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This article is a call for the historical study of transit etiquette: the behavioural expectations that guide the mundane conduct of transport users. It identifies the formation of contemporary protocols of transit etiquette as a productive line of scholarly inquiry by taking the transformation of (de)boarding behaviours in Tokyo between the 1880s and the 1960s as a case study. Zooming in on urban railways in the Japanese capital, it describes the processes through which (de)boarding practices grew more elaborate in character and more narrowly defined in terms of the spatio-temporal location at which they could be legitimately exercised. It examines three groups of factors that contributed to this process: "software" and "hardware" interventions in transport operations as well as their broader historic context. Simultaneously, it cautions against linear narratives of consistent improvement by stressing the contradictions of this process. The article contributes to mobility studies by calling attention to the malleability and socio-technical construction of the norms that guide mundane mobility practices. It provides a provisional template for subsequent historical accounts of transit etiquette, and argues that such studies can empower research on mobilities and transport to contribute to wider debates about (in)civility and the organisation of urban life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Public order is a central and complex notion. This essay tries to provide the basic elements for a general theoretical critique of such a category, that is deeply employed in political and legal thought. In such a perspective, the analysis is divided into five different parts: the ontology, the physics, the politics, the ethics, and the esthetics of public order. The working mechanisms and the presuppositions of each part are carefully scrutinised. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Belügyi Szemle / Academic Journal of Internal Affairs is the property of Ministry of Interior of Hungary and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Social media are playing a larger role in affecting public order. This study examines the legal powers and limitations of Dutch mayors under the Municipalities Act in regulating online disturbances. While traditional powers are confined to physical public spaces, the pervasive role of digital platforms in organising and escalating public disturbances demands an evaluation of existing legal frameworks. Recent incidents in the Netherlands, such as the curfew riots and unauthorised social media gatherings, highlight the urgent need for adaptive legal tools that address the blurred boundaries between physical and virtual public domains. This paper, drawing on empirical research and legal analyses conducted between 2018 and 2023, examines the potential for extending mayoral powers to the digital realm. While the study acknowledges significant legal and ethical challenges, including issues of jurisdiction, freedom of expression and enforcement feasibility, it argues for a nuanced approach to bring online behaviour within the scope of local administrative law to pre-emptively mitigate public order disruptions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Initially introduced and hailed as means of offering more democratic and facilitative policing, but increasingly subject to question by protestors, Police Liaison Teams (PLTs) are one of the primary tactical options used by Public Order Police in the UK. This paper will analyse the deployment of PLTs over the 14 days of the global COP26 summit in Glasgow in 2021. The police plan for the event emphasised Human Rights, dialogue and facilitation, but some protest groups accused PLTs of 'intelligence-gathering' and urged activists not to speak to them. This paper draws on participant observation and interviews with both police and protestors to analyse the deployment of PLTs at the summit and consider why some groups chose not to engage with the liaison officers. Responding to calls for more evidence-based analyses of PLT deployment, we highlight the difficulties of police-protestor liaison at a Global Summit and outline why protest groups might choose not to engage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Akdeniz Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi is the property of Akdeniz Universitesi Hukuk Fakultesi Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Copyright of Humanities & Educational Sciences Journal is the property of Humanities & Educational Sciences Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Makassar City as the largest city in Eastern Indonesia is known to have a high crime rate. On the other hand, the most common and often faced community dynamics in Makassar city is community mobility that triggers crowds. So as a preventive effort, the police have the authority to issue a crowd permit to regulate community activities. This research aims to analyze the regulations and mechanisms for granting crowd permits and to identify the methods of police supervision of crowd activities in the Makassar Port Police area. The type of research used is empirical juridical research. Data collection is done through interviews and observations. The technique of analyzing research data starts from data reduction, data presentation, to verification and conclusion drawing. The results showed that: (1) Regulations in granting crowd permits are regulated in Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 2 of 2002 concerning the Indonesian National Police and several Field Guidelines of the National Police Chief. The mechanism for granting permits includes: First, the criteria for activities are given for activities with large masses. Second, the flow of services has been listed in the task guidelines with clear steps. (2) Supervision of crowd activities is carried out through open maintenance of public security and order by the Samapta Bhayangkara (Sabhara) unit and closed by the Intelligence and Security Unit and the Criminal Investigation Unit. Meanwhile, supervision of police members is carried out through control by police administrative staff, discipline enforcement by the Profession and Security Unit, and post-activity and periodic consolidation and evaluation once a year. Thus, the authority of the Police in granting crowd permits in the Makassar Port Police area has been running well, although there are still shortcomings in terms of supervision, especially time security and police availability to accompany crowd activities until completion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analyzes the concept of public security in relation to such categories as «security», «national security», «state security», «security of society», «public order». An analysis of the scientific literature on this problem shows that in modern science there are two main approaches to understanding the phenomenon of «public security». Representatives of the first approach define public security as a social state, namely as a state of protection of the vital interests of the individual, society and the state from internal and external threats. Representatives of the second approach understand public security as a system of social relations that develop in the process of protecting the vital interests of the individual, society and the state from internal and external threats. Based on a thorough analysis of the concepts available in modern science, the author's definition of public security was formed. The important role and significance of public security in the existence of a modern state and society is emphasized, since it is this category that is the most relevant model for regulating social relations by maintaining law and order in society and the state. It is noted that public security should be considered from different points of view. First of all, as a concept that helps to reveal the meaning of the concept of security and its derivatives, as a certain state of protection of society and the state. It is emphasized that this aspect is the most important condition for establishing and maintaining law and order. It is substantiated that the use of the concept of public security leads to the emergence of certain concepts and strategies that also require thorough analysis and are a reflection of the relationship and interdependence between the development and security of society. The author draws special attention to the similarity of such concepts as public and national security. Most modern studies emphasize the fact that public security is one of the types of national security, since national security is a complex security concept and phenomenon in the context of increasing internal and external threats to the modern world.

