no publication bias in any of measurement properties was detected while test-retest reliability was moderately high (r$_w$ = 0.74), moderate for the criterion (r$_w$ = 0.41) and moderately-high for concurrent validity (r$_w$ = 0.72). Reporting of methods and results of the studies was poor, with an overall moderate risk of bias with a total score of 0.43. In conclusion, where only self-reporting of PA is feasible, assessment of MVPA with selected PAQs in EU adult populations is recommended.

Biomechanical studies of winter sports are challenging due to environmental conditions which cannot be mimicked in a laboratory. In this study, a methodological approach was developed merging 2D video recordings with sensor-based motion capture to investigate ski jump landings. A reference measurement was carried out in a laboratory, and subsequently, the method was exemplified in a field study by assessing the effect of a ski boot modification on landing kinematics. Landings of four expert skiers were filmed under field conditions in the jump plane, and full body kinematics were measured with an inertial motion unit (IMU) -based motion capture suit. This exemplary study revealed that the combination of video and IMU data is viable. However, only one skier was able to make use of the added boot flexibility, likely due to an extended training time with the modified boot. In this case, maximum knee flexion changed by 36° and maximum ankle flexion by 13°, whereas the other three skiers changed only marginally. The results confirm that 2D video merged with IMU data are suitable for jump analyses in winter sports, and that the modified boot will allow for alterations in landing technique provided that enough time for training is given.

This study aimed to examine the reliability, validity, and usefulness of the smartphone-based application, My Jump 2, against Optojump in recreationally active adults. Participants (18 women, 28.9 &plusmn, 5.6 years, and 26 men, 30.1 &plusmn, 10.6 years) completed squat jumps (SJ), counter-movement jumps (CMJ), and CMJ with arm swing (CMJAS) on Optojump and were simultaneously recorded using My Jump 2. To evaluate concurrent validity, jump height, calculated from flight time attained from each device, was compared for each jump type. Test-retest reliability was determined by replicating data analysis of My Jump 2 recordings on two occasions separated by two weeks. High test-retest reliability (Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) &gt, 0.93) was observed for all measures in both male and female athletes. Very large correlations were observed between the My Jump 2 app and Optojump for SJ (r = 0.95, p = 0.001), CMJ (r = 0.98, p = 0.001), and CMJAS (r = 0.98, p = 0.001) in male athletes. Similar results were obtained for female recreational athletes for all jumps (r &gt, 0.94, p = 0.001). The study results suggest that My Jump 2 is a valid, reliable, and useful tool for measuring vertical jump in recreationally active adults. Therefore, due to its simplicity and practicality, it can be used by practitioners, coaches, and recreationally-active adults to measure vertical jump performance with a simple test as SJ, CMJ, and CMJAS.

This study investigated whether the addition of eight weeks of inspiratory muscle training (IMT) to a regular preseason soccer training program, including incremental endurance training (IET), would change pulmonary function, lung ventilation, and aerobic performance in young soccer players. Sixteen club-level competitive junior soccer players (mean age 17.63 &plusmn, 0.48 years, height 182 &plusmn, 0.05 cm, body mass 68.88 &plusmn, 4.48 kg) participated in the study. Participants were randomly assigned into two groups: experimental (n = 8) and control (n = 8). Both groups performed regular preseason soccer training, including endurance workouts as IET. In addition to this training, the experimental group performed additional IMT for eigght weeks with a commercially available respiratory muscle trainer (Threshold IMT), with a total of 80 inhalations (twice per day, five days per week). Pre- and post-intervention tests of pulmonary function, maximal inspiratory pressure, and the Cooper test were implemented. Eight weeks of IMT had a positive impact on expiratory muscle strength (p = 0.001), however, there was no significant effect on respiratory function parameters. The results also indicate increased efficiency of the inspiratory muscles, contributing to an improvement in aerobic endurance, measured by VO₂max estimated from running distance in the cardiorespiratory Cooper test (p &lt, 0.005).

