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Magistrska naloga obravnava spolne zlorabe otrok v Sloveniji, zakonsko ureditev, predstavitev in naloge državnih organov, odgovornih za obravnavo, preiskovanje in pregon spolnih zlorab otrok ter naloge in oblike pomoči nevladnih organizacij, ki s svojim delom pomagajo državnim ustanovam pri zagotavljanju pomoči žrtvam zlorab in nudenju strokovnih izobraževanj. V Sloveniji so žrtve spolnih napadov najpogosteje deklice, storilci so v večini moškega spola, različnih starostnih skupin, od 18. do 64. leta in moški nad 64. letom starosti. Največ spolnih zlorab je storjenih v družinskem krogu, med katerimi so storilci večinoma očetje, očimi, strici in dedki. V Sloveniji se odnos do obravnavanja spolnih zlorab otrok spreminja na boljše. Podatki o kriminaliteti so za večino državnih institucij javni in objavljeni na spletu, prav tako so le- te pripravljene sodelovati in nuditi pomoč za študijske zadeve. Tudi pri nevladnih organizacijah je opazen pozitiven odnos do obravnave spolnih zlorab otrok, saj je z njihovim porastom vedno več pozornosti posvečene zlorabljenim otrokom, prav tako organizacije nudijo pomoč žrtvam zlorab. Slovenija želi slediti evropskemu modelu iskanja rešitev, zaradi česar je v nastanku Berghaus model, ustanovljeno je bilo tudi društvu za očete, ki so bili po krivem obtoženi spolne zlorabe otroka. The title of my dissertation is »Attitudes towards child sexual abuse in Slovenia«. My dissertation deals with child sexual abuse in Slovenia, their legislations, presentation and tasks of state bodies responsible for addressing, investigating and prosecuting child sexual abuse, and the tasks and forms of assistance provided by non-governmental organizations that assist state institutions in assisting victims of abuse and providing professional education. In Slovenia, the victims of sexual assaults are mostly girls, and the perpetrators are in the majority men, in various age groups, from 18 to 64 years old and men over 64 years old. Most sexual abuse is committed within the family circle, the perpetrators are mostly fathers, stepfathers, uncles and grandfathers. In Slovenia, the attitude of dealing with sexual abuse of children is changing for the better, crime data are available publicly online, for most state institutions, which are ready to cooperate and provide assistance for study matters. Non- govermental organizations also have a positive attitude towards child sexual abuse, as there is more and more attention being paid to abused children, and organizations are also helping victims of abuse. Slovenia wants to follow the European model of finding solutions, which is why the Berghaus model was created, and it was also established society for fathers who were wrongly accused of sexually abusing a child.

Purpose: This paper examines the status of and practical problems in the use of public video surveillance for police and criminal procedural purposes. Design/Methods/Approach: The approach in this research paper entailed a comparative legal analysis of the Serbian system with regard to public video surveillance and the use of recorded material as evidence in different procedures. Our research also examined reactions to the use of such material by various government agencies, such as the Ombudsman, the Commissioner for Information of Public Importance and Personal Data Protection, as well as the procedures and activities of the police department when dealing with criminal investigations. This paper examines this issue from the perspective of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR), the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights, and their implementation in Serbia. Findings: The results provide different perspectives on changes made in Serbian law. They also guided us in the interpretation of strategically important decisions and led us to construe methods and procedures for implementing different solutions and approaches in surveillance. Research Limitations / Implications: Although the findings of this paper are strictly connected with the Serbian legal system, their implications and proposed solutions are universal in their possible application. Originality/Value: While in Serbia there have already been studies covering public video surveillance, evolutionary changes in certain crucial laws have lagged behind. This paper critically deals with such strategic imperfections. Namen prispevka: Prispevek obravnava stanje in praktične težave pri uporabi javnega videonadzora za policijske in kazensko procesne namene. Metode: Temeljni pristop v prispevku je izvedba primerjalno-pravne analize srbskega sistema javnega video nadzora in uporabe posnetega materiala kot dokaza v različnih postopkih. V raziskavi smo preučili tudi reakcije glede uporabe posnetega materiala s strani različnih državnih organov, kot sta varuh človekovih pravic in komisar za informiranje javnega pomena in varstvo osebnih podatkov. Prikazani so tudi postopki in dejavnosti policije, ki se ukvarja s preiskavo kaznivega dejanja. Problematika je obravnavana tudi z vidika Evropske konvencije o človekovih pravicah (EKČP), sodne prakse Evropskega sodišča za človekove pravice in njihovo izvajanje v Srbiji. Ugotovitve: Rezultati predstavljajo različne perspektive uvajanja sprememb v srbsko zakonodajo. Vodijo tudi k razlagi strateško pomembnih odločitev in predstavljajo različne rešitve in pristope za izvajanje nadzora. Praktična uporabnost: Vsebina prispevka je tesno povezana s srbskim pravnim sistemom. Obenem pa so ugotovitve in predlagane rešitve splošne in uporabne tudi v drugih državah. Izvirnost/pomembnost prispevka: Čeprav so v Srbiji že bile študije, ki zajemajo javni videonadzor, pa so razvojne spremembe v nekaterih ključnih zakonih zaostajale. Prispevek te strateške pomanjkljivosti kritično obravnava.

Purpose: The aim of this paper is to present the situation regarding the detection and prosecution of war crimes in the Western Balkans, as well as to point out the main specifics or, better said, problems encountered by judicial authorities while dealing with these crimes. Design/Methods/Approach: The article is based on the current work of the judiciary and the prosecutor of the republics of Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, as well as Croatia. We chose these three countries as the spatial framework for our research because during the civil wars in the Western Balkans most war crimes were committed on their territories. Through content analysis of existing domestic literature and our own survey research, the findings were comparatively analysed. In order to obtain further empirical and relevant information regarding the investigation and prosecution of war criminals in the Western Balkans, the methods of direct observation and analysis of the content of the judicial proceedings were applied. Findings: The work on detecting and prosecuting war crimes in attempting to provide evidence for use in criminal war crimes proceedings in the Western Balkans is a daunting task. This is because these crimes are both factually and legally of the most complicated sort, not the least in terms of their severity. Therefore, the research started by presenting the structure of the responsible governmental bodies conducting proceedings against war crime perpetrators in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, and Serbia. Special attention was paid to legal and practical problems in this field. The authors point to the many challenges making the detection and prosecution of these crimes both difficult and complicated. Thus, the aim of this article is to examine the aforementioned problems and, on the basis of analysis, contribute to building more effective legal and criminalistics methods for detecting and prosecuting war crime offenders in the Western Balkans. Research Limitations / Implications: The research results for the analysis of the investigative procedure and prosecution of war criminals in the Republic of Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Croatia focus specifically on material collected regarding crimes committed in the period 1991 to 1999 only. Practical Implications: The research results can be used to develop a strategy for detecting and prosecuting war crimes by suggesting improved methods for gathering quality personal and material evidence in the Western Balkans. In addition, the paper provides information for practitioners and theorists outside of the Western Balkans currently dealing with issues related to such crimes. By familiarising themselves with the research findings herein, they will be able to expand their knowledge and use it as a basis for new research in this field. Lawmakers can also benefit from the results and make necessary amendments to the legislation and regulations of criminal procedures in the Republic of Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Croatia to enhance the efforts in the area of countering war crimes. Further, by identifying the problems of conducting and processing investigations in the region, and by stressing the restricted prosecutorial resources, including the limited number of specialised prosecutors of war crimes, crimes against humanity and genocide, the shortage of prosecutors and support staff, as well as the lack of specialisation and expertise among defence counsel the findings of this research can contribute to the curriculum for the education of future lawyers (prosecutors, investigators, judges etc.) in this field. Originality/Value: The originality of this paper is reflected in the empirical study of procedures related to investigating and prosecuting war criminals in the Western Balkans. This approach explores the challenges associated with a variety of issues. As such, it may also provide valuable information to be used in creating new methodologies for detecting and gathering evidence in legal and criminalistics practice. Lastly, it can serve as a basis for other research in the field. Namen prispevka: Namen tega prispevka je predstaviti stanje na področju odkrivanja in pregona vojnih zločinov na Zahodnem Balkanu. V članku želimo poudariti temeljne posebnosti oz. težave, s katerimi se pravosodni organi soočajo pri obravnavi tovrstnih zločinov. Metode: Članek temelji na ugotovitvah o sedanjem delu sodišč in tožilstev v republikah Srbija, Bosna in Hercegovina ter Hrvaška. Te tri države smo izbrali v raziskovalno mrežo, ker so se največji vojni zločini zgodili na njihovih območjih. Z analizo in pregledom vsebine domače literature in svojega raziskovanja so bile ugotovitve primerjalno analizirane. V duhu nadaljnjih empiričnih raziskav in zbiranja relevantnih informacij o preiskavah in pregonu vojnih zločinov na Zahodnem Balkanu smo uporabili metodo neposrednega opazovanja in analize sodnih postopkov. Ugotovitve: Preiskovanje in pregon vojnih zločinov z zbiranjem dokaznega gradiva za sodne postopke zoper osumljene osebe na Zahodnem Balkanu je posebej težka naloga. Razlog za to je sama narava vojnih zločinov, ki so dejansko in pravno najzahtevnejša oblika zločinov, ne nazadnje tudi zaradi svoje krutosti. V raziskavi je najprej predstavljena struktura državnih organov, ki so na območjih Srbije, Bosne in Hercegovine (BiH) ter Hrvaške pristojni za pravne in preiskovalne postopke ter pregon. Posebna pozornost je v članku posvečena pravnim in praktičnim težavam na tem področju. Avtorja prikažeta različne izzive, ki vplivajo na to, da je preiskovanje vojnih zločinov težko in zapleteno. Namen prispevka je raziskati prej navedena vprašanja na podlagi analize, ki bo prispevala k razvoju učinkovitejših pravnih in kriminalističnih metod za preiskovanje in pregon vojnih zločincev na Zahodnem Balkanu. Omejitve/uporabnost raziskave Raziskovalni rezultati vsebujejo zbrano gradivo o preiskavah in pregonu vojnih zločinov, storjenih v Srbiji, BiH in Hrvaški, za dejanja, ki so bila storjena v osredotočenem obdobju od leta 1991 do leta 1999. Praktična uporabnost: Rezultati raziskave, ki so bili prikazani v članku, bodo prispevali tako k razvoju strategij preiskovanja in pregona vojnih zločinov kot tudi k izboljšanju preiskovalnih metod zbiranja osebnih ter materialnih dokazov na območju Zahodnega Balkana. Poleg tega bo članek koristen tudi za strokovnjake izven območja Zahodnega Balkana, ki se ukvarjajo z naslovno problematiko. S seznanitvijo dognanj, prikazanih v članku, bodo ti strokovnjaki razširili svoje vedenje in ga lahko uporabili za nadaljnje raziskave, usmerjene v vojne zločine. Zakonodajne institucije v državah Srbije, BiH in Hrvaške bodo lahko na podlagi spoznanj iz članka izboljšale in dopolnile svoje pravne postopke, povezane z odkrivanjem in pregonom vojnih zločinov. Zaradi prepoznavanja težav, pomanjkanja znanja na obravnavanem področju in omejenega števila specializiranih strokovnjakov je članek ne nazadnje namenjen tudi izobraževanju prihodnjih pravnikov (tožilcev, preiskovalcev, sodnikov ipd.). Izvirnost/pomembnost prispevka: Izvirnost prispevka se kaže v empirični raziskavi, usmerjeni v preiskovanje in pregon vojnih zločinov na Zahodnem Balkanu. Ta raziskovalni pristop odraža izzive, povezane z raznovrstnostjo predmetov obravnave. Kot tak v nadaljevanju zagotavlja pomembne informacije, ki se lahko uporabijo pri oblikovanju novih metodologij odkrivanja in zbiranja dokazov v pravni in preiskovalni praksi. Tak raziskovalni pristop lahko služi tudi kot osnova za druge raziskave na tem področju.

Purpose: This paper deals with specialized cybercrime units within the criminal justice system as one of the key elements of proper response to cybercrime. The author emphasizes the need for the establishment and/or improvement of such an organization with specific powers within law enforcement and prosecution authorities as well as within courts, in order to tackle problematic issues raised by computer-related crimes, especially the ones concerning investigation and prosecution of offences committed against and/or by means of computer data and systems, and carrying out computer forensics with respect to electronic evidence in general. Design/Methods/Approach: The author analyses the relevant international legal framework and various national legislation chosen as examples of good practice in order to present the justification and purpose of specialization, types of specialized law enforcement units, their organization, functions, strategic and tactical responsibilities. Findings: Investigation and prosecution of cybercrime and forensic analysis of electronic evidence require specific skills within criminal justice authorities. Therefore, it is advisable to set up or consolidate police-type and prosecution-type cybercrime units with strategic and operational responsibilities and computer forensic capabilities within cybercrime units or as separate structures. As for judiciary, dealing with computer-related crimes requires particular knowledge and skills, and where it is compatible with the legal system of the respective country, the creation of specialized courts may be considered. In addition to the existing legal mechanisms for dealing with transnational crime, the creation of an international court or tribunal that would have jurisdiction over individuals who committed the most serious cybercrimes of global concern may also be a good solution in order to prevent serious cyber attacks from going unpunished. Research Limitations / Implications: The results presented in this paper are to be seen as de lege ferenda proposals for the improvement of the existing legislation related to organization and powers of authority vested in combating cybercrime. Originality/Value: Despite the existence of a significant number of essays dealing with cybercrime, not many of them are concerned with tactical and procedural issues of investigation and prosecution of this specific kind of crimes. The results presented in this paper are de lege ferenda proposals for the improvement of the existing legislation related to organization and powers of authority vested in combating cybercrime. Accordingly, the value of this paper may be recognized in the analysis of legal solutions regarding law enforcement and prosecution response to computer-related crime, with the emphasis on specialization of authorities involved. Namen prispevka: Članek obravnava specializirane enote za kibernetsko kriminaliteto znotraj kazenskopravnega sistema kot enega izmed ključnih elementov ustreznega odzivanja na kibernetsko kriminaliteto. Avtorji poudarjajo potrebo po vzpostavitvi in/ali izboljšanju takih organizacij s posebnimi pooblastili tako v okviru organov kazenskopravnega pregona kot tudi v okviru sodišč, da bi odpravili težave, ki se pojavljajo v zvezi s kaznivimi dejanji, ki so povezani z računalniki, še posebej tistimi, ki se tičejo preiskovanja in pregona kaznivih dejanj nasproti in/ali preko računalniških podatkov in sistemov ter izvajanja računalniške forenzike v zvezi z elektronskimi dokazi na splošno. Metode: Avtorji analizirajo relevantni mednarodni pravni okvir in različne nacionalne zakonodaje, izbrane kot primer dobre prakse z namenom predstaviti utemeljitev in namen specializacije, vrste specializiranih enot za kazenski pregon, njihovih organizacij, funkcij, strateške in taktične odgovornosti. Ugotovitve: Preiskovanje in pregon kibernetske kriminalitete in forenzična analiza elektronskih dokazov zahteva specifična znanja v okviru organov kazenskega pregona. Priporočljivo je oblikovati ali konsolidirati policijske in preiskovalne enote za kibernetsko kriminaliteto s strateškimi in operacijskimi odgovornostmi ter zmožnostmi za računalniško forenziko znotraj enot za kibernetsko kriminaliteto ali kot ločene strukture. Kar se tiče sodstva, delo s kaznivimi dejanji, povezanimi z računalniki, zahteva posebno znanje in sposobnosti ter, kjer je to združljivo s pravnim sistemom posamezne države, obravnavo oblikovanja specializiranih sodišč. Kot dopolnitev obstoječih pravnih mehanizmov za obravnavo mednarodnih kaznivih dejanj in v izogib nekaznovanja resnih kibernetskih napadov bi bila dobra rešitev ustanovitev mednarodnega sodišča ali razsodišča, ki bi imelo jurisdikcijo nad posamezniki, ki so storili najhujša kibernetska kazniva dejanja globalnega pomena. Omejitve/uporabnost raziskave Rezultati, predstavljeni v tem članku, so predlogi de lege ferenda za izboljšave obstoječe zakonodaje, povezanih z organizacijo in močjo organov, pristojnih za boj proti kibernetski kriminaliteti. Izvirnost/pomembnost prispevka: Kljub obstoju velikega števila esejev na temo kibernetske kriminalitete jih veliko ne obravnava taktičnih in proceduralnih težav preiskovanja in pregona teh specifičnih vrst kaznivih dejanj. Rezultati, ki so predstavljeni v tem članku, so predlogi de lege ferenda za izboljšave obstoječe zakonodaje, povezanih z organizacijo in močjo organov, pristojnih za boj proti kibernetski kriminaliteti. Skladno s tem je vrednost tega članka mogoče prepoznati v analizi pravnih rešitev glede kazenskega pregona in odgovorov na kazniva dejanja, povezana z računalniki, s poudarkom na specializaciji vključenih organov.

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to present an elimination method called the POIPAT and demonstrate its usefulness in eliminating suspects in cold-case investigations. Design/Methods/Approach: The paper presents a SWOT analysis of the POIPAT method that considers the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats connected to cold-case investigations. Findings: The POIPAT is mostly used in cold homicide cases to, with the help of a compiled questionnaire, assist investigators eliminate suspects by evaluating and arranging them on levels of importance. The more points a suspect gathers, the more likely they are the perpetrator. The method’s advantages include the effective use of resources, the focus on the most likely perpetrators, and the questionnaire’s objectivity. The biggest deficiencies are possible subjectivity in determining the importance of the elements and lack of knowledge of the method, together with the use of a questionnaire that is not adapted to the Slovenian situation. While the method is promising and useful, it only holds heuristic value. Research Limitations / Implications: The limitations mainly lie in the lack of literature that might facilitate a better SWOT analysis of POIPAT. In the future, it would be useful to perform a study to determine the cognitive value of the analysed POIPAT. Practical Implications: The paper’s findings enable an insight into POIPAT’s usefulness as one of the methods available for cold-case investigations. Originality/Value: This paper is one of just a few to mention the POIPAT method. It is intended for anyone interested in this subject, with police officers and criminal investigators being particularly in mind. de: V prispevku je predstavljena SWOT analiza metode POIPAT. Analizirane so prednosti, slabosti, priložnosti in nevarnosti, povezane s preiskovanjem nerešenih umorov. Ugotovitve: Metoda POIPAT, ki se večinoma uporablja pri nerešenih umorih, je metoda eliminacije, kjer preiskovalci s pomočjo sestavljenega vprašalnika točkujejo osumljence in jih razporejajo po stopnji pomembnosti. Osumljenec z najvišjim seštevkom točk je najverjetnejši storilec kaznivega dejanja. Prednosti metode so učinkovita uporaba sredstev, osredotočanje na najbolj verjetne storilce in objektivnost vprašalnika. Največje pomanjkljivosti pa možna subjektivnost pri določanju pomembnosti elementov in nepoznavanje metode ter neprilagojenost vprašalnika za slovenske razmere. Metoda je obetavna in uporabna, a ima le spoznavno vrednost. Omejitve/uporabnost raziskave Omejitve so predvsem v pomanjkanju literature, s pomočjo katere bi lahko naredili kvalitetnejšo SWOT analizo metode POIPAT. V prihodnje bi kazalo narediti raziskavo, s katero bi ugotavljali spoznavno vrednost te metode. Praktična uporabnost: Ugotovitve prispevka omogočajo vpogled v uporabnost metode POIPAT kot ene izmed metod preiskovanja nerešenih umorov. Izvirnost/pomembnost prispevka: Prispevek je eden izmed redkih, ki obravnava metodo POIPAT. Namenjen je preiskovalcem nerešenih umorov in drugim, ki jih tovrstna tematika zanima.