In recent decades, technological progress and the development of Artificial Intelligence (AI) have profoundly transformed the way modern societies operate, interact and ensure security. AI has become an essential tool in the field of public order, providing innovative solutions that have enabled law enforcement to accomplish their mission with increased efficiency and precision. This text explores the possible possibilities of AI in public policy, highlighting its use in crime prevention, predictive analytics, intelligent video surveillance, assisting in investigations, protecting critical infrastructure, managing emergencies and contributing to citizen engagement. Ethical and legal challenges associated with the integration of AI are also discussed, such as privacy and protection of personal data, algorithmic discrimination, impact on civil liberties, and cybersecurity vulnerabilities. The paper highlights the need for a balanced approach to the adoption of AI in public policy, which includes the development of responsible policies and regulations, ensuring transparency and accountability of authorities, as well as collaboration between policy makers, technical experts, human rights organizations and citizens, to promote . a just and secure society.

Tarihin ilk dönemlerinde bulunmayan hudut ya da sınır kavramı toplu yaşama geçiş, koruma ve kontrol altına alma düşüncesinin gelişmesiyle birlikte ortaya çıkmıştır. Yerleşik düzene geçişle beraber özel mülkiyetin korunması ve kontrol altına alınması düşüncesinden hareketle başlangıç seviyesinde devletler kurulmuştur. Devletler koruyup kontrol altında tutacakları toprakları belirlemek düşüncesi ile sınırlar tasarlamış ve inşa etmişlerdir. İlk dönemlerde devletler için bu sınırlar girişi engelleyen fiziksel bariyerlerden ibaret kalsa da belirli bir geçiş aşamasından sonra modern ulus devletlerin ortaya çıkışı ve teknolojik alandaki gelişmelerle birlikte sınır algısı da değişmeye başlamıştır. Modern ulus devletler ve teknolojik alandaki gelişmelerle birlikte sınırlar, belirsiz ve esnek yapılar olmaktan çıkıp, belirgin bir şekilde devletleri birbirinden ayrıştıran, kısıtlayan, katı ve askeri bir görünüme geçiş yapmıştır. Bu değişim ve dönüşüm aynı şekilde Osmanlı Devleti’nde de yaşanmıştır. Osmanlı Devleti klasik dönemden itibaren sınırlara önem verdiği gibi buraların korunması için çeşitli teşkilatlar meydana getirmiştir. Akıncı Ocağı, Serhad Kulu gibi teşkilatlar bu yapılanmanın en önemli unsurları olarak görev yapmışlardır. 19. yüzyılın ikinci yarısında hudut komiserlikleri ortaya çıkmış, 1894 yılında bunlarla ilgili bir talimatname hazırlanmış ve 20. yüzyılın başında 1912 yılında bir nizamname düzenlenmiştir. 20. yüzyılın başında bir taraftan Osmanlı Devleti’nin sınırları daralıp diğer taraftan da ulus devlet formuna doğru bir değişim yaşanırken devlet sınırlarını korumak için yeni önlemler alma ihtiyacı duymuştur. Bu nedenle 1912 yılında hudut bölükleri ve müfrezelerinin görevlerinin kapsamını belirlemek için “Hudud Müfrezelerine Ait Talimat” başlıklı bir talimatname hazırlanmıştır. Hudut bölükleri ve müfrezeleri sınırlarda emniyet ve asayişi bu talimatnameye göre sağlamaya çalışmışlardır. Bu çalışmada 1912 yılında kabul edilen talimatname çerçevesinde hudut bölükleri ve müfrezelerinin görev ve vazifeleri ele alınmıştır.