This study assessed differences in agility performance between athletes of team and individual sports by assessing change-of-direction speed (CODS) as pre-planned agility and reactive agility (RA) as non-planned in different spatial configurations. The study involved 36 individual (sprint, hurdles, jumping, tennis, and judo) and 34 team (soccer, basketball, and handball) athletes. CODS and RA were measured with a light-based reactive training system in a frontal (FR), universal (UN), semicircular (SC), and lateral (LA) design. Lower limb power and sprint performance were also measured in a 10 m single leg jump test and 15 m sprint. Individual athletes showed significantly better performance in three of the eight agility tests: LA-RA, UN-RA, and SC-CODS (p < 0.008, p < 0.036, and p < 0.027, respectively) and were found to present stronger correlations (p < 0.01) between jump test performance and the CODS condition. Team athletes showed stronger associations between sprint performance and the CODS condition. In the RA condition both jump and sprint performance showed stronger correlations in the group of individual athletes. Agility performance as measured by CODS and RA should improve with enhanced of motor proficiency. Finally, the tests applied in this experiment seem to be multidimensional, but require spatio-temporal adjustment for their implementation, so that they meet the requirements of the particular sport.

Namen magistrskega dela je bil ugotoviti, kolikšen je vpliv rezultatov oziroma točk mladih triatloncev na t. i. Dnevu talentov z njihovo tekmovalno uspešnostjo na tekmovanjih. Zanimalo nas je tudi, ali v doseženih rezultatih obstajajo razlike med starostnima skupinama in spoloma merjencev. Vzorec merjencev je bil sestavljen iz 301 triatlonca obeh spolov. Le-ti so bili razdeljeni v dve starostni skupini. Prva skupina je sestavljala mlajše merjence, stare od 14 do 16 let, drugo skupino so sestavljali starejši merjenci, stari med 17 in 23 let. Uporabljeni so bili njihovi rezultati na dogodku, imenovanem Dnevi talentov od leta 2013 do 2019, in tekmovanjih v okviru Triatlonske zveze Slovenije oziroma Mednarodne triatlonske zveze. Pri prvih dveh hipotezah, pri katerih smo ugotavljali ali spol in starost vplivata na dosežene rezultate, smo ugotovili, da med spoloma obstajajo razlike v doseženem skupnem času. Prav tako smo na podlagi rezultatov potrdili drugo hipotezo za mlajše merjence, kjer smo pri moških zaznali višje stopnje povezanosti. Za kategorijo starejših merjencev druge hipoteze nismo potrdili niti zavrnili, saj smo imeli premalo število ženskih rezultatov. Pri zadnji hipotezi pa smo ugotavljali rezultate plavalnega dela meritev in vpliv le-teh na tekmovalno uspešnost. Ugotovili smo, da so v nekaterih letih zaznane višje povezave med plavalnim delom in doseženimi točkami Slo pokala, nekatera leta pa ravno obratno. Vsebina naloge je osredotočena na trenažni proces mladih triatloncev. Dodan je tudi sklop o razvojnem procesu in odraščanju otrok ter o vplivu trenažnega procesa. Naloga razpravlja o osnovnih principih in načelih treninga, definirati poskuša tudi same vadbene količine. Govori o načrtovanju, vodenju in spremljanju samega procesa treniranja, ki predstavlja ključne elemente za uspešen končni tekmovalni rezultat. The purpose of my thesis is to explore the influence of the results of young triathletes at the so called »Talent Day« on their success on competitions. In addition to this I also studied whether the differences between the results were also related to the differences between the competitors' age or gender. The sample consisted of 301 triathletes of both genders. They were divided into two age groups. The members of the first group were younger juniors, aged between 14 and 16. The members of the second group were juniors aged from 17 to 23 years. Their results from the event of the so called »Talent Day« and from the competitions organized by the Triathlon Association of Slovenia and the International Triathlon Association between 2013 and 2019 were used in the study. The first two hypotheses assumed that the gender and the age of the competitors had an influence on the results and came to a conclusion that members of different genders achieved different results of time total. The second hypothesis was also confirmed for the group of younger juniors where a higher level of connection was noticed in boys. The second hypothesis was neither confirmed nor disproved due to an insufficient number of female results. The last hypothesis examined the results of the swimming part and its impact on the competition success. The findings showed that in some years there was a higher connection between the swimming part and the total results and in some years the situation was just the opposite. The contents of the thesis focuses on the training process in young triathletes. There is also a section on the development of children and its characteristics and its influence on the youth's process of growing up. There is a discussion on the basic principles of training and an attempt at a definition of the training quantities. It also deals with the planning, managing and monitoring of the training process that represent the key element for a successful final result.