V kriminaliteto, povezano z umetninami, so največkrat vpletene mednarodno dejavne organizirane kriminalne združbe, ki se ukvarjajo s pranjem denarja, preprodajo prepovedanih drog in izsiljevanjem. Dinamika kaznivih dejanj zoper umetnine je vse večja, storilci pa so vedno bolje organizirani. Najpogostejše tarče tovrstnih združb so cerkve, zasebne umetniške zbirke in muzeji, njihov najbolj zaželeni plen pa so umetniška dela svetovno znanih umetnikov. Najpogostejši motiv storilcev kaznivih dejanj zoper umetnine je pohlep po denarju. Dejstvo, da ima kriminaliteta organiziranih združb mednarodni značaj, da je za odkrivanje tovrstne kriminalitete potrebno posebno znanje, kakor tudi dejstvo, da je pripravljenost dražbenih hiš za sodelovanje pri odkrivanju tovrstnih kaznivih dejanj še vedno podrejena želji po zaslužku, predstavljata glavne težave pri preiskovanju kriminalitete, povezane z umetninami. Zato je še kako pomembno mednarodno sodelovanje policijskih enot. Avtor na podlagi analize izbranih primerov tatvin umetnin in analize intervjujev strokovnjakov na področju kaznivih dejanj zoper umetnine, opravljenih v nemško in angleško govorečem področju, ponudi poglobljen vpogled v neznani svet delovanja organiziranih kriminalnih združb, opredeli glavne težave pri preiskovanju kriminalitete, povezane z umetninami, in si posledično izoblikuje mnenje o storilcih kaznivih dejanj, kakšen je njihov motiv, kje so ukradene slike in na kakšne načine se le-te prodajo novemu kupcu oziroma kako in na kakšen način izsiljujejo lastnike umetnin. Pri tem si avtor v nalogi prizadeva odgovoriti na dve ključni vprašanji, in sicer prvič, ali so storilci kaznivih dejanj zoper umetnine ljubitelji in poznavalci umetnosti in drugič, ali so tatvine umetnin izvedene za vnaprej znanega naročnika. Art-related crime is mostly performed by internationally organized crime groups involved in money laundering, drug trafficking and extortion. The dynamics of crimes against art are increasing and the perpetrators are increasingly getting more organized. Churches, private art collections and museums are the most common targets of this type of groups, and their most desirable prey is artworks by world-renowned artists. The most common motive among perpetrators is the greed for money. The fact that organized crime has an international character, that special knowledge is required in order to detect such crime, as well as the fact that the willingness and preparedness of auction houses to cooperate in detecting such crimes are still inferior to the desire for money, represent the main problems in investigating art-related crime. That is why the international cooperation of police organisations is even more important. Based on the analysis of selected cases of art theft and the analysis of interviews with experts in the field of offenses against artworks done in German and English speaking areas, the author offers an in-depth insight into the unknown world of organized crime groups, identifies major problems in investigating art-related crime, and as a result, forms an opinion about the perpetrators, their motive, the locations, where the pictures are stolen and the modus, in which they are sold to the new buyer, or the art owners are being held to ransom. In doing so, the author seeks to answer two key questions, first, whether the perpetrators of art related crimes are amateurs and connoisseurs of art, and second, whether art thefts have been carried out for a known client.

Organizirana kriminaliteta je globalno percipirana kot ena izmed najresnejših groženj sodobni državni in socialno-družbeni ureditvi. Čeprav lahko v smislu modusa operandi govorimo o zelo starem pojavu, je organizirana kriminaliteta, v terminološki dikciji termin 19. stoletja. Navkljub dejstvu, da tako v smislu modusa operandi, kot v čisto jezikovnem smislu, ne gre za nov pojav, konkretne, globalno sprejete dikcije kaj je organizirana kriminaliteta vseeno še nimamo. Opazno je periodično re-fokusiranje med tem »kdo« je organizirana kriminaliteta in med »kaj je« organizirana kriminaliteta. Omenjena nedorečenost o tem »kaj je« organizirana kriminaliteta, gotovo služi političnim agendam, saj se preko poudarjanja, da organizirano kriminaliteto izvajajo tujci, oziroma neavtohtoni prebivalci neke države ustvarja moralno paniko, ki potem preko stroge represivne politične retorike prinaša politične točke. Na drugi strani se fokusiranje na vrsto kaznivih dejanj, ki prevladujejo znotraj klasične organizirane kriminalitete zakriva storilce beloovratniške in gospodarske kriminalitete, ki dejansko povzroča večjo škodo kot klasična organizirana kriminaliteta. Vpliv (na) gospodarstva se v diskurzu o organizirani kriminaliteti najpogosteje pojavi v navezavi govora o tendencah organizirane kriminalitete po t. i. infiltraciji v formalno gospodarstvo. Slednje je je pogosto videno, kot eno izmed največjih nevarnosti, ki jo povzroča organizirana kriminaliteta, čeprav empirični podatki o obstoju takih groženj niso najbolj preprečljivi (vsaj ne za večino držav). Vseeno pa, četudi skupine organizirane kriminalitete v formalno gospodarstvo ne vstopajo načrtno, fokusirano z izrecnem motivom izvajanja ali prikrivanja kaznivih dejanj so s formalnim gospodarstvom povezane zaradi naravnih denarnih tokov. Vsekakor tudi to ne sme biti spregledano. Neformalna in formalna gospodarska sfera sta neločljivo povezani, saj se vedno del sredstev, zasluženih v eni sferi porabi v drugi. Organizirana kriminaliteta oziroma člani skupin organizirane kriminalitete tu niso izjema, intenzivnost porabe njihovih sredstev v eni izmed sfer variira od višine njihovih (ne)legalnih sredstev in dejanskih razlogov ter želja po delovanju v drugi. V Sloveniji raziskovanje o tovrstni prepletenosti organizirane kriminalitete in formalne ekonomije še ni bilo in zato disertacija predstavlja prvo takšno delo. S klasičnim bi-parcialnem pristopom smo vpogledali v stanje vpetosti organizirane kriminalitete v formalno ekonomijo v Sloveniji. Prvi del disertacije zajema poglobljen in obsežen pregled literature, drugi pa empirično več dimenzionalno raziskovanje, pri katerem je bila za poglavitno metodo uporabljen pregled tožilskih spisov, druga metoda pa strukturirani intervjuju z osebami, ki se pri svojem delu srečujejo s odkrivanjem, preiskovanjem in sojenjem v primerih organizirane kriminalitete. Na podlagi dostopnih podatkov ugotavljamo, da v Sloveniji obseg vpetosti klasične organizirane kriminalitete v formalno ekonomijo ni alarmantne obsežnosti. Med motivi, ki zavisijo od tipa dejavnosti s katero se ukvarjajo poslovni subjekti, ki jih imajo v lasti člani skupine organizirane kriminalitete in tipa kriminalne dejavnosti s katero se le ti ukvarjajo, prevladuje želja po legalnem podjetništvu. V primeru ko gre za izkoriščanje prostitucije, pa so poslovni subjektu uporabljeni tudi za olajševanje oziroma prikrivanje tovrstne aktivnosti. V Sloveniji se direktno preiskovanje vpetosti (infiltracije) organizirane kriminalitete v formalno ekonomijo RS ne izvaja, se pa posredno preko finančnih preiskav, vseeno pogleda v ekonomsko vedenje članov skupin organizirane kriminalitete. V tem obziru, se nakazuje, da so same finančne preiskave dobro narejene in preiskovalci dovolj usposobljeni, toda največji problem predstavlja zakonodaja na področju odvzema premoženja nezakonitega izvora, ki onemogoča ustrezno delovanje na tovrstnem področju. Prav tovrstna zakonodaja predstavlja problem tudi na področju preisk Organized crime is globally perceived as one of the most serious threats to modern state and social order. Although in sense of modus operandi, organized crime has a long history, in the terminological diction, it is a term that emerged in the 19th century. In spite of the old history, we still do not have a globally accepted definitions of organized crime. There is a noticeable periodic re-focusing between "who" is organized crime and "what is" organized crime. This unconcretnes about what is "organized crime" certainly serves the political agenda, since by emphasizing that organized crime simonised with foreigners, or non-autochthonous inhabitants of a country creates a moral panic that then brings political points through strict repressive political rhetoric. On the other hand, focusing on the type of crimes that prevail within classical organized crime the perpetrators of white collar and economic crime – which actually causes more damage than conventional organized crime – are concealed. The influence of (and on) economies in the discourse on organized crime most often occurs in connection when the tendencies of organized crime infiltration into the formal economy, are discussed. The latter is often seen as one of the greatest threats by organized crime, although empirical evidence for the existence of such threats are lacking (at least for most countries). Nonetheless, even if groups of organized crime do not enter into a formal economy with intention and focused on committing or covering crime they are still connected with the formal economy due to natural cash flows. Something that nevertheless should not be overlooked. An informal and formal economic sphere is inextricably linked, as part of the resources earned in one sphere is spent in another. Organized crime or members of groups of organized crime are not an exception, and the intensity of their spending in one sphere varies from the amount of their (un)legal means and actual causes and desires to act in the other. In Slovenia, there has not yet been done a research on such an interlace of organized crime and formal economy, and therefore the dissertation represents the first such work. With the classic bi-partial approach, we looked at the state of integration of organized crime into the formal economy in Slovenia. The first part of the dissertation includes an in-depth and extensive literature review, while the second part is an empirical, in which the examination of prosecution files was used as the main method, and structured interviews with those whose work include either detection, investigation or judging in cases of organized crime as the second method. Based on the accessible data, we conclude that in Slovenia the extend of integration of classical organized crime into the formal economy is not alarming. Among the motives – that depend on the type of activity of business entities owned by members of organized crime groups and the type of criminal activity they deal with, the desire for legal entrepreneurship prevails. In the case of exploitation of prostitution, the business entity is also used to facilitate or disguise this kind of activity. In Slovenia, direct investigation of the inclusion (infiltration) of organized crime into the formal economy of the Republic of Slovenia is not carried out, but indirectly through financial investigations, the economic behavior of members of organized crime groups is still reviewed. In this regard, the financial investigations themselves appear to be done well, and the investigators are sufficiently qualified. The biggest problem is the legislation in the area of taking away proceeds of crime, which prevents proper functioning in this area. Such legislation is also a problem in the field of investigating economic and white-collar crime, which – in the segment of their influence on the formal economy of the Republic of Slovenia – are more damaging than conventional organized crime. Something that was often emphasize

Insolventnost je finančni položaj dolžnika, ki nastane ob trajnejši nelikvidnosti in predstavlja predpostavko in razlog, za začetek postopkov zaradi insolventnosti. Sam začetek postopkov zaradi insolventnosti sicer še ne pomeni, da je bilo storjeno kaznivo dejanja, vendar sama posledica zbuja sum storitve oziroma kršitve varstva poslovanja gospodarskih družb. Insolvenčna kazniva dejanja predstavljajo poseben segment gospodarske kriminalitete, ki sicer še nima statusa samostojnega subjekta. V bistvenem insolvenčna kazniva dejanja razumemo kot kazniva dejanja, katerih posledica je začetek enega od postopkov zaradi insolventnosti. Taka dejanja predstavljajo predvsem načrtno slabšanje premoženjskega položaja dolžnika, oziroma lahko gre na drugi strani tudi za povečevanje obveznosti (prezadolženost). Enako kot pri gospodarski kriminaliteti na splošno velja, da domnevna škoda, ki nastane s tovrstnimi kaznivimi dejanji je velika. Preiskovanje insolvenčne kriminalitete predstavlja kompleksno in zahtevno področje, ki od preiskovalcev zahteva obilne izkušnje in znanja s področja prava, gospodarskega poslovanja, računovodstva, davčne zakonodaje, varstvoslovja, ipd.. V določenih primerih se zahteva tudi specifično znanje glavne dejavnosti preiskovane družbe. Težavnost se pojavi že pri samem odkrivanju tovrstnih kaznivih dejanj, saj se ta velikokrat skrivajo v obliki običajnega gospodarskega poslovanja. Dodatna težavnost predstavlja tudi to, da so taka dejanja (poslovni dogodki) velikokrat varovana s poslovno tajnostjo. Namen pregona insolvenčne kriminalitete je v širšem smislu zavarovanje gospodarstva in pravnega poslovanja družb. V ožjem smislu gre za zavarovanje interesov in pravic upnikov in drugih oseb, ki so povezane s poslovanjem družbe. Insolvency is the financial state of a debtor, who is unable to pay it's debts, and it represent the main reason for the beginning of one of the insolvency proceedings. The very start of such insolvency proceeding does not mean that criminal offenses have been committed, but the very reason is at the same time a suspicion of such crime as insolvency crime or violation of the protection of economic business of companies, may be committed. Insolvency crime represent a special part of economic crimes, which yet does not have the status of an independent entity. As by definition, insolvency crime are criminal offences, which results are the beginning of one of the insolvency proceedings. Such acts in major part represents of systematic (intentional) deterioration of company's assets or on the other hand, it may represents acts of intentional increasing of company's obligations (over-indebtedness). As in economic crime in general, the damage caused by such crimes are allegedly very high. The investigation of insolvency crime in a complex filed and it requires of the investigator a lot of experience and knowledge in the field of law, economic business, accounting, tax law, security studies, etc.. In certain cases it also requires the specific knowledge of the investigated company's main activity. Difficulty at investigation begins at the discovery of such crimes, because they are often hidden in form of normal economic business. Moreover such acts may be protected by business secrecy and as such very difficult to discover. In the broadest sense in the main purpose of prosecution of insolvency crime is the protection of economic business and law economic bussines. In the narrower sense, the main purpose is the protection of creditor and their interests, as other subjects in the economic business.

Člani organiziranih kriminalnih skupin vedno bolj uporabljajo telekomunikacijske in internetne storitve za komuniciranje in usklajevanje. Delovanje organiziranih kriminalnih skupin je spremenila tehnologija in globalizacija. Transnacionalno delovanje, horizontalna organizacijska ureditev, majhne profesionalne skupine, razpršenost, oportunizem, široke neformalne socialne mreže in povezovanje različnih kriminalnih skupin so značilnosti sodobnih organiziranih kriminalnih skupin. Ne glede na model organiziranja ali delovanja, organizirane kriminalne skupine izvajajo kazniva in ostale pripravljalne aktivnosti na principu tajnosti in organiziranosti. Za doseganja principa je ključnega pomena komunikacija. Ni presenetljivo, da je po mnenju preiskovalcev držav članic Evropske unije, prisluškovanje najpogosteje uporabljen in najučinkovitejši ukrep (European Commission, 2015). Različni trendi alternativnih oblik komunikacij, izogibalni manevri, razvoj enkripcije in shranjevanja podatkov povzročajo preiskovalcem hude težave in potrebe po rešitvah. Glede na naštete dejavnike lahko trdimo, da je učinkovita in ustrezna tehnična oprema za izvajanje prikritih preiskovalnih ukrepov eden izmed ključnih faktorjev pri preiskovanju organizirane kriminalitete. Med tehnične naprave za izvajanje prikritih preiskovalnih ukrepov spadajo IMSI lovilci. V medijih smo opazili, da je v javnosti visoka stopnja nezaupanja do IMSI lovilcev, saj naj bi bili uporabljeni za nekontrolirano masovno nadziranje državljanov. Na drugi strani opažamo države, kjer je uporaba IMSI lovilcev pravno urejena vendar je celostna funkcionalnost naprav močno pravno omejena ali celo prepovedana. V diplomskem delu smo se odločili podrobno analizirati in raziskati zmožnosti IMSI lovilcev. Z analizo IMSI lovilcev bomo poskušali raziskati možne rešitve problemov in ovir s katerimi se soočajo preiskovalci pri preiskovanju organiziranih kriminalnih skupin. Members of organized crime groups in growing numbers continue to use telecommunication and internet services for communication and coordination. Operations of organized crime groups were significantly changed by technology and globalism. Transnational activity, horizontal group hierarchy, small professional cells, dispersity, opportunism, wide unformal social networks and alliances between different organized crime groups are all characteristics of modern organized crime groups. Nevertheless the core principle of executing crimes and other preparatory acts is still working in an organized way and secrecy. Key for achieving principles that define organized crime is communication. It is not surprising that investigators of European union defined eavsedropping as most used and effective investigative tool. Differents trends such as alternative sources of communication, evasive maneuvers, development of encryption and storing data are causing investigators difficulties when facing them. With understanding of trends in communication we can surely assume that effective and adequate tools are essential in organized crime investigations. One of such investigative tools are IMSI catchers. IMSI catchers gained bad reputation in media since it is believed that they are used as a mean to mass control citizens. On the other hand in countries where use of IMSI catchers is legally regulated their full capatibilities are highly regulated or even restricted. In this research we intend to fully analyse capatibilities and different purposes of IMSI catchers as an special investigative tool used in organized crime investigations. We intend to compare how use of IMSI catchers cope with different problems and technological obstacles investigators face while investigating organized crime groups.