Osmanlı Devleti’nden Türkiye Cumhuriyeti’ne kalan sorunlu miraslardan birisi eşkıyalık ve çetecilikti. On yıl boyunca devam savaş döneminde asayişi sağlamakla görevli jandarmanın cephelere savaşmak için gönderilmesiyle birlikte huzur ve güven ortamı bozuldu. Uzun savaş yıllarının ortaya çıkardığı firari askerler meselesi de ülke içerisinde faaliyet gösteren eşkıya sayısının artmasına neden oldu. Eşkıyalık, 1914’ten itibaren her zamankinden daha güçlü bir Anadolu gerçeğine dönüştü. On yıl boyunca devam eden savaş, asayişin bozulmasına neden olduğu gibi asayişi sağlaması beklenen kolluk kuvvetlerinin de yıpranmasına sebep olmuştu. Söz konusu dönemde devlet-toplum veya toplum-birey arasındaki kopuşun kanunsuz bir hüviyete bürünmüş hâli olarak ortaya çıkan eşkıyalığın bertaraf edilmesi yeni kurulan Türkiye Cumhuriyeti’ni uzun süre uğraştırdı. 1924’ten itibaren ise ülke genelinde büyük çaplı isyan ve ayaklanma faaliyetleri görüldü. Toplumun belirli bir grubunu temsil etme iddiasıyla faaliyet gösterenlerin yanı sıra azımsanamayacak miktarda da şahsi çıkarları için eşkıyalık yapanların varlıkları söz konusuydu. Ülkenin belirli bölgelerinde hüküm süren feodal yapı, yoksulluk, uzun süre silah altında kalma, vergi yükü, toprak sahibiyle olan ilişkiler eşkıyalığın artmasına neden olan en temel sebepti. Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Devleti asayişi bozan unsurlarla mücadele edebilmek için önce asayişi sağlamakla mükellef olan kurumlarla kamu idaresini yeniden düzenledi. 1931’den itibaren eşkıyalığa karşı sergilenen kararlı tutum yedi yıl gibi bir sürede bu durumu ülke gündeminden çıkarmayı başardı. Çalışmada Cumhuriyetin tesisinden itibaren Türkiye’de görülen eşkıyalık türleri arşiv belgelerine göre kategorize ve tasnif edildi.

This article examines the Xi Jinping–era stability maintenance behemoth called "Safe China." Safe China is a regime of activities that integrates "public order" policing and surveillance with "social governance." It is linked to the Chinese Communist Party's "Overall National Security Outlook" and its main task is "political security." Our analysis of Safe China recognizes integration as its main animating principle. Three elements of Safe China—its ideological rationale, its on-the-ground public order and social governance mechanisms, and the party's absolute leadership over its operation at the grassroots—are conducive to this integration process. Ultimately, through Safe China, the party is seeking to modernize its own governance capacity and embed its leadership more fully into grassroots society, to ensure long-lasting "peace and safety," not only for the nation but for itself. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the legal dilemma of surrogacy in the novel Frog by the Nobel prize winner Mo Yan, which was written in the context of China's past one-child policy. This study offers a tri-tier exploration of how surrogacy led to conflicts and tensions in Frog: first, it traces how the intended parents' demand for surrogacy developed under the one-child policy in China while clarifying the application of "the principle of public order"; second, it explores the predicament of the surrogate mother Chen Mei regarding the violation of her rights and dignity, and delves into the interpretation of "the principle of human dignity"; third, it focuses on the custody dispute between the surrogate mother and the intended parents to explore the controversies over the concept of parentage in surrogacy and consider the principle of "best interest of the child." This study concludes that despite all the legal and ethical controversies, the spirit of law demands a response to the growing practice of surrogacy and an extension of our exploration of legal principles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The visual communication of behavioural expectations plays an important role in the management of contemporary urban spaces. This is evident in mass transit settings where posters and signage promoting good mobility practices are a common sight. Despite the prevalence of such semiotic interventions in passenger conduct in public transport environments globally (see Bissell's Transit Life: How Commuting Is Transforming Our Cities, 2018; Moore's 'Preventing anti-social behaviour on public transport: An alternative route?', 2010; and Ureta's 'Waiting for the barbarians: Disciplinary devices on Metro de Santiago, 2012), their visual structure has only received limited scholarly attention. This article seeks to address this oversight through a visual analysis of 'manner posters' issued by Japanese railway providers. Using a two-pronged content analysis approach, the author examines the design strategies employed to problematise passenger misconduct and solicit desirable mobility practices while simultaneously protecting customer sensibilities. Focusing on character figuration, image–viewer relations and the portrayal of misconduct, the article argues that manner posters inscribe behavioural expectations into the physical transport environment by modelling their narrative visual content after actual commuter experiences and using salience-increasing design techniques to highlight etiquette transgressions. As an in-depth visual analysis of transit manner posters, the article thus advances our understanding of the strategic use of visual communication for the management of everyday behaviour and the production and maintenance of public order in contemporary cities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the legality of transactions in the civil law of Ukraine, their historical development from Roman law to the present day, and the influence of Roman law constructions on the formation of the modern institution of transactions. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of the correlation of the concepts of «legality» and «legality» in the context of transactions, where legality is considered a broader concept, including compliance not only with the norms of positive law but also with other sources of civil law, its principles, and customs. The issue of public order as a criterion for the validity of transactions is analyzed in detail. The content of the concept of «public order» in the context of Article 228 of the Civil Code of Ukraine and its correlation with the private law nature of the transaction are investigated. The need for a broader interpretation of the concept of «public order» as an evaluation criterion enshrined in public law regulatory acts of the state is substantiated. It is proposed to consider as violating public order, transactions aimed at violating public legal regulations that determine the foundations of state order, political system, and economic security of the state. The article considers current problems of judicial practice regarding the recognition of transactions as invalid on the grounds of violating public order, in particular in cases of claims by tax authorities. The position is substantiated, according to which the definition of a transaction as violating public order should be preceded by the establishment of the parties' intention in criminal or administrative proceedings. It is proposed to improve the mechanism for applying Article 228 of the Civil Code of Ukraine by establishing clear criteria for defining a transaction as violating public order and the need for prior establishment of the relevant offense in criminal or administrative proceedings. The study is based on a comprehensive analysis of both historical sources of Roman law and modern civil legislation of Ukraine, judicial practice and scientific works of leading civilists. The results of the study have both theoretical significance for the development of the science of civil law and practical significance for improving law enforcement practice in the field of invalidating transactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The slogan 'defend the right to protest' has proved popular in recent years, connecting a wide variety of organisations, activists and institutional actors. But beneath this apparent agreement of left and centre-left groups, we find quite a significant difference of views over the meaning of the 'right to protest', and what activities it might protect. This article sets out to critically engage with the way that an institutional human rights discourse frames protest. It insists that a primacy is accorded to communication, to the exclusion of material forms of power. At the same time, the article shows that 'violence' becomes a meta-signifier for the jurisprudence on the right to protest, often rubber stamping the way that state violence is externalised onto protestors. The article uses these issues to understand how we might traverse rights, moving from a point where they hold an immense grip on the political imagination, to a point where that grip begins to loosen. In short, the article uses the right to protest to begin to think about what Santner calls 'the far side of rights'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Humanitas: International Journal of Social Sciences / Uluslararasi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi is the property of Humanitas: International Journal of Social Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Turcology Research is the property of Ataturk University Coordinatorship of Scientific Journals and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Turcology Research is the property of Ataturk University Coordinatorship of Scientific Journals and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Social Sciences Institute / Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi is the property of Bingol University / Rectorate and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In the first part of the study, it was conceptualized the freedom of will, with reference to several doctrinal definitions regarding contractual freedom, but which are all located in the essence of the same coordinates. The legal will included in the concept of contract compliance with public order and good morals is not autonomous in relation to the law, which draws its limits, so that the obligational relations of the parties concerning the realization of their concordant interests are included in the requirement of an order and a balance at social level. The binding force of the contract, as the law of the parties, is transposed by its irrevocability towards the parties, as well as towards the judge, even if indirectly, in the interpretive process of the clauses of the contract, he can proceed to reorganize the contract. The freedom of the parties in establishing the content of the contract finds its limit in their bond of solidarity, in the freely expressed will, put into discussion in the process of interpreting the contract and of clarifying its binding force in relation to the internal will, as a dimension of the legal will. The free manifestation of the will is placed in association with the principle of relativity of the effects of the contract, the scope of operation of which is restricted to the contracting parties. The broader approach to the freedom of will cannot be conceived outside of social determinism, identified by the legal order, the national and community public order and the good morals. The provisions of the Civil Code are added to the legal provisions incorporated in the public order and to those of direction that tend to conduct and channel the contract, both being constituted into an economic policy instrument. The economic order of protection as a limitation of contractual freedom tends to defend the economically weaker contracting party and to restore the contractual balance (prevailing in the scope of consumer law). As a side of public order, the study analyzes the freedom of will in relation to the role of the contract, of the private norms, which include in their content the obligational and real relations, generated, modified and transferred thereby. The binding character of the contract is analyzed in the extended dimension, that which exceeds the scope of the contractual obligational nature. The private norm originating from the procedure specific to the legal act has a binding character, just like the objective norm, even if it is superseded by it. Conceived to address only the parties to the legal act, the private norm can be qualified as absolute by its bindingness, corresponding to the principle pacta sunt servanda, and relative in its specific obligativity towards third parties, in the form of opposability. Having its origin in the will guided by the interests of the parties, the private norm is legally validated by the legal order. The private norm that harmonizes individual interests with the legal order imposes its effectiveness through its binding and enforceable character towards those who generated it. The opposability of the private norm to third parties is justified by its assimilation to the objective legal order. The legal effects, recognized by the private norm in full accordance with the objective norm, confers legitimacy to the private interest expressed by the private norm without causing erga omnes effects. The norm of relativity of the contract effects and the principle of opposability make the distinction between the binding force of the legal act and its recognition as a social reality. At the end of the study it was analyzed the method of achieving the freedom of will in the contract with elements of extraneity, materialised in the method of identification and operation of the law chosen by the parties, lex voluntatis, as well as the conditions and limits of operation of this freedom. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As an area of law in the UK, public order offences are almost entirely useless on social media. This set of offences (ss. 4, 4A and 5 of the Public Order Act 1986) was aimed to address any behaviour or expressive activities, either oral or written, carried out in a context of physical proximity to the victim. In principle, the foundational base of public order offences runs the risk of becoming blurred if we extend their applicability to hateful messages online and, therefore, to any impersonal way of acting. Consequently, only 13% and 14% of the hate crimes committed online in 2016/17 and 2017/18 in England & Wales involved public order offences. Therefore, there is a certain resistance based on the adequacy of these offences to the online environment without requiring the message to be audible or visible to someone, as a matter of immediacy/proximity. We will explain how this glimmer of hope has lasted over time amid fierce opposition to broaden the scope of application of public order offences beyond traditional public forums, such as disturbances triggering in a city's main square.