Tatvine v prodajalnah so na prvi pogled manj škodljiva in manj nevarna kazniva dejanja. Kljub temu tovrstna kazniva dejanja niso zanemarljiva, saj v strukturi kriminalitete predstavljajo velik delež in so vredna pozornosti, zato smo jih izbrali za temo diplomskega dela. Za tatvine v prodajalnah je značilno, da se največkrat obravnavajo kot predlagalni delikti, kar pomeni, da je pregon vezan na voljo oškodovanca. V kolikor predlog za pregon ni podan ali ga oškodovanec umakne, se predkazenski postopek ne začne oziroma se ustavi. V našem diplomskem delu smo se osredotočili na preiskovanje tatvin v prodajalnah na območju Policijske uprave Maribor. Namen diplomskega dela je predstaviti kazniva dejanja tatvin v prodajalnah na območju Policijske uprave Maribor, v obdobju od leta 2012 do 2016. V teoretičnem delu bomo predstavili pravno opredelitev kaznivega dejanja tatvine in posebnosti ter načine preiskovanja teh kaznivih dejanj. Osredotočili se bomo zlasti na potek preiskave kaznivega dejanja tatvine v prodajalni, pooblastila policije, prav tako pa bomo opisali bomo tudi vlogo in ukrepe varnostnikov kot subjektov zasebnega varovanja. V empiričnem delu smo z analizo statističnih podatkov kaznivih dejanj tatvin v prodajalnah na območju Policijske uprave Maribor preverili na začetku postavljeni hipotezi ter s tem ugotovili, da število obravnavanih kaznivih dejanj tatvin v prodajalnah z leti upada tako na območju Policijske uprave Maribor, kot v celotni Republiki Sloveniji, prav tako pa je ugotovljeno, da število tatvin v prodajalnah na območju Policijske uprave Maribor statistično ne odstopa od povprečja storjenih tatvin v prodajalnah na območjih drugi policijskih uprav v Republiki Sloveniji. At the first sight, thefts in shops are less harmful and less dangerous criminal offences. Nevertheless, such criminal offences are not negligible since they represent a large proportion of the crime structure and are worthy of attention, so we chose them for the topic of our work. Characteristic of the thefts in shops is the way of prosecution, namely the prosecution of these criminal offences is initiated upon a complaint. If the prosecution proposal is not filed or the injured party withdraws, the pre-trial procedure does not begin or stop. In our diploma thesis we focused on investigating thefts in shops in the area of the Maribor Police Directorate. The purpose of the diploma work is to present thefts in shops in the area of the Maribor Police Directorate in the period from 2012 to 2016. In the theoretical part, we will present the legal definition of the theft and specialties and the methods of investigating these criminal offences. We will focus in particular on the course of the investigation of the theft in the shop, police powers and we will describe the role and measures of security guards as private security entities. In the empirical part we checked hypotheses that we set up at the beginning, by analysing the statistics of criminal thefts in shops in the area of the Police Directorate Maribor. We found that the number of criminal offenses of thefts in shops has declined over the years in the area of the Maribor Police Directorate and in the entire Republic of Slovenia. We also find that the number of thefts in shops in the area of the Maribor Police Directorate does not statistically deviate from the average of the thefts committed in shops in the areas of other police administrations in the Republic of Slovenia.

Zlata doba brezpilotnikov šele prihaja, to bo čas, ki bo spremenil svet na vseh področjih. V uvodu naloga opredeli pojme, kot npr. brezpilotni zrakoplov, pogrešana oseba, osumljenec ter predstavi hipoteze. Sledi hiter pregled zgodovine in začetkov brezpilotnikov, katerih zametek je naredil Nikola Tesla leta 1898 s patentom za brezpilotna plovila ali vozila. Tretje poglavje opiše velikosti, zmožnosti in lastnosti brezpilotnikov. Nekaj modelov je slikovno in opisno predstavljenih. Sledi poglavje o številni uporabi brezpilotnikov, ki v svetu predstavljajo tako pozitivne kot negativne storitve. Tako kot lahko pomagajo pri iskanju oseb, delu na kmetiji ali dostavljanju zdravil v neprevozne kraje, jih lahko ljudje uporabijo za nezakonito snemanje in prisluškovanje ali v najhujšem primeru, za ubijanje. V petem poglavju so opredeljeni pravni vidiki uporabe brezpilotnikov, s poudarkom na Sloveniji. Splošna pravila so zapisana v Zakonu o letalstvu, Zakonu o varstvu osebnih podatkov in Zakonu o nalogah in pooblastilih policije, bolj natančno jih opisuje Uredba o sistemih brezpilotnih zrakoplovov, sprejeta leta 2016. Uporaba je natančno določena in precej omejena. Temelji na osebni svobodi ljudi, za katero je pomembno, da se vanjo čim manj posega. V zadnjem delu naloga govori o uporabi helikopterjev in brezpilotnikov za iskanje pogrešanih oseb in osumljencev ter opiše prednosti in tveganja pri tem. Helikopterji sicer ogromno pripomorejo pri iskanju, vendar je njihova uporaba zelo draga. V določenih situacijah bi jih lahko nadomestili brezpilotniki in tako zmanjšali ceno, hkrati pa zmanjšali nevarnosti za pilote. Sledi opis policijskih pooblastil pri iskanju pogrešanih oseb in osumljencev ter možne kršitve pri tem. Policija mora pri uporabi brezpilotnih zrakoplovov biti zelo pozorna, da ne posega v zasebnost ljudi. Time of unmanned aircrafts is coming, the time that will change the world. In introduction, the thesis defines some concepts, such as unmanned aircraft, missing person, suspect, and presents hypotheses. This is followed by a brief history and beginnings of unmanned aircrafts, which started with a patent for unmanned vessel and vehicle made by Nikola Tesla in 1898. The third chapter describes shapes, sizes, capabilities, and qualities of unmanned aircrafts. It also includes pictures and descriptions of some models. The next chapter talks about the numerous uses of unmanned aircrafts, which can be positive or negative. They can help finding a missing person or bring medicine to impassable places, but they can also be used for illegal video or audio recording, or even murder. In the fifth chapter, the law aspects of unmanned aircraft use in Slovenia are explained. General rules are written in Aviation Act, Personal Data Protection Act, and Law on Police Tasks and Powers, with more detailed rules written in the Decree on unmanned aircraft systems from 2016. Use of unmanned aircrafts is exactly described and quite limited as it is based on personal freedom, which should not be interfered with. In the last part, the thesis talks about the use of helicopters and unmanned aircrafts for finding missing persons and suspects and describes advantages and risks of each approach. Helicopters are of a great help in searching, but their use is very expensive. Therefore, in certain cases unmanned aircrafts could be partly used as substitution for helicopters, which would reduce cost and reduce risks for the pilots. This is followed by a description of police powers for searching missing persons and suspects with unmanned aircrafts, as well as potential violations. Police must be very careful when using such assets because they can quickly interfere with privacy of people.

Dejanskega obsega spolnih zlorab ne poznamo, saj jih veliko ostaja neprijavljenih. Spolna zloraba je za otroka težka izkušnja, ki na njem pušča posledice in vpliva na njegov razvoj. Pridobivanje materialnih in osebnih dokazov pri spolni zlorabi je oteženo, zato je pregon težak. Raziskovalci so v zgodnjih osemdesetih letih objavili poročila o tem, kako risbe spolno zlorabljenih otrok vsebujejo določene značilnosti, ki jih ločijo od risb nezlorabljenih otrok. Študije risb spolno zlorabljenih otrok se osredotočajo predvsem na risbe človeških figur in kinetične risbe. V magistrskem delu so uporabljeni sekundarni viri in analizirane so dosedanje raziskave ter študije na temo otroških risb. Magistrsko delo je sestavljeno iz treh delov: prvi del predstavlja opredelitev pojma spolne zlorabe in preiskovalnega intervjuja, v drugem delu so podrobneje preučeni načini, s katerimi lahko otroška risba pripomore pri prepoznavanju spolne zlorabe, tretji del pa predstavlja razpravo. Glavne ugotovitve dela so, da so otroške risbe lahko v pomoč, če jih razumemo kot znake, da bi se lahko dogajalo nekaj posebnega. Smiselno je raziskati, zakaj je otrok narisal nekaj nenavadnega, tako, da ga preprosto vprašamo. Vendar pa otroške risbe niso zanesljivi indikatorji, niti dokazi, za obstoj spolne zlorabe. Raziskave jasno kažejo, da je risanje vprašljiva tehnika, ki ima nezadostno veljavnost, zato jo lahko odsvetujemo za odkrivanje spolnih zlorab. Za uporabo otroških risb v primerih spolnih zlorabah so potrebne nadaljnje, metodološko ustrezne raziskave. The actual range of sexual abuse is not known, because many remain unreported. Sexual abuse is a difficult experience for the child, which leaves the consequences and influences on his development. Obtaining material and personal evidence in case of sexual abuse is difficult, therefore, the prosecution is also difficult. In the early eighties, clinicians published reports on how the drawings of sexually abused children contain certain characteristics that separate them from the drawings of non-abused children. Studies of the drawings of sexually abused children focus primarily on drawings of human figures and kinetic drawings. In this master's thesis, secondary sources are used and existing research is analysed and studies on the topic of children's drawings. The master's thesis consists of three parts: the first part is the definition of the concept of sexual abuse and the investigation interview, in the second part, the ways in which a child drawing can help identify sexual abuse are examined more closely, while the third part presents a discussion. The main findings of the work are that children's drawings can be helpful, if they are understood as signs that something is happening with the child. It is reasonable to find out why the child draw something unusual by simply asking the child. However, children's drawings are not reliable indicators, nor evidences of the existence of sexual abuse. Research has clearly shown that drawing is very questionable technique with insufficient validity so, for that reason it is not advised in detecting sexual abuse. To use child drawings in cases of sexual abuse, further methodologically appropriate research is needed.

Zavarovalniške goljufije v današnjem času predstavljajo pereč pojav, ki ogroža tako zavarovalnice kot tudi celotno družbo. Problem, s katerim se soočajo zavarovalnice, predstavlja napačna predstava javnosti o tem, da zavarovalniška goljufija ni kaznivo dejanje. Večina ljudi doživlja zavarovalniške goljufije kot sprejemljiva dejanja, saj menijo, da ni nič spornega, če si s pomočjo goljufije povrnejo denar, ki ga vložijo v zavarovalnico s plačilom zavarovalne premije. Največ zavarovalniških goljufij se zgodi pri avtomobilskih zavarovanjih, in sicer 70 odstotkov. K uspešnemu preiskovanju zavarovalniških goljufij v Zavarovalnici Triglav d. d. pripomore sodelovanje le-te z drugimi zavarovalnicami, policijo, tožilstvom, sodišči, detektivi ter s Slovenskim zavarovalnim združenjem. Kljub sodelovanju in uporabi programskih orodij, ki s pomočjo indikatorjev iščejo sumljive primere, je potrebno poudariti, da pri preiskanosti zavarovalniških goljufij ostaja sivo polje, kar pomeni, da ostanejo številne zavarovalniške goljufije neodkrite. V Zavarovalnici Triglav d. d. se goljufom zoperstavljajo tudi z osveščanjem javnosti o zavarovalniških goljufijah ter škodi, ki jo le-te prinašajo. Na ta način se želi doseči sprememba razmišljanja javnosti o sprejemanju zavarovalniških goljufij kot moralno spornih. Izziv, ki ostaja za v bodoče predstavlja boj proti goljufom, ki so vedno korak pred preiskovalci, saj s pomočjo modernih tehnologij uspešno goljufajo zavarovalnice ter s tem posledično višajo premije poštenim zavarovancem. Insurance fraud represents a topical issue nowadays that threatens the insurance companies as well as our entire society. The problem faced by the insurance companies is the public’s false notion that insurance fraud is not a crime. Most of the people experience insurance fraud as acceptable because they believe that nothing is wrong with using fraud for the retrieval of money that was invested in the insurance company via a payment of insurance premiums. Most insurance fraud occurs with car insurance, namely 70 percent. Cooperation with other insurance companies, the police, the prosecution, the courts, detectives and with the Slovenian insurance association helps the insurance company Zavarovalnica Triglav d. d. with successful investigations of insurance fraud. Despite the cooperation and the use of different software tools that search for suspicious cases with the help of indicators it is necessary to emphasize that a grey area still exists, which means that several insurance frauds still stays undetected. Zavarovalnica Triglav d. d. opposes the fraudsters by also raising the public’s awareness on insurance fraud and the damages it causes. This is how they want to change the opinion of the public about the acceptance of insurance fraud as morally contentious. The challenge that remains for the future represents the fight against fraudsters, who are always a step ahead of the investigators. With the help of modern technology, the fraudsters are successfully swindling the insurance companies and so consequently increasing the premiums of honest policyholders.

Ugotavljanje verodostojnih dejstev in dokazov je bistveno v preiskovalnih in sodnih postopkih. Tehnike za ugotavljanje laganja delimo na neverbalne in verbalne. V praksi se še vedno pogosteje uporabljajo poligraf in neverbalne tehnike, medtem ko je uporaba verbalnih tehnik bistveno manjša, čeprav so raziskave ugotovile, da se njihova točnost giblje okoli 70 %. Najbolj znane tehnike za ugotavljanje besednega laganja so kriterijska vsebinska analiza, nadzorovanje resničnosti in nekoliko novejša tehnika – znanstvena analiza vsebine. Znanstvena analiza vsebine je tehnika za ugotavljanje besednega zavajanja na podlagi pisne izjave. Raziskave kažejo, da je neučinkovita in nestandardizirana, ker pa zavajajoče ponuja hitro rešitev sicer kompleksnega problema ugotavljanja laganja, jo nekatere varnostne agencije uporabljajo. Ne zavedajo pa se, da se z uporabo tehnike SCAN lahko izpostavljajo še večjim varnostnim tveganjem in neučinkovitosti lastnega dela. Učinkovitost tehnike še nikoli ni bila testirana v Sloveniji, zato je magistrsko delo namenjeno preverjanju tehnike v slovenskem kulturnem in jezikovnem okolju. V raziskavi so sodelovali študenti Fakultete za varnostne vede. 64 udeležencev je bilo naprošenih, da napišejo dve izjavi o negativnih dogodkih, eno resnično in eno izmišljeno. Presojevalke izjav so bile štiri študentke. Opravile so deseturno usposabljanje iz tehnike SCAN, ki je potekalo v več delih. Seznanjene so bile z namenom raziskave, niso pa vedele, katere izjave so resnične in katere ne. Zaradi morebitnega učinka zaporedja je zaporedje ocenjevanja izjav specifično za vsako presojevalko. Izjave so ocenjevale v skladu s kriteriji tehnike SCAN. Raziskava je bila anonimna in vsi udeleženci so sodelovali prostovoljno. Iz dobljenih rezultatov je razvidno, da s tehniko znanstvene analize vsebine ni mogoče ugotavljati zavajanja. Razlike med resničnimi in lažnimi izjavami so majhne in statistično nepomembne, kar potrjuje neučinkovitost tehnike. Determining credible facts and evidence is essential in investigation and court proceedings. The techniques for determining someone is lying can be dived into two categories, non-verbal and verbal. In practice, a polygraph and non-verbal techniques are still being used more, while the use of verbal techniques is significantly smaller, even though research has shown that their accuracy is around 70 percent. The most known techniques for determining verbal signs of lying are criteria-based content analysis, reality monitoring and a somewhat newer technique called scientific content analysis. Scientific content analysis (SCAN) is a technique for determining verbal deception based on a written statement. According to research, it is ineffective and unstandardized but since it misleadingly offers a fast solution to an otherwise complex problem of lie detection, some security agencies use it, completely unaware that the use of the SCAN technique can expose them to even greater security risks and the inefficiency of their own work. The effectiveness of this technique has never been tested in Slovenia and therefore this masters dissertation is dedicated to the verification of this technique in the Slovenian cultural and language environment. The students of the Faculty for criminal justice and security participated in this study. Sixty-four participants were asked to write two statements about negative events, one real and one made-up. The judges of these statements were four students that have finished a ten-hour training in the SCAN technique, which was carried out in several different parts. They were informed about the purpose of this study but did not know which statements were true and which were false. The sequence of statements to be evaluated is specific to each judge, due to the potential sequence effects. The statements were assessed in accordance with the criteria of the SCAN technique. The survey was anonymous, and all participants participated on a voluntary basis. From the results obtained it is evident that with the SCAN it is impossible to detect deception. The differences between real and false statements are small and statistically insignificant, which confirms the inefficiency of this technique.