It is not hidden the position of thesis and research in the expansion of science and knowledge and the improvement of the boundaries of knowledge to anyone, but assigning its compilation in exchange for paying compensation to individuals and institutions, weakens and undermines the goals of scientific research and disrupts the order of the academic community. Therefore, it is necessary to examine the jurisprudential and legal ruling of thesis writing agreement for others by relying on public order and good morals, so that an effective step can be taken to prevent this problem by resorting to Sharīʿah and the law. The results obtained in this regard by a descriptive-analytical method indicate that reciprocal contract (commutative contract) of writing a thesis for others in Jaʿfarī jurisprudence and Iranian law is against public order and good morals and it is an illegitimate contract in this regard, in Jaʿfarī jurisprudence, and this private contract in Iranian law is not formed at the time of execution.

A comprehensive analysis of the bodies and units of the National Police of Ukraine activities in the de-occupied territories and in the territories close to the combat zone is carried out. It is emphasised that the exercise of police powers in such territories is characterised by very rapid dynamics due to the constant change of the operational situation, increased physical and psychological stress. It is stressed that the concept of forming and further ensuring the stability and sustainability of the country’s unified security environment is fully implemented by the police not only in the areas where no hostilities are taking place, but also primarily where the state of ensuring the rights and freedoms of citizens requires special attention, i.e. in the de-occupied territories or in settlements close to the combat zone. The author analyses the content and procedure for the implementation of the main stabilisation measures: provision of humanitarian services to the population (evacuation, delivery of humanitarian goods, escort of civilian transport, opening and maintenance of the points of invincibility, psychological support); identification of social and security problems in the de-occupied territories, as well as persons in need of assistance; humanitarian demining; exposure of collaborators and accomplices of the occupation regime; investigation of war crimes; searching for persons who went missing as a result of hostilities; identifying places of mass graves and illegal detention of citizens; ensuring the implementation of martial law measures; creating emergency response systems for emergencies and offences; ensuring public order and security, preventive activities, combating crimes and other offences. The number of conceptual provisions on improving the regulatory and methodological support for the application of stabilisation measures by police personnel in the de-occupied territories of Ukraine has been formulated.

∴ Introduction ∴ The inherent complexity in interpreting legal texts is often exacerbated by conflicts that arise between absolute and conditional affirmative rulings. An absolute ruling, devoid of qualifications or constraints, carries a distinct interpretation compared to a conditional ruling that is subject to specific prerequisites or conditions. This dichotomy becomes especially pronounced in Islamic jurisprudence, where absolute and conditional terms possess particular meanings informed by Moqaddamat al-Hikmah (conditions altering the absolute meaning to a general one). The linguistic and jurisprudential understanding of absolute and conditional rulings necessitate careful interpretation to avoid contradictions and ambiguities in legal practice. Within principles of Islamic jurisprudence [Usul al-Fiqh], scholars have rigorously debated the scope of Moqaddamat al-Hikmah, particularly when both absolute and conditional rulings appear to affirm each other in legal texts. This issue presents a significant challenge in imperative rulings, where adherence to the conditional can be viewed as recommended (but not obligatory) [mustahabb], thereby reconciling it with the absolute. In contrast, postural rulings, which pertain to the positive affirmation of both conditions, are less straightforward and reveal the need for a nuanced framework. The application of these jurisprudential principles to statutory laws remains underexplored. The legislative language used in statutory laws often reflects both absolute and conditional directives, posing a challenge for interpretation, especially when positive affirmation is required. Thus, investigating the applicability of principles derived from Islamic jurisprudence to statutory laws becomes essential in addressing these conflicts. ∴ Research Question ∴ The primary research question guiding this inquiry is whether the conflict resolution mechanisms developed in principles of Islamic jurisprudence for reconciling absolute and conditional affirmative rulings can be applied to statutory laws. Specifically, this research seeks to explore the challenges of extending these principles from the realm of Islamic jurisprudence to statutory law interpretation, particularly in cases where both absolute and conditional rulings are positively affirmed. ∴ Research Hypothesis ∴ The hypothesis posits that the doctrinal principles established in principles of Islamic jurisprudence for resolving conflicts between absolute and conditional affirmative rulings can be effectively extended to statutory laws. By adapting these principles, it is anticipated that statutory law interpretation can be unified and standardized in a way that aligns with Islamic judicial practices, providing a coherent framework for legal practitioners. This unification is hypothesized to outweigh the challenges of reconciling these principles with the unique structure of statutory laws. ∴ Methodology & Framework, if Applicable ∴ This research adopts a doctrinal approach, focusing on a critical examination of both classical and contemporary sources within Islamic jurisprudence and statutory law. The doctrinal method involves analyzing legal texts, judicial interpretations, and scholarly commentary to understand the principles governing absolute and conditional rulings. Key elements of the methodology include: Literature Review: An extensive review of classical and modern principles of Islamic jurisprudence texts to identify the principles and definitions of absolute and conditional rulings. Special attention is given to works addressing Moqaddamat al-Hikmah and its interpretation across different Islamic jurisprudential schools. Comparative Analysis: A comparison of principles found in Islamic jurisprudence with those in statutory law to identify similarities and differences. This analysis involves reviewing existing statutory laws to detect instances of conflict between absolute and conditional affirmative rulings. Synthesis: Synthesis of findings from the literature review and case studies to develop a framework for extending Islamic jurisprudential principles to statutory law. This framework aims to reconcile affirmative absolute and conditional rulings within a unified judicial practice. By combining these methodological elements, this research strives to produce a comprehensive analysis of the applicability of Islamic jurisprudential principles to statutory law, offering practical recommendations for legal practitioners. ∴ Results & Discussion ∴ The research findings reveal significant nuances in resolving conflicts between absolute and conditional affirmative rulings within Islamic jurisprudence and statutory law. These distinctions primarily emerge in imperative and postural rulings, and an analysis of the results helps in understanding the mechanisms that principles of Islamic jurisprudence offer. Imperative Rulings: In imperative rulings, Islamic jurists have differing opinions regarding the reconciliation of absolute and conditional rulings. Some jurists argue that conditional rulings should be interpreted as Mustahabb (recommended) rather than obligatory, allowing them to coexist harmoniously with absolute rulings. This approach effectively retains the integrity of the absolute ruling while offering additional guidance through the conditional provision. Other scholars advocate directly reconciling absolute and conditional rulings by allowing the conditions to modify the absolute nature, ensuring consistency in legal interpretation. In statutory law, however, the approach requires further refinement. The interpretation of conditional rulings as merely recommended is not feasible due to the mandatory nature of statutory regulations. Thus, in imperative statutory rulings, the primary solution lies in finding a way to reconcile absolute and conditional rulings. The results suggest that adopting a hierarchical interpretation, where the conditional complements the absolute without altering its foundational framework, provides a practical approach. Postural Rulings: Most scholars agree on reconciling the absolute with the conditional in postural rulings, provided that the unity and consistency of obligation and ruling are maintained. In postural statutory rulings, the essential requirement for determining and reconciling the conflict between absolute and conditional provisions is establishing the unity of cause and criterion. However, establishing unity is more complex in postural contexts due to the layered nature of statutory regulations. In both imperative and postural statutory laws, unity of cause and criterion can sometimes be inferred directly from the legislative texts themselves. In other cases, it can be deduced from external evidence pointing to a legislative intent to connect the conditional to the absolute. A systematic approach to inferring unity of criteria and cause is required to effectively harmonize conflicting statutory provisions. Broader Context and Application: The broader analysis reveals the importance of systematizing the unity of cause and criterion when reconciling absolute and conditional rulings. By adhering to principles that align absolute and conditional provisions, judicial practices can remain consistent and coherent. However, solutions like repealing statutory provisions instead of reconciling them or maintaining adherence to both absolute and conditional provisions without verifying unity create ambiguity and inconsistencies in legal interpretation. Moreover, the study uncovers challenges in reconciling principles from Islamic jurisprudence with statutory legal frameworks due to differences in language, intent, and legal culture. The discussion underscores the need for a hybrid methodology that respects the foundations of Islamic jurisprudence while acknowledging the structural requirements of statutory law. ∴ Conclusion ∴ The reconciliation of absolute and conditional affirmative rulings in Islamic jurisprudence and statutory laws requires a nuanced understanding of both legal frameworks. In Islamic jurisprudence, jurists have articulated different approaches depending on whether the ruling is imperative or postural. In imperative rulings, opinions vary between interpreting the conditional as recommended or reconciling the absolute directly with the conditional. In postural rulings, consensus exists among scholars regarding reconciliation, given that the unity of cause and criterion is established. In statutory laws, the approach to resolving conflicts between absolute and conditional rulings differs fundamentally. Conditional rulings cannot be interpreted as merely recommended due to the obligatory nature of statutory regulations. Thus, the only viable solution in imperative statutory rulings is to reconcile the absolute with the conditional, finding a harmonious interpretation that does not detract from the clarity or intent of either provision. For postural and imperative statutory laws, establishing unity of cause and criterion is essential yet challenging. Scholars infer unity from textual and external evidence, while statutory interpretations rely on legislative intent and the broader context of the law. Adhering to these principles ensures consistent application and interpretation. A systematic framework that reconciles absolute and conditional rulings can better coordinate statutory provisions, avoiding repeal or strict adherence without unity verification. Ultimately, the study demonstrates the feasibility of applying principles from Islamic jurisprudence to statutory law, emphasizing the importance of a unified judicial practice. However, this must be balanced with the challenges inherent in adapting traditional jurisprudential principles to contemporary statutory frameworks. The proposed framework seeks to achieve this balance, offering legal practitioners a coherent methodology for resolving conflicts between absolute and conditional affirmative rulings.