Po preboju pri igri go so metode drevesnega preiskovanja Monte Carlo (ang. Monte Carlo tree search – MCTS) sprožile bliskovit napredek agentov za igranje iger: raziskovalna skupnost je od takrat razvila veliko variant in izboljšav algoritma MCTS ter s tem zagotovila napredek umetne inteligence ne samo pri igrah, ampak tudi v številnih drugih domenah. Čeprav metode MCTS združujejo splošnost naključnega vzorčenja z natančnostjo drevesnega preiskovanja, imajo lahko v praksi težave s počasno konvergenco – to še posebej velja za temeljne algoritme MCTS, ki ne uporabljajo dodatnih izboljšav. Zaradi tega jih raziskovalci in programerji pogosto združujejo z ekspertnim znanjem, hevristikami in ročno izdelanimi strategijami. Kljub izrazitim dosežkom tako izboljšanih metod (primer je AlphaGo, ki je nedavno prekosil najboljšega človeškega igralca igre Go na svetu in s tem premagal ta velik izziv umetne inteligence), takšne domensko-specifične izboljšave zmanjšujejo splošnost številnih aplikativnih algoritmov. Izboljšati temeljne algoritme MCTS, brez izgube njihove splošnosti in prilagodljivosti, je težko in predstavlja enega aktualnih raziskovalnih izzivov. Ta disertacija uvaja nov pristop za nadgradnjo temeljnih metod MCTS in izpopolnjuje temeljno razumevanje tega področja v luči starejšega ter uveljavljenega področja spodbujevalnega učenja (ang. reinforcement learning). Povezava med drevesnim preiskovanjem Monte Carlo, ki ga skupnost uvršča med metode za preiskovanje in planiranje, ter spodbujevalnim učenjem je že bila nakazana v preteklosti, a še ni bila temeljito preučena in tudi še ni pomembno vplivala na širšo skupnost umetne inteligence. S to motivacijo v tem delu poglobljeno analiziramo povezavo med tema dvema področjema, tako da identificiramo in opišemo podobnosti ter razlike med njima. Uvajamo praktičen pristop razširitve metod MCTS s koncepti iz spodbujevalnega učenja: naše novo ogrodje, drevesno preiskovanje s časovnimi razlikami (ang. temporal difference tree search – TDTS), pooseblja novo družino algoritmov, ki delujejo po konceptih MCTS, obenem pa za učenje koristijo časovne razlike (ang. temporal differences) namesto vzorčenja Monte Carlo. To lahko razumemo kot posplošitev metod MCTS z učenjem s časovnimi razlikami in sočasno kot posplošitev klasičnih metod učenja s časovnimi razlikami z drevesnim preiskovanjem in ostalimi koncepti iz metod MCTS (kot so postopna širitev drevesa in uporaba privzete strategije). S pomočjo metod TDTS pokažemo, da uporaba uveljavljenih konceptov iz spodbujevalnega učenja v navezi z drevesnim preiskovanjem odpira možnosti za razvoj širokega spektra novih algoritmov, od katerih so klasične metode MCTS le ena izmed variant. V naših eksperimentih preizkusimo več tovrstnih algoritmov, osredotočimo pa se na razširitev algoritma UCT (ang. upper confidence bounds for trees) z algoritmom Sarsa(lambda), ki je eden temeljnih algoritmov spodbujevalnega učenja. Naše meritve potrjujejo, da algoritmi TDTS dosegajo boljše rezultate na enostavnih igrah za enega igralca, klasičnih igrah za dva igralca in arkadnih video igrah: novi algoritmi ohranjajo robustnost in računsko ter pomnilniško zahtevnost, obenem pa konsistentno prekašajo algoritme MCTS. Naše ugotovitve zmanjšujejo razkorak med drevesnim preiskovanjem Monte Carlo in spodbujevalnim učenjem ter pozivajo k močnejšemu nadaljnjemu povezovanju teh dveh področij. Nazadnje, ta disertacija spodbuja k raziskovanju in uveljavljanju bolj enotnega pogleda na dve izmed temeljnih paradigem umetne inteligence – preiskovanje in učenje. Since their breakthrough in computer Go, Monte Carlo tree search (MCTS) methods have initiated almost a revolution in game-playing agents: the artificial intelligence (AI) community has since developed an enormous amount of MCTS variants and enhancements that advanced the state of the art not only in games, but also in several other domains. Although MCTS methods merge the generality of random sampling with the precision of tree search, their convergence rate can be relatively low in practice, especially when not aided by additional enhancements. This is why practitioners often combine them with expert or prior knowledge, heuristics, and handcrafted strategies. Despite the outstanding results (like the AlphaGo engine, which defeated the best human Go players, prodigiously overcoming this grand challenge of AI), such task-specific enhancements decrease the generality of many applied MCTS algorithms. Improving the performance of core MCTS methods, while retaining their generality and scalability, has proven difficult and is a current research challenge. This thesis presents a new approach for general improvement of MCTS methods and, at the same time, advances the fundamental theory behind MCTS by taking inspiration from the older and well-established field of reinforcement learning (RL). The links between MCTS, which is regarded as a search and planning framework, and the RL theory have already been outlined in the past however, they have neither been thoroughly studied yet, nor have the existing studies significantly influenced the larger game AI community. Motivated by this, we re-examine in depth the close relation between the two fields and detail not only the similarities, but identify and emphasize also the differences between them. We present a practical way of extending MCTS methods with RL dynamics: we develop the temporal difference tree search (TDTS) framework, a novel class of MCTS-like algorithms that learn via temporal-differences (TD) instead of Monte Carlo sampling. This can be understood both as a generalization of MCTS with TD learning, as well as an extension of traditional TD learning methods with tree search and novel MCTS concepts. Through TDTS we show that a straightforward adaptation of RL semantics within tree search can lead to a wealth of new algorithms, for which the traditional MCTS is only one of the variants. We experiment with several such algorithms, focusing on an extension of the upper confidence bounds for trees (UCT) algorithm with the Sarsa(lambda) algorithm – an on-policy TD learning method. Our evaluations confirm that MCTS-like methods inspired by RL dynamics demonstrate superior results on several classic board games and arcade video games: the new algorithms preserve robustness and computational complexity, while consistently outperforming their basic MCTS counterparts. Our findings encourage cross-fertilization between the game AI and RL communities, hopefully narrowing the gap between them, and promote a unified view of search and learning methods, recommending it as a promising research direction.

Pri finančni kriminaliteti posledice kriminalnega dejanja niso neposredno vidne in zaznane, storilci pa so pri svojem delu inteligentnejši in iznajdljivejši. Pri tem gre za vsa kazniva dejanja, katerih cilj je pridobiti določeno premoženjsko korist, saj je glavni motiv storilca ravno denar. V javnem sektorju so tovrstna kazniva dejanja škodljiva širši družbi, saj smo (ne)posredne žrtve vsi državljani, davkoplačevalci oziroma celotna javnost. Posledice se ne odražajo le v obogatitvi oziroma izgubi nekaterih, pač pa v splošnem nazadovanju na vseh področjih (zdravstvo, infrastruktura, šolstvo in tako dalje). Glavna problematika v javnem sektorju je v zlorabah uradnih položajev, ki jo v nadaljevanju lahko povežemo z nepravilnostmi pri javnih naročilih, podkupovanju in navzkrižju interesov. Magistrsko delo je sestavljeno iz treh delov: prvi del govori o predpisih, ki vežejo oziroma usmerjajo javne uslužbence pri njihovem delu, v drugem delu so teoretično in praktično predstavljeni primeri finančne kriminalitete na področju javnega sektorja, tretji del pa predstavlja organe, ki na tem področju delajo preventivno ali detektivno. Glavni ugotovitvi dela sta, da preiskovalni organi na tem področju delujejo uspešneje, saj preiskanost finančne kriminalitete v javnem sektorju narašča, in da je največ javnih uslužbencev obsojenih zaradi zlorabe uradnega položaja. Problem še vedno predstavlja veliko število kaznivih dejanj ali prekrškov, ki ostanejo prikriti in tako niso zaznani v statistikah, posledice pa se kljub temu odražajo v okolju. Poleg tega storilci odkrivajo vedno več načinov, kako ogoljufati ali oškodovati drugega z namenom pridobivanja koristi zase. Consequences of financial crime aren't directly seen and noticed, also the perpetrators are more intelligent and resourceful. Financial crime includes all criminal ofenses aimed at acquiring a certain material gain since the perpetrator's main motive is money. In the public sector these criminal offenses are harmful to the wider society, since (in)direct victims are all of us citizens, taxpayers or the entire general public. Consequences aren't only seen in profit or loss of some people but in overall decline in all areas (health care, infrastructure, education system etc.). The main problem in the public sector is official misconduct which can be connected to irregularities in public procurement, bribery and conflicts of interests. This master thesis consists of three parts: the first one is talking about the regulations which bind or direct public workers at their work, the second part are theoretically and practically presented cases of financial crime in the public sector, the third part presents the authorities working in this area in preventive or detective way. The main two findings of this thesis have shown that the investigation authorities are being more successful at their work since the investigation rates of financiral crime in the public sector have risen and that the main part of convicted public workers are convicted due to offical misconduct. The problem is still a large number of crimes and offenses which remain hidden and thus not revealed in statistics, but the consequences are nevertheless reflected in the environment. In addition, the perpetrators discover more and more ways to cheat or hurt others in order to gain benefits for themselves.

Diplomsko delo govori o odrivanju laži v preiskovalnih razgovorih. Lažnivci so čez leta razvili nešteto strategij, ki jih danes nekateri uspešno uporabljajo v preiskovalnih razgovorih, da zavajajo preiskovalce. Čez leta je nastalo tudi kar nekaj študij, ravno z namenom odkrivanja teh strategij in izboljšanja policijskih sposobnosti za prepoznavo lažnivcev ter s tem prepoznavo njihovih prevar. V prvem delu diplomskega dela je zajeta kratka predstavitev pojma laganja in laži, kakšne vrste laži poznamo in zakaj ljudje sploh lažemo. V drugem delu je poudarek na strategijah osumljencev ter prepoznavi teh strategij (glede na verbalne in neverbalne znake), kakšni so znaki prevar in kako prepoznati prevaro v preiskovalnem intervjuju. Na koncu pa sta opisani še tehnika kognitivnega intervjuja in tehnika PEACE modela ter njegove stopnje. Glavni namen tega diplomskega dela je ugotoviti, katere so najbolj uporabljene strategije krivih osumljencev, kako prepoznati te strategije in kako k temu pripomoreta tehnika kognitivnega intervjuja in tehnika PEACE modela, razvita v Angliji. V zadnjem delu sledi primerjava dveh člankov na temo verbalnih in neverbalnih znakov laganja, z namenom, da odkrijemo, čim več strategij in njihovih znakov. Za tem pa bomo primerjali še dva članka: eden bo predstavljal uspešnost tehnike kognitivnega intervjuja in drugi uspešnost PEACE modela pri zasliševanju osumljencev (krivih ali ne). Degree is about The detection of lies in the investigative interviews. Throught the years, liars have developed countless strategies, which some of them today use successfully in investigative interviews with the intention of misleading investigators. Also, through these years, a number of studies have been carried out, precisely in order to identify these strategies and to improve police capacities for identifying liars, and thus identifying their deception. In the first part of the degree, is a brief presentation of the concept of lying and lies, what kind of lies we know and why people are lying at all. In the second part, emphasis is placed on the strategies of the suspects and the recognition of these strategies (in terms of verbal and non-verbal signs), what are the signs of deception and how to recognize the deception in the investigative interview. At the end there is a description of the cognitive interview technique and the PEACE model technique and its stages. The main purpose of this degree is to find out which are the most used strategies of guilty suspects, how to identify these strategies, and how the cognitive interview technique and the PEACE model developed in England help with identify these strategies. In the final part of the degree follows a comparison of two articles on the topic of verbal and non-verbal lying signs, hoping to discover as many strategies and their characters as possible. By doing so, we will compare two other articles, one of which will be the performance of the cognitive interview technique and the second will be about the success of the PEACE model in interrogating suspects (guilty or not).

Še vedno živimo v družbi, ki težko sprejema nekoga, ki je drugačen od ostalih, bodisi gre za drugačen stil oblačenja, način razmišljanja, versko pripadnost ali za motnje v duševnem razvoju. Družba iz strahu do neznanega in drugačnega stigmatizira takšne posameznike in jim tako onemogoči uspešno vključitev v družbo. Število oseb s posebnimi potrebami narašča, zato je pomembno, da družba spozna in sprejme takšne posameznike ter da razume njihove potrebe in jim s tem omogoči lažji razvoj in odraščanje. Spekter avtističnih motenj predstavlja novodobno motnjo v razvoju, ki se pojavi že v zgodnjem otroštvu in vključuje oteženo komunikacijo ter vstop v družbo že v prvih letih otrokovega življenja. Diagnoza avtizma se načeloma postavlja po tretjem letu starosti in predstavlja izziv tako za zdravnike kot ostale strokovnjake, saj se vsak avtističen otrok razlikuje od drugega ne glede na enako diagnozo. Razumevanje avtizma, poznavanje osnovnih simptomov ter njihovo prepoznavanje so pomembni za vsakega izmed nas, predvsem pa so pomembni za ustanove, ki se pri svojem delu pogosteje srečujejo z avtisti. Ena izmed njih je policija. Policisti so tisti, ki se bodo prvi odzvali in prišli bodisi na kraj kaznivega dejanja, opravljali intervencijo, nadzorovali večji dogodek in priskočili pomoč. Pri nas se z otroki ukvarjajo centri za socialno delo, ki z njimi opravljajo pogovore, intervjuje in jim nudijo pomoč. Ne smemo pa pozabiti dejstva, da je policist prva oseba, ki bo imela stik z otrokom oziroma v našem primeru z avtistom, in da sta od njegovega vedenja, ravnanja in pristopa odvisna varnost in dobro počutje otroka avtista. V nadaljevanju bomo zato predstavili, kako naj bi policist pristopil k otroku avtistu in mu nudil pomoč, če je ta potrebna, da bi bilo njegovo delo primerno in olajšano. We still live in a society which is unable to accept someone who is different from the rest, whether is it for a different style, way of thinking, different religion or for having a mental disorder. From the fear to the unknown a society stigmatise such individuals and disable their successful integration into society. The number of persons with intellectual disabilities is increasing every day and therefore is important that society understands and accepts such individuals and also that understands their special needs and by that their social development and growing up is enabled. Autism spectrum disorders represents modern developmental disorder that occurs in early childhood and represents extremely difficult interaction with others in the first years of child’s life. Diagnosis of autism is set in child first three years of life and represents a challenge for doctors and other professionals because each autistic child is different from another, even if they have the same diagnosis. Understanding autism, knowing the basic symptoms and recognizing them is important for each of us, and is especially important for institutions which are working with autistic persons. One of them is police, police officers are the ones who will be first to arrive at the crime scene, supervising major events and they will always be there to help. In Slovenia the investigation interviews with children are done by social workers but we must not forget that a police officer will have a first contact with a child. So therefore is important that police officers know how to communicate with autistic children and how to behave so they ensure child's safety.

V diplomski nalogi Kritična presoja uporabe hipnoze in kognitivnega intervjuja v preiskovanju kaznivih dejanj bom odprla vprašanje spornosti teh dveh preiskovalnih metod. V začetku naloge sem predstavila dva ključna elementa za boljše razumevanje vsebine, to sta spomin in sugestija. Oba sta tesno povezana z vsako od metod zaslišanja, ki sta glavna tema naloge in ju opisujem v nadaljevanju. Sledijo krajši zapis o zgodovinskem ozadju, opis postopka zaslišanja z eno in drugo tehniko ter predstavitev prednosti in slabosti obeh metod. Ob koncu teoretičnega dela pa pridejo na vrsto praktični primeri uporabe obeh metod zaslišanja, njuna primerjava in kritični pogled na eno in drugo tehniko. Spornost metod izhaja iz predpostavke, da je pričanje posameznika kot končni rezultat njihove uporabe lahko netočno, česar si pravosodni organi pri preiskovanju kaznivega dejanja ne smejo privoščiti. V kritični primerjavi sem z uporabo literature, ki tematiko obravnava z različnih zornih kotov, izoblikovala končne ugotovitve. Hipnoza ne spada med tehnike zaslišanja, pri katerih rezultati nastopajo kot pravni dokazi, saj so preveč nepredvidljivi. Lahko jo uporabljamo le kot pomoč za iskanje dokazov oziroma izboljšanje spomina. Nasprotno pa je kognitivni intervju kljub pomanjkljivostim, ki so v primerjavi s hipnozo drastično manjše, priznana metoda, ki se uporablja pri zaslišanju oseb, povezanih s kaznivim dejanjem. In my thesis, called „A critical assessment of hypnosis and cognitive interview in criminal investigations“, I am going to open the question the two methods' controversy. In the beginning I presented two key elements for better understanding of the topic - memory and suggestion. Both elements are closely connected to each of the interrogation methods. The thesis continues with a general description of both methods. It is followed by a shorter paragraph of historical background, the process of interrogation with one and the other method, and its advantages and disadvantages. At the end of the theoretical part I presented practical examples of each method's use, their comparison, and a critical of overview of both. The controversy of hypnosis and cognitive interview stems from the assumption that an individual's testimony as the final result of these two methods might be inaccurate, which is not something judicial authorities can afford. Through critical comparison of literature sources from different view angles, I have come to my conclusions. Hypnosis should not be considered an interrogation technique with legal proof as result, since its findings are too unpredictable. It can only be used as an aid to finding evidence, or to help improve memory. Cognitive interview, however, despite its results being drastically vaguer, is an acquired method used for interrogating persons involved in a criminal offense.

Preiskovanje kriminalitete zoper umetnine je zaradi specifičnosti dolgotrajen proces in zahteva sodelovanje različnih inštitucij tako na nacionalni kot mednarodni ravni. V doktorski disertaciji je predstavljena problematika preiskovanja kaznivih dejanj zoper umetnine v Sloveniji, podprta z eno prvih slovenskih študij na tem področju. Z metodo analize vsebine pisnih virov je pregledana strokovna literatura, zakonodaja in nam dostopni obravnavani primeri, s pomočjo katerih smo oblikovali teoretična izhodišča. Pojav kaznivih dejanj zoper umetnine v Sloveniji smo analizirali z deskriptivno metodo, statističnimi izsledki, vodenimi delno strukturiranimi intervjuji s predstavniki policije, finančne uprave, tožilstva, Ministrstva za kulturo in sodnim izvedencem, kvalitativno analizo tožilskih spisov, oblikovanjem ugotovitev in uparjanjem s stroko. Na podlagi proučenih virov in mnenj stroke smo prišli do ugotovitev o problematiki in preiskovanju kaznivih dejanj zoper umetnine. Ker so tožilski spisi o kaznivih dejanjih zoper umetnine na tožilstvih vodeni skupaj s tožilskimi spisi o drugih premoženjskih kaznivih dejanjih, je bilo ob že tako majhnem številu primerov težko iz baze pridobiti primere, ki so izpolnjevali pogoje za raziskavo. Rezultati empirične raziskave kažejo, da policija v Sloveniji v povprečju letno obravnava 100 primerov kaznivih dejanj zoper umetnine. Prevladujejo tatvine umetnin iz cerkvenih in profano sakralnih objektov, ki bi jih lahko zmanjšali s preventivnimi ukrepi in večjim osveščanjem javnosti o vrednosti, ki jo imajo umetnine za narodovo zgodovino. Kot storilci kaznivih dejanj zoper umetnine prevladujejo moški, ne predkaznovani, kazniva dejanja storijo priložnostno, na prikrit način in iz ekonomskih motivov. Ogled kraja dejanja je policija opravila pri vseh primerih tatvine umetnin, v večini primerov so najdene sledi obuval, papilarnih linij in orodja, ki na glavni obravnavi služijo kot dokaz in pomagajo pri obsodbi storilcev. Preiskanost znaša 23,6 % in je v primerjavi s podatki iz drugih držav nekoliko višja. Slovenska sodišča obravnavajo zelo majhen odstotek vseh storjenih kaznivih dejanj zoper umetnine. Po informacijah pridobljenih s strani umetnikov, galeristov in cenilcev lahko vidimo, da so se številni od njih že srečali s ponaredki. A kljub sumu le redki to prijavijo pristojnim institucijam. Težava, s katero se srečujejo preiskovalci v Sloveniji kot tudi preiskovalci drugih držav Evropske unije, je spletno trgovanje z umetninami. Na spletu se ponuja velika količina umetnin, za katere je težko ugotoviti njihova pristnost in izvor. Zavedati se je potrebno, da brez prijave kaznivega dejanja ali zaznave policije, se predkazenski postopek ne more pričeti in posledično državni tožilec ne dobi podatkov, da bi lahko pričel kazenski postopek. To je en od razlogov zakaj primeri kaznivih dejanj zoper umetnine v Sloveniji redko dobijo sodni epilog. V kolikor pa pride do obravnave na sodišču, so pravnomočne sodbe redke in v večini primerov pogojne. Glede na pregledano literaturo in podatke, ki smo jih pridobili z raziskavo ter opravljenimi intervjuji lahko trdimo, da je sodelovanje med strokovnjaki s področja umetnosti in preiskovalci zelo dobro, hitro in učinkovito. Na podlagi ugotovitev teoretičnega preučevanja in empiričnega raziskovanja je mogoče trditi, da kriminaliteta zoper umetnine v Sloveniji trenutno ne predstavlja alarmantnega stanja. Smotrno bi bilo, da se zopet ustanovi medresorska skupina, ki bi preiskovalcem in umetnostnim strokovnjakom pomagala pri preiskovanju in preprečevanju tovrstne kriminalitete ter pri izmenjavi znanja in stališč. Na podlagi specifičnega modela raziskovanja, ki zagotavlja reprezentativnost vzorca, smo prišli do novih ugotovitev, ki so v pomoč znanosti in stroki pri preiskovanju kriminalitete zoper umetnine ter pri oblikovanju preventivnih ukrepov. The nature of art crime is so specific that any investigation of such a criminal offence is a lengthy process requiring close cooperation of various institutions at both national and international levels. This doctoral dissertation is an in-depth examination of the issue of art crime investigation in Slovenia, supported by one of the first Slovenian research studies on the topic. The content analysis method serving as a foundation for the development of the basic theoretical premises makes use of the review of the literature, examining legal instruments, available cases, and other written sources. The art crime phenomenon is analysed by a descriptive method by using statistical data and the interviews with representatives of the Police, the Financial Administration, the Prosecution Service and the Ministry of Culture, as well as with a certified appraiser by conducting a qualitative analysis of the Prosecutor Service’s case files and by establishing findings/conclusions and pairing these with the relevant expert opinions. The findings related to the broader issue of art crime and criminal investigations are based on the examined literature and expert opinions. As prosecution files on art crime, though relatively few, are kept together with prosecution files on property criminal acts, it was difficult to search the database to sort out the ones eligible for our study. The results of the empirical research show that in Slovenia there are, on average, one hundred art crime cases a year. Mainly, they involve theft of works of art from religious and secular-sacral buildings. The number of these cases could be reduced through preventive measures and increased awareness-raising of the value of such art for the nation’s history. Perpetrators of art crime are predominantly men with no previous criminal record, committing these criminal offences either because an opportunity arises or from economic motives. Adequate crime scene investigations were carried out in all cases of art theft: in most of them, the police found traces of footwear, papillary lines, and tools, and this type of evidence helped convict the perpetrators. The investigation rate of these criminal offences amounts to 23.6 % and is slightly higher than those reported in the data provided by other countries. In general, Slovenian courts deal with a very limited number of art crimes. In addition, the information collected by the artists, gallery owners, and certified appraisers reveals that many of them have already encountered forgeries, but only a few of them informed the police of their suspicions. Nowadays, another problem that the Slovenian investigators and those in other European Union countries face is online trading: a vast amount of art is now offered online, which is why it is hard to determine authenticity and originality of each piece. People should be aware that the police cannot start a relevant crime investigation procedure if the victim fails to report the incident to the authorities consequently, the public prosecutor cannot initiate a criminal proceeding. This is one of the reasons why art crimes rarely have their epilogue in Slovenian courts. Moreover, even when criminal proceedings are initiated, final judgements and convictions of art crime perpetrators are extremely rare though cooperation between art experts and investigators is well organised, fast, and efficient. Nevertheless, the findings of our theoretical analysis and empirical research show that the state-of-play in the field of art crime in Slovenia is not alarming. However, it would make sense to re-establish an inter-ministerial working group which would assist crime investigators and art experts in their efforts to process and prevent such crimes in the future. Based on a specific model of research that guarantees the representativeness of the sample, these findings will help science and the profession in their investigation of art crime and in developing relevant preventive measures.

The paper investigates the ability to learn from an aircraft accident as the opportunities for learning diminish with the decline in the accident rate. A safety compromising case is studied as the processes of aircraft accident intervention and recovery can degrade the ability of an aircraft accident investigation process to enhance aviation safety by revealing accident causation. In the case study an assessment of the Slovenian aircraft accident response system was made. For the purpose of evaluating the successfulness of aircraft accident intervention and effectiveness of recovery, a model of aircraft accident response system requirements has been developed. Based on non-conformances identified by the model of requirements, remedial measures are proposed for the enhancement of the aircraft accident response system operation. Criteria for the definition of the transition from accident intervention to recovery are derived from the assessment findings in a manner not to impede the aircraft accident investigation effectiveness and efficiency. Proučevana je sposobnost učenja na napakah, ki so povzročile letalsko nesreče, saj se število priložnosti za učenje zmanjšuje z upadanjem števila letalskih nesreč. Predmet raziskave je primer z nevarnostnim potencialom, ki predvideva, da procesa intervencije in sanacije po letalski nesreči degradirata zmožnost procesa preiskovanja letalske nesreče, da z ugotovljenimi vzroki za nesrečo poveča raven varnosti v letalstvu. Evalviran je slovenski sistem odzivanja na letalsko nesrečo. Za namen evalvacije uspešnosti intervencije in učinkovitost sanacije po letalski nesreči je pred- stavljen razvit model zahtev za sistem odzivanja na letalsko nesrečo. Na podlagi neskladij, ugotovljenih z modelom zahtev, so predlagani korektivni ukrepi, ki bodo zagotavljali, da bo sistem odzivanja na letalsko nesrečo sposoben izboljševati varnost v letalstvu. Na podlagi ugotovitev presoje pa so izpeljana merila za definicijo trenutka oziroma pogojev prehoda iz intervencije v sanacijo po letalski nesreči na način, ki ne bo negativno vplival na uspešnost in učinkovitost procesa preiskovanja letalske nesreče.

Pri preiskovanju kaznivih dejanj se preiskovalci soočajo z izzivi kako pridobiti pomembne dokaze. V nekaterih primerih jih ne morejo dobiti pri normalni preiskavi, bodisi, ker so jih osumljenci zabrisali, ali pa niso bili zadostni za obsodbo. V teh primerih se lahko uvedejo prikriti preiskovalni ukrepi, s katerimi policija tajno preiskuje osumljenca, mu sledi, ga slika ali snema, lahko pa celo pripravi navidezni odkup neke snovi. S temi dokazi lahko podprejo že zbrane in tako pripomorejo k aretaciji osumljenca, ki brez teh ukrepov, ne bi bil nikoli pravnomočno obsojen. Za uvedbo take preiskave pa morajo biti izpolnjeni določeni pogoji. Preiskovalni organi morajo vnaprej predložiti že zbrane dokaze in podati dotične razloge, zakaj utemeljeno sumijo, da je osumljenec storil kaznivo dejanje, ali pa ga pripravlja. To pa se jim dovoli z odredbo za izključno ta primer in izključno za določeno časovno obdobje, ki pa se lahko ob utemeljitvi podaljša. Ob uvedbi tajnih ukrepov pa preiskovalci močno posegajo v posameznikovo pravico do zasebnosti, ki jo ščitita Evropska konvencija o človekovih pravicah in Ustava Republike Slovenije. Ta pravna akta nas varujeta tako pred državno oblastjo, kot tudi pred drugimi osebami, ki bi morebiti posegali v naš osebni prostor. Delu te pravice pa smo se pripravljeni odpovedati v zameno za našo osebno varnost, tako, da opravičimo državnim oblastem vmešavanje v to pravico, vendar le, če s tem ščitijo temeljne pravice drugih ljudi. V kolikor je poseg v našo zasebnost s strani državnih organov protipraven, se lahko obrnemo na varuha človekovih pravic, kasneje pa na Evropsko sodišče za človekove pravice, kjer bodo presodili, če je bil poseg v našo zasebnost v skladu z zakonom. Ob uvedbi preiskave pa mora biti presojena tudi sorazmernost poseganja v našo zasebnost, tako, da za večji poseg preiskovalci potrebujejo močnejše dokaze, kot pa za manjši poseg v zasebnosti posameznika. When investigating criminal offenses, investigators face challenges in obtaining important evidence. In some cases, they cannot be obtained under normal investigation, either because the suspect hid them or were not sufficient to condemn them. In these cases, undercover investigative measures can be introduced, and police can secretly investigate the suspect, follow him, record him, take pictures of him or even prepare a virtual purchase of a substance. Without the evidence gathered by secret measures, suspect would never be convicted. However, certain conditions must be met to initiate such an investigation. Authorities must pre-submit the evidence, which has already been collected and give the right standard of proof, which is in this case probable cause why they reasonably suspect that the suspect has committed a criminal offense or is preparing it. This is permitted by a court order, for the sole purpose of this case and exclusively for a certain period of time, which may be extended. When introducing secret measures, investigators strongly interfere with the individual's right to privacy, which is in Slovenia protected with Constitution of Republic Slovenia and European Convention on Human Rights. These legal acts protect us from both, the state authorities and from other persons who might interfere our personal space. However, we are willing to give up a piece of this right in return for our personal security, but only if it is for protecting other people's rights. If there is unlawful privacy interference, we can contact Ombudsman and later European Court of Human Rights, where the decision is made if their interference was in accordance with the law. When the investigation starts, the proportionality of interfering with our privacy must also be assessed. For greater interference with the privacy of individual the investigators need stronger evidence than for a minor interference.

Detektivska dejavnost predstavlja pomemben člen pri zagotavljanju notranje varnosti v Republiki Sloveniji in je zakonsko močno regulirana. Eno izmed bolj kompleksnih področij detektivovega dela je zagotovo preiskovanje zavarovalniških goljufij, za kar so detektivi glede na svoja formalno določena upravičenja več kot primerni. Vloga detektiva na tem področju je ugotovitev ali gre v določenem sumljivem odškodninskem zahtevku za kaznivo dejanje goljufije ali ne in vzporedno s tem tudi pridobitev zadostne količine verodostojnih dokazov. Bistvo detektivovega dela je preverba resničnosti že zbranih informacij iz škodnih spisov in najdba novih, ki so potrebni za razjasnitev posameznega sumljivega odškodninskega zahtevka. Zaradi kompleksnosti zavarovalniških goljufij morajo imeti detektivi znanje iz številnih strokovnih področij in biti taktično ter tehnično dobro podkovani. Zavarovalniške goljufije so pogojene s številnimi dejavniki, označuje pa jih nizko tveganje za odkritje, težka dokazljivost in izrazito pomanjkanje neodobravanja s strani javnosti. Iz teh razlogov je do zavarovalniških goljufij nujna ničelna toleranca in izboljšanje ozaveščenosti ljudi o negativnih posledicah tovrstnih kaznivih dejanj. Nekatere zavarovalnice za preiskave zavarovalniških goljufij ne najemajo detektivov, ampak imajo zaposlene notranje preiskovalce, ki pa nimajo formalno urejenih metod dela in v praksi uporabljajo detektivska upravičenja. Med drugim je uporaba detektivskih upravičenj s strani oseb, ki niso detektivi, sporna tudi iz vidika varstva človekovih pravic. Glede na ugotovitve iz intervjujev, je za uspešno preiskovanje zavarovalniških goljufij na vseh področjih zavarovanj nujno potrebno učinkovito vzajemno sodelovanje med detektivi in pristojnimi strokovnjaki iz zavarovalnic. Private detective activity is an important element in ensuring internal security in the Republic of Slovenia and is well regulated by law. One of the most complex areas of the detective's work is certainly investigation of insurance frauds, for which the private detectives are more than adequte, according to their formally determined entitlements. The role of private detective in this area is to determine whether there are signs of criminal offense of insurance fraud in individual fraudulent insurance claim and at the same time, the acquisition of sufficient amount of credible evidence. The essence of private detective's work is to verify the truth of already collected information from the claims files and find the new ones that are needed to clarify a single fraudulent insurance claim. Because of the complexity of insurance frauds, private detectives must have knowledge from a number of professional fields and also be tactful and technically well-trained. Insurance frauds are conditioned by a number of factors and characterized by a low risk of detection, difficulty in proving and pronounced lack of disapproval by the public. For these reasons, insurance frauds require zero tolerance and improvement of people's awareness of the negative consequences of such crimes. Some insurance companies do not hire private detectives for investigations but they have their own internal investigators, who do not have formal working methods and instead use private detective entitlements in practice. Among other things, the use of private detective entitlements by other than detectives is also controversial in terms of protecting human rights. According to the findings from the interviews, effective co-operation between private detectives and competent experts from insurance companies is necessary in order to successfully investigate insurance frauds in all areas of insurance.

V diplomskem delu obravnavamo preiskovanje ropov na območju PU Novo mesto. Za načrtovanje ropa storilec po navadi ne potrebuje posebnega znanja in organizacije, saj je izvedba dokaj preprosta in ne zahteva posebne tehnike. Izjema so bančni ropi in ropi v druge denarne ustanove, ki so zelo načrtovani in proučeni, saj je v teh primerih roparski plen zelo velik, vendar pa je tveganje, da roparja najdejo, večje. Kriminalisti za dokazovanje ropa najpogosteje uporabljajo metodo prepoznavanja ali primerjavo kontaktnih sledov, najdenih na kraju dejanja in kontaktnih sledov, najdenih na osumljencu. Skozi raziskavo smo prišli do dveh ugotovitev, in sicer da je na območju PU Novo mesto v povprečju zelo malo ropov in da pri izvrševanju le-teh storilec po večini uporablja fizično silo. V diplomskem delu smo tako na podlagi statističnih izračunov ovrgli hipotezo, da so storilci pri ropu največkrat uporabili strelno orožje. Podrobnejši pregled podatkov je pokazal, da je v 90 % storilec uporabil za napad fizično silo, strelno orožje pa je bilo uporabljeno samo v 6 primerih in predstavlja 6 % delež. Ugotovili smo tudi, da število ropov na območju PU Novo mesto odstopa od povprečja v RS, saj je število tovrstnih kaznivih dejanj približno za tretjino nižje od povprečja celotne Republike Slovenije. Na podlagi statističnih izračunov smo drugo hipotezo potrdili, in sicer da se največ ropov zgodi v večernih urah. Po izračunu se je izkazalo, da je bilo 35 % ropov storjenih v času med 18:00 do 23:59. The diploma thesis deals with robbery investigation in the area of Police Directorate Novo mesto. When planning a robbery an offender does not need any special knowledge or an organization because its execution is quite simple and does not demand a special technique. Exceptions are bank robberies and robberies in other financial institutions because they are carefully planned and studied. In these cases robbery booty is big but the risk that a robber can be found is even bigger. When proving robbery criminal police officers most often use the method of detection or comparison of contact traces found at the scene of the act and contact traces found on a suspect. The research helped us come to two conclusions: there is rather a small amount of robberies in the area of PD Novo mesto and physical force is most often used in robbery executions by offenders. Based on statistical calculations the hypothesis saying that offenders most often used firearms in case of robbery was rejected. A more detailed data study shows that in 90% an offender used physical power, whereas firearms were used in 6 cases only (6% share). Our findings also show that the number of robberies in the area of PD Novo mesto is different from the national average because the number of such criminal offences is approximately a third lower than the national average. Based on statistical calculations the second hypothesis – most robberies happen in the evenings – can be confirmed. Calculations show that 35% of robberies were executed in the period between 18:00 and 23:59.

V magistrskem delu so predstavljene potrebne kompetence preiskovalcev Nacionalnega preiskovalnega urada s področja gospodarske kriminalitete. Preiskovalci gospodarske kriminalitete morajo poleg policijskih znanj posedovati tudi druga znanja s področja prava, ekonomije, kriminalistike in psihologije. V Sloveniji ima pri odkrivanju in preiskovanju gospodarske kriminalitete pomembno vlogo policija. Za to področje sta bila ustanovljena tako Sektor za gospodarsko kriminaliteto kot specializirana preiskovalna skupina na Nacionalnem preiskovalnem uradu. Prav na ta sektor smo se z vidika naših potreb osredotočili pri pisanju magistrskega dela. V teoretičnem delu magistrskega dela bomo opredelili temeljne pojme s področja kompetenc in gospodarske kriminalitete in predstavili Nacionalni preiskovalni urad. V zadnjem poglavju teoretičnega dela se bomo na podlagi pregleda literature osredotočili na kompetence preiskovalcev gospodarske kriminalitete. Empirični del temelji na raziskavi, ki smo jo opravili s pomočjo spletnega anketiranja. Za vzorec smo vzeli kadrovsko sestavo Nacionalnega preiskovalnega urada, kjer smo teoretične ugotovitve o potrebnih kompetencah preiskovalcev gospodarske kriminalitete preverili še v praksi. Poleg ankete smo izvedli tudi intervju z direktorjem Nacionalnega preiskovalnega urada. This master's thesis presents the necessary competencies for economic crime investigators in the National Bureau of Investigation. In addition to knowledge of policing, the economic crime investigators must have also many other disciplines of knowledge (law, economy, criminology and psychology). The police play an important role in the detection and investigation of economic crimes in Slovenia. Therefore, the Sector for Economic Crime and the Special Investigation Group at the National Bureau of Investigation were established. At this master's thesis, we focused only on the latter sector. The theoretical part of the master's thesis deals with the definition of basics concepts for instance competencies and economic crime. Further is presented the National Bureau Investigation, which is then followed by last theoretical chapter about focusing on competencies for economic crime investigators. The empirical part is based on research, where we used online survey. The sample was taken from the staffing structure of National Bureau Investigation, where we have also verified theoretical findings about necessary competencies for economic crime investigators in practice. In addition to the survey, we also conducted an interview with National Bureau Investigation director.