Despite being frequently invoked in everyday police work and immigration enforcement to justify coercive measures, public order and security remains an ambiguous legal concept. For EU citizens, the Citizens' Rights Directive stipulates public order and security grounds to provide a higher threshold against removals than criminal convictions alone. However, the removal grounds for EU citizens were founded on even less than criminal convictions in analysis of 100 removal orders for mobile Estonian and Romanian citizens in Finland. Ultimately, the removal orders relied on the assumption of future crimes and invoked a conception of 'dangerous individuals' with criminal tendencies, even based on single minor offences and administrative penal orders without criminal convictions. Notwithstanding various legal meanings, I argue that the required public order and security grounds for the removal of EU citizens corresponded to police conceptions of mobile populations as a potential source of criminality and a threat to social order. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The adoption of centralism as a political system in Colombia has been a constant in the republican history of our country, where the central sector headed by the President of the Republic has been the focus of various faculties and powers in administrative, fiscal and police aspects. However, the arrival of the Coronavirus-COVID-19 pandemic has generated a new space for debate against the powers that the central sector and the territorial entities have within the framework of the constitutional principle of territorial autonomy, all for the sake of containing, prevent and mitigate the adverse effects of the pandemic. So, the notion of the adopted political system must be articulated from the local level for scenarios such as the one proposed by the disease to guarantee the fundamental rights of the population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Süleyman Demirel Law Review / Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi is the property of Suleyman Demirel Universitesi Hukuk Fakultesi Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Ayer: Revista de Historia Contemporánea is the property of Asociacion de Historia Contemporanea and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The purpose of the conducted research was to determine the role of legal mechanisms for monitoring the observance of public order in the context of the interaction of police officers with local self-government bodies. To determine the legal framework for collaboration between the police and regional selfgovernment, formal legal and comparative methods, analysis of legal acts, and abstract and logical methods were used. The forms of interaction between the police and local self-government in controlling the observance of public order are identified in the article, and recommendations for improving such cooperation are formulated. It was determined that in order to improve the proper mechanisms of interaction between police officers and local self-government bodies, it is recommended to adopt a normative document on the legislative consolidation of the mechanism of interaction in the field of public safety and order in ordinary and emergency situations. It is recommended that the responsible entities and mechanisms for monitoring the state of this interaction be identified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the most controversial issues in the field of arbitration is the possibility of using it in the field of labor disputes. This issue that was also raised on the disputes between workers and commercial companies as their employers, has caused many disagreements. Therefore, this paper examines the approach of the legal system of countries and commercial companies in this field. The findings of this study indicate that in some legal systems, various types of arbitration (mandatory and voluntary) in labor disputes have been accepted but in others, only voluntary arbitration is recognized in limited cases. In a number of other legal systems, referring these disputes to arbitration is not accepted at all. Commercial companies also have different procedures in this regard; some companies, believing in the many benefits of arbitration for companies, have chosen it as the first way to resolve labor disputes. Some other companies, despite accepting the arbitration, use it as a secondary method, ie if other non-judicial methods are not obtained and finally, there are companies that are reluctant to refer arbitration to dispute resolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ankara Hacı Bayram Veli Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi is the property of Ankara Haci Bayram Veli Universitesi Hukuk Fakultesi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In the article, based on a complex systematic methodological approach to the current legislation, the legal regulation of the assessment of the effectiveness of local executive authorities in the field of public order protection is considered. The study was built using general scientific methods of cognition. As one of the forms of public power, local executive power implements state policy on the ground, makes binding decisions on issues of local importance, ensures public order, and performs other governmental functions. Despite the difficulties of obtaining a quantitative assessment, associated with new trends in the development of economic and legal science and the approach to administrative-territorial formation as a socio-economic system, the need to evaluate the obtained results and control over management bodies is a management necessity. Assessment of the effectiveness of local executive bodies is one of the key factors in improving the quality of public administration at the local level. However, the content of the current legislative and by-law regulation demonstrates the imperfection of the standards that determine performance indicators from the point of view of them with the powers of the specified bodies. Existing performance indicators actually characterize the quality of work of local and central executive bodies. The improvement of the system of local executive power as an institution of public power is a necessary component of the general process of democratic transformations carried out today under martial law, and the creation of effective management tools as one of the fundamental foundations of statehood should be the logical conclusion of all work on reforming the power system. This presupposes the presence of effective and efficient structures at the local level, which acts as an element of the general system of public power, that is, as a public institution endowed with real authority. A conclusion is formulated on the expediency of improving the current rules, including the introduction of a new model that provides a comprehensive assessment of the effectiveness of central and local executive bodies operating in the relevant industry or sphere of management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article provides a criminological characterization of hooliganism, criminal liability for which is provided for in Article 296 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine. It is noted that hooliganism refers to criminal offenses against public order and morality and is expressed in clear disrespect for society, accompanied by particular insolence or exceptional cynicism. Hooliganism can consist of causing bodily injuries, beating victims, damaging other people's property, and interfering with the normal functioning of public institutions. The author notes that there is no exhaustive list of hooligan actions, therefore the presence of specific illegal actions is decided in each specific case. A criminological characterization of hooliganism was carried out on the basis of criminological indicators (quantitative and qualitative indicators: level of crime and criminal record, dynamics, structure; personality of the criminal; gender; time of committing the criminal offense). The author used statistics provided by the Office of the Prosecutor General indicating the number of registered criminal offenses qualified under Art. 296 