Diplomska naloga predstavlja današnji terorizem v svetu, predvsem v Evropskem prostoru in kaj v smislu boja proti terorizmu prispeva Republika Slovenija. Predstavlja opis in razlago pravnih vidikov in operativnih posegov, ki jih izvajajo nacionalne in mednarodne organizacije v boju proti terorizmu in kriminalu. V uvodu je zajet kratek opis terorizma in zgodovine ter njegove vrste, načini in kako se oborožujejo in financirajo teroristične skupine. Predstavlja tudi, katere so tiste teroristične skupine, ki so v zadnjem času vzpostavile največ pozornosti v svetu in prizadejale največ škode. Jedro diplomske naloge pa zavzema celotno strukturo po kateri poteka mednarodni protiterorizem. Tukaj stopijo v ospredje Združeni narodi, Europol, Interpol in druge mednarodne organizacije, ki s svojimi ukrepi in prizadevanji bijejo bitko s terorizmom. Opisani so njihovi mehanizmi, kako se s tem spopadajo v pravnem vidiku in kakšna so prihodnja prizadevanja za izboljšanje samega preprečevanja in zatiranja terorizma. Opisuje spremembe in ukrepe na področju zakonodaje v Evropski uniji, prikazuje nove direktive in regulacije, ter na kakšen način in koliko Slovenija s svojimi varnostnimi ukrepi na mejah, v notranjosti ali zunaj Slovenije prispeva v protiterorizmu. V zaključku so opredeljene hipoteze in rezultati same diplomske naloge oz. raziskave. Opisan je tudi celoten potek dela in kaj so bili ključni elementi raziskave. Podane so tudi zaključne misli in ugotovitve, katere sem pridobil med samim delom diplomske naloge in raziskave. The diploma research represents today’s terrorism in the world, especially in the European area and what the Republic of Slovenia contributes to counterterrorism. It represents a description and an explanation about legal aspects and operational procedures that are performed by national and international organizations in the fight against terrorism and crime. The introduction contains a short description about terrorism, the history, types and ways of terrorism and how they arm or finance themselves, and also something about the most known terrorist groups that caused the most destruction in the last years. The core of the diploma research contains the whole description of the structure through which the international counterterrorism works. Here the research talks about United Nations, Interpol, Europol and other international organizations that are fighting with their measures and efforts against terrorism. The core contains a description about the mechanisms that the organizations use and how they fight against terrorism in the legal aspects. Next follows the European Union and its changes and measures on the field of law and what is the role of Slovenia with its security measures on the borders and also inside and outside Slovenia. In the end there are defined hypothesizes and results of the diploma research. The description contains how the research was conducted and what were the key issues for the research. The end also contains my ending thoughts and conclusions that I acquired during the diploma research.

Diplomsko delo zajema tematiko preiskovanja organizirane kriminalitete z uporabo prikritih preiskovalnih ukrepov, s katerimi kriminalistična policija najgloblje in najintenzivnejše posega v človekove pravice in temeljne svoboščine, predvsem v zasebnost posameznika. Bistvena sestavina naloge so dokazi, ki jih kriminalistična policija naključno zazna in na njih naleti pri izvajanju ukrepa iz 1. odstavka 151. člena Zakona o kazenskem postopku (v nadaljevanju: ZKP) pri tajnem vstopu v tuje prostore. Prav ti naključno pridobljeni dokazi oziroma uporaba le-teh so, po mnenju avtorja, lahko ključnega pomena v smislu pozitivnega poteka kriminalistične preiskave ter predkazenskega in nadalje kazenskega postopka. V dosedanji sodni praksi še ni zaznati primerov iz katerih bi izhajale posledice uporabe takšnih dokazov v predkazenskih in kazenskih postopkih. Ker uporaba takšnih dokazov še ni točno določena in pravno nedefinirana je namen avtorja, da se na podlagi veljavne zakonodaje, sodne prakse in strokovne literature predstavi optimalen način zavarovanja, evidentiranja oziroma dokumentiranja takšnih dokazov z namenom uporabe v nadaljnjih postopkih. Cilj uporabe takšnih dokazov je, da le-ti ne bodo izločeni kot dokazi, ki so bili pridobljeni s kršitvijo temeljnih človekovih pravic in svoboščin ali s kršitvijo določb ZKP, kar pomeni, da njihova uporaba ne bo imela negativnih posledic v nadaljnjih postopkih. Na podlagi izdelanega načina zavarovanja, evidentiranja oziroma dokumentiranja takšnih dokazov ob dejstvu, da slovenska zakonodaja to omogoča, je naloga kriminalistične policije in tožilstva, da ob zaznavi takšnih dokazov slednje uporabi v predkazenskem in kazenskem postopku. Le na tak način bo v bodoče nastala sodna praksa, ki bo konkretneje narekovala načine evidentiranja in izkazovala posledice uporabe takšnih dokazov v kazenskih postopkih. The thesis covers the topic of investigating organized crime with use of covert investigative measures with which the Police intervenes most deeply and invasive in the human rights and fundamental freedoms, especially in the privacy of individual. An essential component of the tasks are evidence to the criminal investigation police, random detect in the implementation of the measure from 1. paragraph 151. article of the code of criminal procedure (in hereinafter referred to as: the CCP) for the clandestine entry into the foreign spaces. Also this random obtained evidence or the use of these, may, in the opinion of the author, be of crucial importance in the context of a positive on-going criminal investigation, pretrial proceedings and further criminal proceedings. In the current case-law cases, which would result consequences of the use of such evidence in pre-trial and criminal proceedings have not been detected yet. Since the use of such evidence is not yet precisely defined and legally undefined, it is intention of the author to present, on the basis of existing legislation, jurisprudence and professional literature, an optimal way of insurance, registration or documentation of such evidence to be used in further procedures with intention, that the use of such evidence will not have negative consequences in further proceedings in the sense that such evidence will not be excluded as evidence because they were obtained with violation of fundamental human rights and freedoms or violation of ZKP provisions. Based on an insurance mode, recording or documenting such evidence and the fact that Slovenian legislation allows this, it is the task of the criminal police and the prosecution that on detection of the use of such evidence, these are used in pre-trial and criminal proceedings. Only this way, future case law will specifically dictate ways of recording and show the consequences of the use of such evidence in criminal proceedings.

Ponarejanje gotovine velja za svetovni pojav in ga lahko štejemo za eno izmed najstarejših kaznivih dejanj v zgodovini. Sprejem ponarejenega denarja je ena izmed številnih vrst tveganja, s katerim se soočajo vsi, ki delajo z denarjem. Vsaka emisijska banka si prizadeva zaščititi svoje bankovce in kovance pred ponarejanjem z vgradnjo vedno večjega števila varovalnih elementov, ti vsaj otežujejo, če že ne preprečujejo ponarejanja. K ponarejanju denarja pa na žalost pripomore tudi vse bolj izpopolnjena računalniška in druga tehnična oprema. Zato se ponaredki pogosto močno približajo originalu. Tudi Evropska centralna banka, ki izdaja našo skupno evropsko valuto evro, se sooča s problematiko ponarejanja. Zaradi tega so tudi sklenili izdati nove serije bankovcev, ki bi naj bili še bolj varni pred ponarejanjem. V diplomski nalogi smo analizirali, kako prisoten je pojav ponarejanja evro bankovcev v Sloveniji in v okviru Evropske unije ter kateri so najpogosteje ponarejeni bankovci v obtoku. Kovancem se nismo preveč posvečali. Prav tako smo predstavili ukrepe za preprečevanje ponarejanja evro bankovcev. V nalogi smo ugotovili, da je problem ponarejanja denarja prisoten tudi v Sloveniji. Najpogosteje ponarejeni bankovci v okviru Evrope so apoeni za 20 in 50 evrov. Podobno je tudi pri nas, kjer se pogosto ponarejajo tudi bankovci za 100 evrov. Sodobne tehnike tiskanja so olajšale delo ponarejevalcem. Menimo, da bi v ta namen vsa programska in strojna oprema morala biti zaščitena na način, da onemogoči prepoznavanje in tiskanje bankovcev. Ljudi, ki prihajajo v stik z bankovci, pa bi morali dodatno izobraziti, da bi lažje prepoznali ponaredke. Da bi čim lažje odkrili ponarejene bankovce in kovance, moramo najprej dobro poznati osnovne karakteristike pravih. Le tako in s pomočjo izkušenj bomo lahko odkrivali morebitne napake, ki so jih nehote naredili ponarejevalci. Osnovne ukrepe za prepoznavanje ponaredkov bi morali poznati vsi ljudje. Je pa res, da zaradi dobre kakovosti ponaredke težko na prvi pogled prepozna celo strokovnjak. Counterfeiting currency is a global issue and is one of the oldest criminal offences in history. Accepting counterfeited money is one of many risks of people who work with money. Every bank of issue tries to prevent counterfeiting of their banknotes and coins by implementing many security features, which make the counterfeiting more difficult or even, prevent it. Improved computer and technical software contribute to counterfeiting currency. The counterfeited banknotes often look exactly like real banknotes. Even the European Central Bank which issues our common European currency, the Euro, is facing the problem of counterfeiting. That is why they decided to issue a new series of banknotes, which should be harder to counterfeit. In the diploma paper we analyzed the occurrence of counterfeiting euro banknotes in Slovenia and the European Union, and which counterfeited banknotes are most frequently in circulation. Counterfeiting coins was not in focus. We discovered that the counterfeiting problem occurs also in Slovenia. Most common counterfeited banknotes in Europe are 20 and 50 Euro banknotes. It is the same in Slovenia, where also occur fake banknotes for 100 Euro. Modern print techniques make it easier for counterfeiters. In my opinion, the software and hardware, used for that purpose, should be protected in a way which would prevent recognition and printing of fake banknotes. People who work with money on a daily basis should be educated how to easier detect counterfeited banknotes. To detect counterfeited banknotes and coins they must have knowledge about the basic characteristics of real banknotes. So they can detect flaws which may occur on counterfeited banknotes. Everyone should know the basic elements of detecting counterfeited currency. Because of very good quality of the banknotes even a specialist cannot detect a fake right away.

Človek lahko normalno živi le, če je svoboden, medtem ko »nesvoboda« iz človeka naredi sužnja. Trgovina z ljudmi ali t. i sodobno suženjstvo v 21. stoletju počasi in zanesljivo postaja pereč problem sodobnega življenja. Ljudje se zaradi želje po hitrem zaslužku pogosto znajdejo na življenjski poti, ki je izpolnjena s strahom, trpljenjem, z grožnjami, bolečinami, s škodo, z negotovostjo itd. Trgovina z ljudmi predstavlja eno izmed najhujših kršitev človekovih pravic. Žrtvam namreč odvzame osebno integriteto in dostojanstvo ter jih spravi v brezupen položaj, iz katerega ne vidijo izhoda. Upoštevajoč geografski položaj Balkanskega polotoka, Republika Makedonija predstavlja most med Zahodom in Vzhodom. Posledično obstajata veliko povpraševanje s strani Zahoda po nezakoniti delovni sili iz Makedonije in velika ponudba nezakonitih delovnih mest na Vzhodu. Makedonija pa ima tudi pomembno mesto v procesu povezovanja na mednarodnih in lokalnih kriminalnih trgih v tem delu Evrope. V diplomski nalogi so predstavljeni trgovina z ljudmi in njene pojavne oblike, storilci, žrtve, vzroki in dejavniki, ki jo omogočajo, vključno z organiziranim kriminalom. Raziskani sta razširjenost trgovine z ljudmi in trgovine z mladoletniki v Makedoniji in sosednjih državah ter vloga mednarodnih organizacij, kot so Organizacija združenih narodov, Evropska unija, Svet Evrope, in domačih vladnih in nevladnih organizacij na področju boja proti trgovini z ljudmi in še posebej z mladoletniki. Predstavljen je vpliv različnih ratificiranih mednarodnih dokumentov in konvencij na oblikovanje zakonodaje in strategij v boju proti trgovini z ljudmi v Makedoniji. Ugotovitve kažejo, da se trgovina z ljudmi ne zmanjšuje ne gleda na to, da si mednarodna skupnost veliko prizadeva za preprečevanje tega pojava. Za napredek v boju zoper trgovino z ljudmi je potrebno še bolj poglobljeno mednarodno sodelovanje, usposabljanje in izobraževanje domačih strokovnjakov na področju preventive ter odkrivanja, preiskovanja in pregona vseh oblik trgovine z ljudmi. A human can live normally as long as he is free. The moment his freedom is taken away it makes him a slave. Nowadays modern day slavery and human trafficking have become one of the biggest problem which slowly but surely penetrates into people’s everyday life. The desire for easy money and quick earning, have made them to make risky lifetime choices, which most of the time they turn out to be poor choices. Those poor lifetime decisions are the main reason for becoming victim of the chain of the international human traffic. Human trafficking represents one of the worst violations of the human rights where from the victims are taken their personal integrity and dignity and puts them in a hopeless situation from which they are not able to see the exit. Due to its geographic position on the Balkan peninsula, Republic of Macedonia represents a bridge between the developed countries (West) and undeveloped countries (Eeast). Developed western countries, on the one hand are taking into advantage the cheap labour force of the undeveloped East to work for them, but on the other hand because of the corruption on the lowest level eastern countries are ideal for opening illegal businesses and illegal work positions. In this case Macedonia plays a major role in that region of Europe in the process of connecting those illegal business and illegal work positions to the global criminal market. In the diploma thes is I will present the different shapes of human trafficking as part of the global organised crime, its victims, perpetrators, reasons and factors for its activity. Also I will give a detailed description of the human trafficking and minor trafficking markets in Macedonia and its neighbouring countries and the role of the international organizations such as the United Nations, European Union, Council of Europe, local government and the non-governmental organizations in the fight against human trafficking, especially in the fight against the trafficking with minors. Even though a various different ratified international conventions and strategies were introduced in order to lower and stop the human trafficking in Macedonia and the neighbouring countries, the results show the opposite activity that the human trafficking is increasing. For this particular reason the international organisation together with the local governments need to put much more effort in the process of fighting the human trafficking. This process includes international cooperation to be on higher level, training and educating the local expert in the field of prevention and early detection, investigation and prosecution of all forms of human trafficking.

V diplomskem delu je obravnavana tematika pogrešanih oseb, ki so vsakdanji tako družbeni kot kriminalistični problem in v mnogo primerih izginejo brez sledi. Ni nujno, da je izginotje posledica kaznivega dejanja, a se lahko velikokrat konča zaradi velikih težav in konfliktov. V ozadju prijave o pogrešanosti in navidezno prostovoljnega odhoda so lahko duševna bolezen, nesreča, samomor, lažna prijava ali pa dobro prikrito in načrtovano kaznivo dejanje — umor. Vzroki so nepojasnjeni, storjeni v čudnih in sumljivih okoliščinah, in pojavijo se indici, da je pogrešana oseba morda žrtev kaznivega dejanja. Takrat se z iskanjem pogrešanih oseb začnejo ukvarjati kriminalisti s področja krvnih deliktov. Da bi ugotovili, kaj se je s pogrešano osebo v resnici zgodilo, je naloga preiskovalcev zbiranje, ugotavljanje dejstev in dokazov o okoliščinah pogrešanosti. Pomembno je ugotoviti motiv za izginitev in morebitni motiv za umor. Na sum umora pogrešane osebe lahko kažejo tudi osebnostne lastnosti, značilnosti in navade pogrešanega, pri tem pa je bistvena tudi njegova preteklost. Ključnega pomena za razrešitev primera, da se odkrije storilca in da se mu dokaže krivda, so indici, pridobljeni na kraju, kjer je bila oseba videna nazadnje, ter dokazi, najdeni na kraju umora in na kraju najdbe trupla, če se ta najde. This thesis deals with missing persons who often disappear without leaving a trace they are a social and forensic issue. A disappearance is not necessarily the result of a criminal offence. However, that mey be the case due to serious issues and conflicts. The reasons for people disappearing and seemingly leaving voluntarily may lie in mental illness, accident, suicide, or false report. But a well-concealed and planned criminal offencemurder—is also possible. If the causes are unexplained and the offence happened in unusual and suspicious circumstances, clues may suggest that the missing person could have been the victim of a criminal offence. At that moment criminal police officers dealing with violent crime take over. Their task is to determine what truly happened to the missing person by collecting information, establishing facts and finding proof about the circumstances of the disappearance. It is also important to determine the motive for disappearance and the possible motive for murder. The suspicion of murder of a missing person is also related to that person's personality traits, characteristics, habits as well as their past. The key to resolving a case, finding the perpetrator and proving them guilty are clues acquired wherever the missing person was last seen, and proof found at the scene of murder and where the body was found, if it was found at all.

Zavarovalniške goljufije so danes zagotovo vse bolj priljubljena oblika kaznivega dejanja gospodarske kriminalitete. Dosti lažje jih je izvesti in manj je verjetno, da bodo storilce zalotili pri samem dejanju, zato se vse več ljudi odloča za to obliko kriminalitete. V diplomskem delu bomo opisali tipe najpogostejše oblike zavarovalniških goljufij. Ugotavljali bomo njihov vzrok za nastanek ter posledice, ki jih utrpijo zavarovalnice in zavarovanci. Opisali bomo tudi, kako izgleda tipičen zavarovalniški goljuf ter najboljše možnosti za preprečevanje zavarovalniških goljufij. Na konkretnih primerih bomo predstavili vlogo preiskovalcev in zavarovalniških agentov Zavarovalnice Generali d. d., kjer bomo skušali ugotoviti njihovo uspešnost pri preiskovanju zavarovalniških goljufij ter ugotoviti, kako in na kakšen način odkrivajo goljufije. Vprašali smo se tudi, kako uspešno se same zavarovalnice lotijo preiskovanja goljufij in kaj konkretno storijo v primeru odkritja suma goljufije. Zastavili smo si dve hipotezi, ki jih bomo v teku raziskovanja in pisanja diplomskega dela poskušali dokazati. Insurance frauds are certainly a popular form of criminal acts in the field of economic crime today. They are much easier to be committed and there are less opportunities of apprehension in the process of the activity, so more and more people decide and commit these actions. In the diploma thesis, we will describe the most common types of insurance frauds occurring in the insurance industry, their causes and consequences suffered by the insurance companies as well as policyholders. We will also describe what a typical insurance fraudster looks like. We will also describe preventive acts against insurance fraudsters. Using the examples, we will present the role of investigators and insurance agents Generali Insurance d.d., where we will try to determine their effectiveness in investigating insurance fraud, and how and in what way to identify a fraud. We also asked a question how successfully the insurance companies engage in insurance fraud investigations and what specifically they do in case of detection of the suspected fraud. We have set two hypotheses, which we will try to prove in the course of research and writing the thesis.

Preiskava kaznivih dejanj in predstavitev dokazov na sodišču sta ključnega pomena za ugotovitev dejanskega stanja oziroma dokazovanje resnice. V diplomskem delu smo na pregleden način predstavili definicijo digitalne forenzike, njena načela in metodologijo. Definirali smo razliko med zavarovanjem in preiskavo elektronske naprave kot tudi razlike med zavarovanjem živega in mrtvega sistema. Opisali smo zgoščevalne funkcije, njihov pomen in določene pomanjkljivosti. Integriteta podatkov in zagotavljanje, da se podatki niso spremenili, se lahko zagotovita z uporabo zgoščevalnih funkcij. Sodišče lahko uporabi dokaze, ki so bili pridobljeni na zakonit način, kar opredeljuje Zakon o kazenskem postopku. Vsi dokazi, ki niso pridobljeni na takšen način, ne morejo biti uporabljeni kot dokazi. V nadaljevanju smo predstavili programsko in strojno opremo in opredelili pomen uporabe omejevalnika zapisovanja. Diplomsko delo smo nadaljevali s predstavitvijo delovanja klasičnih trdih in SSD diskov, ki uporabljajo bliskovni pomnilnik. Opisali smo arhitekturo in funkcije, ki se uporabljajo za delovanje, kot tudi načine za reševanje podatkov v primeru okvare. V praktičnem delu naloge smo prikazali razlike pri obnovi podatkov iz klasičnega trdega in SSD diska. Z lastnimi testi smo prikazali problem zagotavljanja integritete na SSD diskih, ki uporabljajo lastne krmilnike z operacijskim sistemom in bliskovni pomnilnik. Investigating criminal offences and presenting the evidence in court is of key importance in determining the facts of the case or proving the truth. The bachelor thesis presents the definition of digital forensics, its principles and methodology in a clear way. It defines the difference between securing and examining an electronic device, and the difference between securing a live or dead system. It describes the compression functions, their importance and certain drawbacks. Data integrity and assurance that the data has not been modified can be ensured by using compression functions. The court may use evidence that has been acquired legally, as laid down in the Criminal Procedure Act. All evidence that has been acquired otherwise cannot be used as evidence. The thesis afterwards presents the software and hardware, and determines the importance of using a recording limiter. The bachelor thesis continues with a presentation of the operation of classic hard disk drives and SSDs that use flash memory. It describes the architecture and the functions it uses to operate, as well as the methods of recovering data in the event of failure. The empirical section of the thesis shows the differences in recovering data from a classic hard disk drive and an SSD. By running tests, the author has demonstrated the problem of ensuring integrity on SSDs, which use their own controllers with an operating system and flash memory.

V diplomski nalogi predstavljamo aktualno zakonodajo ter načine pridobivanja podatkov v elektronskem komunikacijskem omrežju na Policijski postaji Murska Sobota. Pridobivanje tovrstnih podatkov za potrebe predkazenskega postopka je pomembno tako s področja poznavanja aktualne zakonodaje kot na drugi strani upoštevanja dejstva, da so ti podatki pomembni za preiskavo kaznivega dejanja in odkrivanje storilcev. Pri poslovanju z operaterji mobilne telefonije je bil v Policiji vzpostavljen elektronski sistem izmenjave podatkov, kateri je sledljiv in nadzorovan. Kronološko predstavljamo zakonodajo, ki ureja pridobivanje, hrambo in posredovanje zaprošenih podatkov iz elektronskega komunikacijskega omrežja kot tudi konkreten primer pridobivanja podatkov za kaznivo dejanje tatvine GSM-aparata. Pri tem slikovno predstavljamo aplikacijo, ki jo Policija uporablja za pridobivanje podatkov v elektronskem komunikacijskem omrežju od operaterjev mobilne telefonije. Predstavljamo potek pridobivanja teh podatkov konkretno na Policijski postaji Murska Sobota in kako je poskrbljeno za njihovo hrambo. S to predstavitvijo želimo osnovati priročnik za policiste, da bodo lahko, v primeru obravnave kaznivega dejanja, postopkovno pravilno uporabili določena zaprosila ali pobudo, vse v cilju preiskati kaznivo dejanje in odgovoriti na vseh sedem kriminalističnih vprašanj ter na koncu ugotovili, kdo je storilec kaznivega dejanja. The thesis presents the current legislation and the means of obtaining information in an electronic communications network at the Murska Sobota Police Station. Obtaining such data for the purpose of criminal proceedings is important for the current legislation and on the other hand, for the fact that such information is relevant for the investigation of the offense and identifying the perpetrators. When dealing with the operators of mobile phones an electronic data exchange system has been established in the police, which is traceable and controlled. Chronologically we introduce legislation which regulates the acquisition, storage and transmission of requested data from an electronic communications network, as well as a concrete example of obtaining data for the crime of GSM phone theft. At this point we will also present with pictures an application that police used to obtain information in electronic communication networks from mobile operators. We will present the acquisition of data specific to the Police Station Murska Sobota and how storage is provided. With this presentation we want to prepare a handbook for police officers for guidance, in case of the examination of the crime, to procede properly to use certain request or initiative, all with the goal to investigate the crime and to answer all seven criminal issues, and finally find out who the offender is.

Namen diplomske naloge je raziskati področje ropov na bencinskih servisih ter ugotoviti kako je poskrbljeno za varnost na servisu samem. V današnjih časih namreč delodajalci dajejo prednost dobičku pred varnostjo ljudi, ki dobiček na nek način ustvarjajo. V diplomski nalogi je primer ropa ter anketni vprašalnik, s katerim smo raziskali mnenja zaposlenih o varnosti ter o tem kaj bi morali po njihovem mnenju nadrejeni izboljšati. Sklepamo lahko, da se ta vrsta kriminala vse bolj pojavlja, saj lahko v zadnjem času pogosteje zasledimo o ropih na bencinskih servisih. Glavni krivec za naraščanje nasilnega kriminala naj bi po mnenju strokovnjakov ter glede na policijsko statistiko bil kapitalizem sam ter gospodarska kriza, ki je pestila našo državo in prav zaradi tega se nekateri zatekajo k nasilnim dejanjem, da lahko s pomočjo nasilja pridejo do dobička za vsako ceno. Seveda, pa velikemu porastu ropov ne moremo pripisati samo temu. Vse več so na delu tudi različne skupine ljudi, predvsem iz Balkana, pojavljajo pa se tudi kriminalne skupine iz bogatejših držav severne Evrope (Boštic Voh, 2014). Rop lahko opredelimo kot tatvino lastnine z uporabo storilčeve sile ter ustrahovanja. Pri ropu je vedno prisotna žrtev, ki utrpi škodo ali ji le ta grozi. Roparji bencinske servise napadejo zaradi lahko dostopne gotovine v njihovih blagajnah, ki zaradi narave dela med poslovanjem ni tehnično varovana (Dvoršek, 2006). The main purpose of this thesis is to research and demonstrate the scope of robberies on gas stations and what security procedures and precautions are in place. Todays employers often give preference to profit itself, instead of the safety of people who generate profit. The thesis includes a case of robbery and a questionnaire on safety and improvements, that employees feel, should be implemented to enhance security. We can conclude, that frequency of this type of crime is increasing. The main reason for the increase in violent crime, according to experts and police statistics, is capitalism itself and the economic crisis that has plagued our country. These are the reasons why some use violence to profit at any cost. Of course increase in robbery frequency can not be attributed solely to this. More and more of gas station robberies are committed by various crime groups and organizations, mainly from the Balkans and some even from wealthier northern European countries (Boštic Voh, 2014). Robbery is defined as theft of property with the use of force and intimidation. During every robbery a victim, that usually suffers injury or threat, is always present. The robbers usually attack petrol stations that have easily accessible cash in their tills, which due to their nature of work is not technically secure (Dvoršek, 2006).

V diplomskem delu smo obravnavali eno izmed večjih problematik, ki se pojavlja v zavarovalnicah in sodi med gospodarsko kriminaliteto, to so prirejene prometne nesreče oz. zavarovalniške goljufije. Posameznike privedejo do storitve kaznivih dejanj različni razlogi, v velikem številu pa se odločajo prav za zavarovalniške goljufije z namenom povečanja zasebnega premoženja na nezakonit način, kar pomeni z oškodovanjem zavarovalnic. Zato imajo pri odkrivanju teh vrst goljufij pomembno vlogo zavarovalnice same, poleg njih pa tudi zasebni detektivi in drugi strokovnjaki na tem področju, ki s pridobivanjem ustreznih informacij in dokumentov uspešno opravijo kriminalistično preiskovanje. Izpostavili smo problem odkrivanja zavarovalniških goljufij, katerih preiskovanje zahteva poznavanje klasičnih preiskav prometnih nesreč, pa tudi preiskav goljufij kot oblik gospodarske kriminalitete. Ključna dejavnika pri preiskovanju in odkrivanju sta tudi interno gradivo in uporaba programskih orodij, brez katerih bi zavarovalniške goljufije težko odkrili in analizirali. Osredotočili smo se na Zavarovalnico Triglav, d.d., ki je pri preiskovanju uspešna predvsem zaradi sodelovanja z zasebnimi detektivi in strokovnimi izvedenci. S preučevanjem primerov zavarovalniških goljufij smo prišli do nekaterih rešitev, ki bi problem preprečili ali vsaj omilili. Rešitev vidimo predvsem v doslednem in strožjem kaznovanju kršiteljev, ki bi morebitne storilce odvrnilo od izvršitve zavarovalniških goljufij. The bachelor thesis investigates one of the major issues in the insurance business, fraud. Insurance fraud is committed with the intention to increase private assets in an illegal manner for instance by submitting false insurance claims. Other than insurance companies, an important role in the detection of such frauds is played by private detectives and other professionals in this field who through collection of adequate information and documents successfully conduct criminal investigations. The thesis covers issues regarding the detection of insurance fraud which require knowledge of classical car crash accidents as well as the investigation of frauds as a form of economic crime. The thesis is focused on Zavarovalnica Triglav, d.d. (Triglav Insurance Company) which is successful in the detection of fraud mainly because of their collaboration with private detectives and accident experts. Based on some cases of insurance fraud, we have come to some actions that would reduce the incidences of fraud. One conclusion reached is that perpetrators are insufficiently punished, so that successful investigations are not enough of a deterrent to others who might engage in fraud.

Če se ozremo na zgodovinski pregled raziskav o ekološki kriminaliteti v Republiki Sloveniji zasledimo, da je slednja v primerjavi z drugimi oblikami kriminalitete »nedotaknjena«, saj gre za področje, kateremu so raziskovalci posvečali najmanj pozornosti. Posledično je prišlo do nakopičenja zakonskih in podzakonskih aktov ter prevelikega obsega uredb, ki se nanašajo na varstvo okolja. Pravo okolja je postalo kompleksen sistem pravil. Pravni viri so nesistematični, razpršeni in neurejeni, posledično pa akterji preiskovanja in dokazovanja kriminalitete porabijo veliko časa pri iskanju med zakoni in podzakonskimi akti. Velik problem predstavljajo tudi blanketne norme, ki so pri kaznivih dejanjih zoper okolje po Kazenskem zakoniku nuja. Zaznane so tudi nejasnosti in prenasičenost določil o varstvu okolja, kljub temu da je Republika Slovenija članica Evropske unije in bi lahko mednarodno povezanost izkoristila sebi v prid in realizirala izboljšave tako, da bi za zgled vzela tuje države, prav tako članice, in prenesla spremembe v svoj sistem. Vsi ti problemi, ki so stacionirani že v samem pravnem okvirju države, se prenašajo na preiskovanje in dokazovanje kaznivih dejanj zoper okolje. Zatakne se že pri samem odkrivanju ekološke kriminalitete, saj nimamo jasnih opredelitev, kdaj in kako nastane posledica, da kazensko pravo lahko poseže. Akterji preiskovanja in dokazovanja kaznivih dejanj zoper okolje so navadni policisti, kriminalisti, preiskovalni sodniki, ki nimajo specializiranih znanj za preiskovanje in dokazovanje s tovrstnega področja, zato prihaja do nepopolnih preiskav in zapletov na sodišču, predvsem pa v ospredje stopi problematika dokazovanja, ki je posledica nepravilnosti v postopku preiskovanja (odvzem sledov je nepravilen, uničenje sledov, spregled pomembne okoliščine, nepravočasen prihod policije na kraj dogodka ipd.). Zelo pomembno je sodelovanje med pristojnimi službami in organi pregona, sicer je kazenskopravni pregon prepozen. Vključevati je potrebno tudi civilno družbo, ki velikokrat prva zazna kaznivo dejanje zoper okolje, a ne ukrepa, in zunanje institucije s specialnimi znanji na področju varstva okolja (gasilska brigada in Slovenska vojska). Zakaj prihaja do lukenj v sodni praksi lahko razložimo s trditvijo, da je premalo definiranih oblik samih kršitev zoper okolje, ki bi pristojnim organom jasno nakazale, katera ravnanja so dovoljena in katera niso. Iz uvodnih trditev je mogoče razbrati, da so kazniva dejanja zoper okolje, prostor in naravne dobrine težko dokazljiva prav zaradi zapletene zakonodaje. Sistematizacija okolja, ki sicer že poteka, je ključna, da bi se pri preiskovanju in dokazovanju kriminalitete zgodile pozitivne spremembe, toda poteka prepočasi glede na informacijski in tehnološki razvoj, strateške interese družbe in vsesplošni napredek v družbi. Vse to pa omogoča zlorabe kazenskopravnega sistema. The historical overview of investigations into the ecological criminality in the Republic of Slovenia shows that—when compared with other forms of criminality—the ecological criminality is »intact«, thus attracting the least attention of researchers. Consequently, there are many statutory and implementing acts along with too large of a scope in regard to regulations of environmental protection. Environmental law became a complex system of rules. Sources of law are unsystematic, dispersed and unregulated, leading to excessively long searches among laws and implementing acts by agents investigating and proving criminality. Blanket norms, which are necessary when examining criminal offences against the environment according to the Criminal Code, are also a major problem. Uncertainties and oversaturation of clauses on environmental protection are also detected, despite the fact that Slovenia is a member of the European Union and could use its international connections to introduce improvements by following the examples of foreign countries (EU Member States) and implement the changes in the system. All the problems in the legal infrastructure of the country are evident when investigating and proving offences against the environment. The detection of ecological criminality itself is complex, because there are no clear definitions of when and how the consequences in which the criminal law can intervene, occur. Agents of investigating and proving criminal offences against the environment are ordinary police officers, criminal investigators and investigating judges, who have no specialised knowledge of investigating and proving such offences therefore, there are incomplete investigations and procedural complications, especially the issue of proving the offence, which is a consequence of irregularities in the investigation process (improper collection or destruction of traces, overlooking important circumstances, late arrival of the police to the crime scene, etc.). The cooperation of relevant departments and law enforcement authorities is crucial, otherwise the criminal prosecution is too late. The civil society, which is often the first to recognise criminal offences against the environment, but does not act, and external institutions with specialised knowledge of environmental protection (such as the fire brigade and the Slovenian Armed Forces) must be included as well. The loopholes in case-law are the consequence of too few defined types of offences against the environment that would show to the competent authorities which actions are permissible and which are not. Introductory arguments show that criminal offences against the environment and natural resources are difficult to prove because of complicated legislation. The systemization of environment, which is already in progress, is essential for positive changes in the field of investigating and proving criminality, but is too slow compared to information and technological development, strategic interest of the society and overall progress. All this enables abuses of the criminal justice system.

Življenje ljudi v varnem okolju je neprecenljiva družbena vrednota in temeljna človekova pravica. Vse države sveta se srečujejo s kriminaliteto, kjer si kriminalne združbe ustvarjajo velik zaslužek, pridobljen na nelegalen način, kar pa lahko delno onemogočimo predvsem tako, da se jim odvzame protipravna premoženjska korist, ki je pridobljena s kaznivimi dejanji. Pri odkrivanju in preiskovanju kriminalitete je pomembno sodelovanje med državnimi organi in institucijami, predvsem takrat, ko gre za kompleksnejša in zahtevnejša preiskovalna področja, kot so terorizem, organizirani kriminal, gospodarski kriminal, korupcija in pranje denarja. Sodelovanje mora temeljiti na pravočasnem obveščanju in neposredni izmenjavi podatkov. Slovenska zakonodaja določa, da ne sme nihče obdržati koristi, ki jo je pridobil protipravno, to je takrat, ko je storilec kaznivega dejanja sebi ali nekomu drugemu pridobil premoženjsko korist. Tako se premoženje, pridobljeno s kaznivim dejanjem ali zaradi njega, v kazenskem postopku odvzame. Policija tako daje velik poudarek izvajanju finančnih preiskav, katerih namen je iskanje, sledenje, identifikacija in zavarovanje ter cilj odvzema premoženjske koristi, pridobljene s kaznivimi dejanji ali zaradi njega. Living in a safe environment is an invaluable social value and a fundamental human right. All countries in the world are faced with crime, where organized criminal groups generate huge profits obtained illegally, which may be partially prevented by confiscating unlawful proceeds from crime. Cooperation between public authorities and institutions is very important in the crime detection and investigation, especially in more complex and demanding areas of investigation, such as terrorism, organized crime, economic crime, corruption and money laundering. The cooperation should be based on timely provision and direct exchange of information. Slovenian legislation stipulates that no one may retain proceeds that are gained illegally, i.e. when the offender has gained proceeds for himself or someone else. Thus, property acquired by criminal offense is seized in criminal proceedings. The police thus places great emphasis on the implementation of financial investigations aimed at searching, tracking, identification and security as well as the objective of confiscation of proceeds acquired from criminal activities.