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine for 2023. It has been established that the number of registered cases of hooliganism has increased 12.5 times since the beginning of 2023. Statistical data on hooliganism, which were analyzed for the first four months of 2024, concluded that there has been a constant dynamics of growth of this offense in the current year. After researching such a crime as hooliganism, four categories of persons were distinguished: persons who previously committed criminal offenses; a group of persons who have committed criminal offenses; persons who committed hooligan acts while intoxicated; minors involved in criminal offenses. The most alarming situation is with persons who commit hooliganism while under the influence of alcohol: a constant increase indicates that a high percentage of illegal actions are committed under the influence of alcohol. On the basis of the conducted research, we created a portrait of the criminal hooligan's personality. This is a male person aged from 18 to 30 years old, who has a secondary education, is unmarried, has no previous convictions, is unemployed, is not financially secure, is dissatisfied with his social status, has a superior and contemptuous attitude towards others. It was concluded that today, hooliganism is one of the most common criminal offenses against public order and morality, which threatens society and requires special attention from law enforcement agencies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A group of rights and duties are imposed on people based on their gender. Therefore, gender recognition is a requirement for belonging this part of rights and duties to people. In most of the cases, it is possible to identify the gender easily and without the requirement of specialized precision, but in some cases, gender and sexual ambiguities make the identification difficult. One of these cases is transsexual status. Transsexuals consider themselves to have a different gender from their physical structure and therefore, they want to harmonize their body structure with their self-conscious gender. The advancement of medical science and the possibility of gender reassignment surgery prompted a group of jurists to consider the changed body structure as the basis for identifying a new gender and decide to change the rules related to gender. Following the custom, they considered the apparent gender to be the criterion of recognition and because of changing of gender due to the surgery, they considered the surgery to be the origin of the new gender recognition; An approach that is currently accepted in the legal system of our country. On the other hand, the results of scientific studies, rejecting the effectiveness of the previous criterion, indicated the key role of gender identity in identifying the gender of transsexuals. Revealing the effectiveness of gender identity in the identification of transsexuals and also the greater compatibility of this criterion with jurisprudential-legal foundations, all testify to the superiority of this criterion. It is appropriate for the legislator to adopt an effectiveness approach for the identification of transsexuals while trying to enter the concept of gender identity into legal concepts and consider to pulic order and good morals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Turkic Studies Journal is the property of L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Wars do not only cause the political, social and economic destruction of states, but also lead to the collapse of increasingly impoverished societies. The problems experienced before the war and during the war become more intense after the war due to the weakening of the state authority. However, increasing insecurity brings along various security problems. Erzurum, which has been exposed to war for many years and has deep traces in its social and economic balance, is one of the provinces that faced many security problems. It was attacked by the Russians twice until the First World War, and after the Ottoman Empire entered the First World War, it became the target of the Russian army again. The city, which was occupied by the Russians' capture of Erzurum on February 16, 1916, was devastated by the immigration of the people who wanted to escape from both the occupation and the attacks of the Armenians provoked by Russia. Erzurum remained under Russian control for more than two years until March 12, 1918, when it was liberated from the occupation, and the province faced many problems in this period. In the province, which was trying to dress its wounds after the war, there was an increase in crime rates, and security and public order problems were struggled. The deterioration of the socio-economic structure and the lack of authority due to war conditions were the main reasons for these problems. In this study, which deals with the banditry cases that emerged as a part of the security problems in Erzurum and its surroundings after the First World War, it has been tried to analyze the tribal, gang and individual banditry, the reasons for these banditry activities, and what measures the state took to catch the bandits. For this purpose, besides archive documents such as crime records of the province, bandit crime reports and inter-institutional correspondence, memoirs of individuals who witnessed the period and research works were also utilized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the response of the Home Office and the Metropolitan Police to mass demonstrations in 1968. Using a variety of contemporaneous sources, including underused archival material, documents released through freedom of information requests, and evidence disclosed as part of the ongoing Undercover Policing Inquiry (UCPI), it shows how the experience of mass demonstrations that year, which came against the backdrop of widespread international protest, prompted significant developments in terms of crowd control tactics, covert intelligence gathering practices and the use of new technology to enable greater command and control over police resources. Taken together, these measures represented a permanent change to the public order capacity of the Metropolitan Police, providing a model that was gradually exported to other forces across England and Wales with the encouragement of the Home Office. However, despite the significant changes introduced in 1968, this article shows how police officers, civil servants, and politicians emphasised the continuation of 'traditional methods', a term that functioned as a way of situating public order policing within an idealised image of a uniquely English policing tradition, with an appeal to historical continuity that aimed to convey legitimacy and construct consent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses, from an institutional approach, on the composition and tasks performed by the Superintendence of Police and Public Tranquillity of Mexico City during the development of the independence conflict. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Department of Police Sciences at the Academy of the Police Force in Bratislava is one of the key departments that provide education and training in the central subjects preparing students for their future law enforcement occupation. Covering theoretical, practical and legal aspects of the performance of public order police activities in the field of road safety, security of premises, responding to reports of crimes, dealing with public disorder, police canine service and other related issues makes it one of the most complex fields in police education. The Department of Foreign Languages of the Academy of the Police Force in Bratislava has reflected the topics related to public order police in its specialised police English textbook - English for Police I - in several chapters, thus providing the students with the necessary material to gain and extend their knowledge of the related specialised lexis as well as language skills. The present article provides an insight into the relation and reflection of the key police subjects in the English language textbook designed for the students of the Academy of the Police Force. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]