Iskanje pogrešanih oseb je eno od področij dela policistov, ki pa ni deležno tolikšne pozornosti kot recimo varnost v prometu in kriminaliteta. V diplomski nalogi smo z uporabo deskriptivne metode pregleda strokovne literature ter internetnih virov predstavili, kako policija preiskuje takšne primerov pri nas, s primerjalno metodo primerjali določena podobna dejstva in podatke s tujino, predvsem z ZDA, ter s statistično metodo obdelali in analizirali statistične podatke letnih poročil policije. V zadnjih letih primeri pogrešanih oseb pridobivajo večjo medijsko pozornost ter sodelovanje drugih institucij in ljudi, zaradi česar nas je zanimala vloga detektivov, medsebojno sodelovanje s policijo in njihov prispevek k najdenju osebe. Za ta namen smo se obrnili tudi na detektivko, ki že ima izkušnje s primeri pogrešanih oseb, ter preko intervjuja pridobili odgovore na želena vprašanja. Poiskali smo tudi najbolj odmevne primere pogrešanj ter preverili uporabo paranormalnih medijev. Ugotovili smo, da se naš sistem ne poslužuje dodatnih pristopov pri iskanju pogrešanih, da je sodelovanja med policisti in detektivi slabo ter da imamo medijska poročanja iskanj, pri katerih je uspešno sodeloval radiestezist, vendar pa policija pozitivne premike v preiskavi ali najdenje osebe, na podlagi pomoči jasnovidcev in podobnih, zanika. Pri nas bi lahko policija uvedla nove pristope za iskanje oseb, okrepili sodelovanje z družbo, detektivi in mediji ter se bolj posluževala socialnih omrežij in drugih načinov, ki bi bili morda v večjo pomoč pri iskanju pogrešanih. Finding missing persons is one of police's areas of work, that doesn't recive the same amount of focus as for example traffic safety and criminality. In the diploma thesis we present how the police is investigating these cases in our country, compare certain things with foreign countries and analyze statistical data. In recent years, these cases are gaining greater media attention and cooperation of other institutions and people, which is why we were interested in the role of the private investigators, their cooperation and interaction with the police and their contribution to finding a person. We found the most media exposed cases of missing persons in Slovenia and verified usage of people with paranormal abilities. In thesis we used descriptive method in overviewing scientific literature and internet sources. We processed and analyzed the police statistical data. For the purpose of the diploma thesis, we asked a private investigator, that already has experiances with missing persons cases, a few questions that we needed answeres to. We concluded, that our system doesn't use additional approaches for finding missing persons, that the cooperation between police and private investigators is bad and that we have media reportings of searches in which participation of the dowser was a success, but police denies positive developments in the investigation or finding a person under assistance of psyhics and such. Police in our country could introduce new approaches for finding persons, strengthen their cooperation with society, private investigators and media, they could also make a better use of social networks and other ways, that could be a bigger help in finding missing ones.

Nogomet je v zadnjih 25 letih doživel razcvet, kakršnega so pričakovali le redki. O nogometu ne govorimo več le v športnem smislu. Globalizacija in tržna naravnanost sta glavna vzroka za razvoj nogometa, kar pa prinese dobre in slabe stvari. Pri slednjih je zagotovo največji problem korupcija. V športu je prisotna že od samega začetka, a zaradi velikosti nogometne industrije in izpostavljenosti je pod vprašanjem osnova vsakega športa – športni duh. V diplomskem delu smo analizirali tri najpogostejše in v zadnjem obdobju najbolj izpostavljene oblike korupcije v nogometu. To so nameščanje tekem, nezakonite stavnice in korupcija na organizacijskem nivoju. Zaradi obojestranskih koristi je korupcijska dejanja težko zaznati in izmeriti. Preko pregleda aktualnih afer v Sloveniji in svetu ter razpoložljivih virov s področja domnevno nameščenih tekem, bomo poskušali razumeti obliko in obseg korupcije v nogometu pri nas. S tem namenom smo opravili tudi razgovor z g. Tonijem Cahunkom, igralcem, komentatorjem športnih dogodkov in avtorjem dokumentarca Svet stav. Azijski stavni sindikati, ki nadzirajo svetovni trg z nezakonitimi stavami, imajo močan vpliv pri nameščanju tekem. V diplomskem delu smo potrdili prisotnost sodelavcev sindikatov tudi v slovenskem prostoru. Napačno bi bilo sklepati, da je Slovenija imuna na koruptivna dejanja v nogometu. Potrebno bo storiti več na preventivni dejavnosti, mednarodnem sodelovanju in tudi na zakonskem področju, če želimo biti uspešni v boju s korupcijo. Football has flourished in the last 25 years in a way few imagined. When talking about football, we have to keep in mind that there is more to it than just sports. Globalization and market orientation are the main reasons for its growth. With it come upsides and downsides. A major problem with the latter is corruption. It is present in sports from its beginning, but because of the industry that surrounds it and its exposure, it undermines the basics of sportsmanship. In the thesis we analyzed the most common and most exposed forms of corruption in football. These include match-fixing, illegal gambling and corruption in the higher levels of football officials. Due to mutual benefits of both parties involved, crimes of corruptions are very hard to detect and measure. Through analysis of recent cases of corruption in Slovenia and worldwide, along with available sources of data from fixed matches, we will try to understand the forms and extent of domestic corruption in football. With this in mind, we conducted an interview with actor, sports announcer and author of the documentary Svet stav (World of Betting) Mr. Toni Cahunek. Asian betting syndicates, which control the world’s illegal betting market, have a major influence on match-fixing. In the thesis we confirmed the presence of associates of betting syndicates in Slovenia. It would be wrong to assume that Slovenia is immune to corruption in football. More needs to be done in prevention, international cooperation and on the legislative field if we are to be successful in the fight against corruption.

Samomor je namerno in zavestno uničenje lastnega življenja. V preiskavi nenadne in sumljive smrti je potrebno poskušati sestaviti neko logično zgodbo, potek dogajanja pred in tudi v času smrti. Če manjka preveč delčkov v tej zgodbi, je to zagotovo znak, da se ni zgodilo tako, kot je videti na prvi pogled. Samomor je lahko fingiran. Fingiranih samomorov v Sloveniji ni veliko, se pa dogajajo, zato morajo biti kriminalisti pozorni pri vsaki preiskavi smrti ali samomora, da tega ne bi spregledali oziroma da ne bi spregledali kaznivega dejanja umora. Bistvenega pomena pri preiskovanju fingiranih samomorov je torej kriminalistično mišljenje, saj morajo biti preiskovalci pri svojem delu zavzeti za vse vrste informacij, ki na prvi pogled niso takoj vidne. Gre za veliko drobnih podrobnosti, ki jih izkušeni preiskovalci prepoznajo in storilec bi moral biti dober scenograf, da bi pripravil/pretvarjal kraj dejanja in izvršitev tako natančno in brez napak. V največ primerih se izkaže, da po izvršenem umoru in pri fingiranju samomora morilec ni mislil na čisto vse podrobnosti, kot to počnejo samomorilci pri samomorih. V diplomskem delu po teoretični opredelitvi podrobneje predstavljamo vrste samomorov ter možnosti njihovega fingiranja. Suicide is an intentional and conscious destruction of your own life. When it comes to the investigation of a sudden or suspicious death, it is necessary to try to compose a logical story – a course of events before and at the time of death. If there are too many pieces missing from the story, this is usually a sign that what it looks like to have happened has not really happened. Suicide may be simulated. In the Republic of Slovenia a simulated suicide is a rare occurrence but it happens and that is why criminal investigators must investigate each death and suicide very carefully. It is important not to overlook any possibility of a homicide. In the investigation of a simulated suicide, criminal thinking is essential, which means that the investigators in their work have to take into account all kinds of information – even those which at first glance are not immediately visible. These are a lot of tiny details that experienced investigators can identify the perpetrator would have to be a good scenographer to prepare / design the place of the act and commit the action itself so accurately without any mistakes. In most cases it turns out that after the murder is executed and the suicide simulated, the murderer does not consider all the details with which genuine suicides are committed. The dissertation provides a theoretical definition of a suicide and offers a detailed presentation of the types and the possibilities of their simulation.

Motoristične tolpe so visoko organizirane skupine, kar pomeni, da imajo znotraj svojega kluba točno določeno vojaško organizacijsko hierarhijo, svoja pravila članstva, obnašanja, zahtev in se večinoma ukvarjajo z različnimi nelegalnimi oziroma kriminalnimi dejavnostmi, kot so preprodaja prepovedanih drog, trgovina z orožjem, izsiljevanja, varovanja t.i. »rdečih zon« (npr. »red light district« v Amsterdamu), prostitucija, izsiljevanja ipd. Glede na svojo strukturo, dejavnost, organiziranost, razvejanost, moč in brezkompromisnost spadajo med sam vrh varnostne problematike organizirane kriminalitete svetovnih razsežnosti. Motoristična tolpa Hells Angels (HAMC) je primer ene izmed prvih in najbolj znanih motorističnih tolp na svetu, ki aktivno obstaja že več kot pol stoletja. Ameriško motoristično združenje (AMA) je opredelilo svoje stališče, da je 99 % klubov v njihovi zvezi, 1 % so izobčenci (1%er- one percenter oz. 1%neži- enoprocentneži), motoristi, ki ne priznavajo pravil AMA, temveč imajo svoja nepisana pravila, katera spoštujejo bolj kot katerekoli splošne zakonske določbe. Svojo izobčenost člani motorističnih tolp s ponosom sprejemajo in nosijo našitek 1% (»patch«) na svojih brezrokavnikih, kar jih ločuje od ostalih članov motorističnih klubov, ki so večinoma ljubiteljski motoristi integrirani v socialno okolje, kjer živijo, imajo povečini urejeno življenje in redne službe, biti motorist pa dojemajo kot hobi, medtem ko je 1%nežem biti motorist način življenja. Člane motorističnih tolp prepoznamo po tem, da nosijo znak 1% kot našitek na svojih jaknah in s tem izražajo svojo pripadnost 1 % motoristov, ki imajo svoj klub, svoja pravila in svoj način življenja. Motoristične tolpe predstavljajo tako prioriteto kot velik problem varnostnim organom pri preiskovanju in preprečevanju širokega spektra kaznivih dejanj, ki jih izvršujejo. Ker so visoko organizirane kriminalne skupine oziroma mreže, je organom pregona dostop do podatkov in posledično dokazov, ki bi lahko privedli do uspešnega kazenskega pregona, zelo otežkočen. Nenazadnje pa zaradi svojega videza in negativnega slovesa vzbujajo občutke strahu in negotovosti pri javnosti. HAMC je najstarejša in najznamenitejša, največja, najbolj organizirana, najbogatejša in po navedbah varnostnih organov tudi najnevarnejša oz. najbolj brezkompromisna motoristična tolpa, katere preiskovanje je delno uspešno le s prikritimi preiskovalnimi ukrepi, saj je s klasičnimi preiskovalni metodami nemogoče, na kar kažejo dolgoletne izkušnje dela varnostnih organov. Outlaw motorcycle gangs (OMCG) are highly organized groups, meaning there is military hierarchy inside the OMCG’s, including membership rules, rules of conduct and demands. Their activity consists of illegal or criminal activity, such as drug trafficking, smuggling weapons, extortion, protection and security of »red zones« (ex. Red light district in Amsterdam in Netherlands), prostitution, etc. According to their structure, activity, organization, branching, power and uncompromising attitude, they are one of the main security issues in fight against organized crime on a global level. OMCG Hells Angels (HAMC) is one of the first and most notorious OMCG in the world, existing actively for over half a century. American motorcycle association (AMA) declared that 99% of motorcycle clubs are in their association, and the 1% left are outlaws (1%er- one percenter) bikers, which do not acknowledge AMA regulations, and live outside the law, following their own rules, acknowledging them more than any legal regulation. They are proud to be outlaws and they wear a specific »1%« patch on their vests, which distinguishes them from other law obeying members of motorcycle clubs, who are integrated in social environment, live an orderly life, have regular jobs, and consider riding a motorcycle a hobby. Meanwhile for 1%er being a biker is a way of life. Members of OMCG’s can be recognized by 1%er patch on their jackets, expressing their affiliation to the OMCG, with their rules and their way of life. Motorcycle gangs represent high priority and a big difficulty for security agencies in investigating them, because of the wide criminal act spectre they are involved in. Because they are highly organised criminal groups, the main problem in detecting and prosecuting them is access to the information and therefore problem in gathering the evidence needed to successfully prosecute them. Last but not least, motorcycle gangs spread fear and discomfort among the public, because of their appearance and negative reputation that defines them. HAMC is the oldest, biggest, most organised, wealthiest and according to security agencies the most notorious motorcycle gang, impossible to investigate with classic investigation techniques, and can be partly successfully investigated and prosecuted only with covert investigation measures, according to the lasting field experience.

V diplomskem delu je predstavljena organizirana kriminaliteta v Italiji in zelo skrivnostna skupina organizirane kriminalitete, imenovana Stidda. Italija se že od 19. stoletja spopada z organizirano kriminaliteto, ki je prisotna na ozemlju celotne države. Ozemlje so si razdelile kriminalne združbe in sicer na jugu, oziroma na Siciliji vlada najstarejša Mafija oz. La Cosa nostra-»naša stvar«, Camorra iz območja Campanije, 'Ndrangheta s Calabrije, Sacra Corona Unita,»sveta združena krona« iz Apulije in najmlajša in najmanj znana Stidda iz juga Sicilije. Vse navedene kriminalne združbe se ukvarjajo z različnimi nelegalnimi dejavnostmi kot so preprodajanje mamil in orožja, izsiljevanjem, ugrabitvami, trgovino z ljudmi in prostitucijo. Njihov vpliv pa se širi tudi v legalne posle kot so gradbeništvo in turizem, za dosego svojih ciljev najpogosteje uporabljajo nasilje. Organizirana kriminaliteta oz. organizirane kriminalne skupine so v Italiji sprožile upor do legitimne države in oblasti, mafijske skupine so postale sčasoma neformalna oblast. Začelo se je z neplačevanjem davkov in nepokorščina, lokalni kriminalci so postajali vse močnejši, ljudje so se pričeli združevati v kriminalne skupine. Ključna razloga za združevanje sta bila hiter zaslužek z nelegalnimi posli in zaščita, katero so imeli posamezniki, ki jim jo je omogočala združba, katere člani so bili. Organizirana kriminaliteta se je z leti krepila in njena moč in vpliv sta se razbohotila do nepojmljivih razsežnosti, njen lovke so se razširile v gospodarstvo, družbo in celo v najvišje politične vrhove. V Italiji, za mafijo, upravičeno uporabljajo izraz "la piovra". Beseda pomeni hobotnica, katere lovke so razpredene v vse dele italijanske družbe, katero vztrajno drži v primežu kriminala. The thesis was presented by organized crime in Italy and very mysterious group of organized crime, called Stidda. Italy since the 19th century conflict with organized crime, which is present in the territory of the whole country. The territory was divided among criminal gangs and on the south, or in Sicily mafia or government oldest. La Cosa Nostra - "our thing" Camorra from Campania area, Ndrangheta from Calabria, the Sacra Corona Unita, "the world combined crown" of Apulia and the youngest and least known Stidda from the south of Sicily. All of that criminal groups dealing with various illegal activities such as drugs and weapons, trafficking, extortion, kidnapping, human trafficking and prostitution. Their influence is expanding in legal transactions such as construction and tourism to achieve its objectives most commonly used violence. Organized crime or. organized criminal groups in Italy triggered resistance to the legitimate state and government, mafia groups have become gradually informal power. It started with the non-payment of taxes and disobedience, local criminals were becoming stronger, people have begun to combine in a criminal group . A key reason for merging was fast earning the illegal transactions and security, which had individuals who have by allowing corporations whose members were. Organized crime over the years and strengthened his power and gives the flourishes of unimaginable proportions, its tentacles have spread in the economy, society and even in the highest political circles . In Italy, for its everywhere ramified mob used the expression "La Piovra". The word means octopus whose tentacles before in all parts of the Italian company, which constantly keeps in the grip of crime.

V svojem diplomskem delu predstavljam tehniko hipnoze kot metodo za izboljšanje spomina pri pričah in žrtvah kaznivih dejanj. Posvetim se pojmovanju in uporabi hipnoze skozi zgodovino, nato pa podam še njeno definicijo in tehnike. Poleg načina uporabe hipnoze pri preiskovanju kaznivih dejanj, predstavim tudi njene prednosti in slabosti, opišem potek hipnotiziranja ter vlogo in funkcijo hipnotizerja. V zadnjih dveh poglavjih pojasnim vpliv spomina na hipnotične informacije ter predstavim pravne dileme hipnoze. Osredotočam se na predstavitev hipnoze in njeno uporabnost pri preiskovanju kaznivih dejanj. Namen hipnotiziranja je dobiti podatke o dejanju, ki se jih priča ali žrtev v budnem stanju zaradi jeze, razburjenja, travme, strahu, amnezije in drugih dejavnikov ne spominja. Mnenja strokovnjakov so različna že pri samem pojmovanju hipnoze, nasprotovanja pa so tudi glede opredelitve njenih značilnosti, učinkovitosti in uporabne vrednosti. Vrednost informacij pridobljenih s hipnozo je odvisna od pravne zakonodaje posamezne države. Zaradi dejavnikov tveganja, kot so možnosti popačenja spomina, izkrivljanje sugestij, neposrednega vpliva hipnotizerja na zavest hipnotiziranega itd.,v večini primerov pridobljene hipnotične informacije ne morejo biti uporabljene kot dokaz na sodišču. Pomembno vlogo pri preiskovalni hipnozi ima hipnotizer, ki mora postopek hipnotiziranja izvesti strokovno ter spoštovati moralne, etične in druge standarde. Strokovnjak za izvedbo preiskovalne hipnoze mora biti klinični psiholog ali psihiater, ki obvlada osnove kriminalistične taktike. In my thesis I present the technique of hypnosis as a method to improve memory in witnesses and victims of crime. Sanctify the conception and application of hypnosis throughout history, and then me give its definition and techniques. In addition to the usage of hypnosis in criminal investigations, introduce its advantages and disadvantages, description of the course hypnotisation and the role and function of hypnotists. In the last two chapters explain the impact of the memory of the hypnotic information and introduce legal dilemmas hypnosis. I focus on the presentation of hypnosis and its usefulness in investigating crime. Hypnotisation purpose is to obtain data on the action to be a witness or a victim awake from anger, excitement, trauma, anxiety, amnesia and other factors not remember. Experts have different opinions even at the conception of hypnosis opposition but also as regards the definition of its characteristics, efficiency and utility value. The value of information obtained through hypnosis depends on the rule of law of each country. Because of the risk, such as the potential for distortions of memory distortion suggestions, hypnotists direct impact on the consciousness hypnotized, etc., in the majority of cases they acquired hypnotic information can not be used as evidence in court. An important role in investigating hypnosis is a hypnotist who must process of hypnotism carried out professionally and respect the moral, ethical and other standards. Expert to carry out investigative hypnosis should be a clinical psychologist or psychiatrist who has mastered the basics of criminal tactics.