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Acenes, the group of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) with linearly fused benzene rings, possess distinctive electronic properties with potential applicability in material science. Hexacene was the largest acene obtained and characterized in the last century, followed by heptacene in 2006. Since then, a race for obtaining the largest acene resulted in the development of several members of this family as well as diverse innovative synthetic strategies, from solid‐state chemistry to the promising on‐surface chemistry. This last technique allows the obtention of large acenes, up to tridecacene, the largest acene so far. This review presents the different methodologies employed for the synthesis of acenes, highlighting the newest studies, to provide a much more thorough understanding of the essence of the electronic structure of this captivating group of organic compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hard carbon (HC) with low cost and high specific capacity is considered the appropriate anode material for sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs), but the low initial coulombic efficiency (ICE) caused by solid electrolyte interface (SEI) formation and inherent active defects impede its practical battery application. Here, the practicability of solid‐state electrochemical (SSE) pre‐sodiation technique for hard carbon anode is assessed to conquer such challenges. The uniformly pre‐sodiated HC (Pre‐HC) can be fabricated through the SSE reaction between the HC and preloaded sodium metal film without introducing a liquid electrolyte. After being immerged in the electrolyte, a thin artificial SEI with abundant inorganic species is formed on the surface of Pre‐HC due to the spontaneous chemical reaction, and the ICE of HC is improved from 76.0% to 107.9%. Full cell paired with Na3V2(PO4)3 cathode exhibits a high ICE of 94.0% with 70% of energy density augment (from 126.5 to 214.4 Wh kg−1) after anode pre‐sodiation. Pre‐HC anode still retains the pre‐sodiation capacity of 671.1 mAh gNa−1 after being stored in the dry air for 2 h. This work demonstrates the practical applicability of this SSE pre‐sodiation strategy to enhance the energy density of SIBs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Improving food preservation technologies is a key aspect in the struggle to reduce global food waste, and natural antimicrobial substances, such as essential oil (EO) components represent very promising food preserving agent. However, their intrinsic chemico‐physical properties, such as the low melting point, low water solubility and high volatility, pose some practical difficulties in exploiting them for practical applications. Cocrystallization is used to stabilize liquid or volatile EO components providing them whit a crystalline environment, thus improving their potential application as antibacterial agents. Five EO active ingredients (THY = thymol, CAR = carvacrol, EUG = eugenol, CAD = trans‐cinnamaldehyde, and VAN = o‐vanillin) and two coformers (INA = Isonicotinamide, and HBA = 4‐hydroxybenzoic acid) have been combined and the corresponding cocrystals have been studied for their potential inhibiting effect against four food spoilage bacteria (Bacillus thuringiensis, Enterobacter cloacae, Pseudomonas fluorescens, and Serratia marcescens). The structures of the five cocrystals have been used to derive structure‐activity relationships in terms of release energy of the active ingredients form the crystalline environment, and a correlation has been derived with the Intermolecular Interaction Energies of the EO molecules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Direct recycling is a key technology for enabling a circular economy of spent lithium ion batteries (LIBs). For cathode active materials (CAMs), it is regarded as the tightest closed‐loop and most efficient approach among current recycling techniques as it simply proceeds via re‐lithiation and reconstruction of aged CAMs instead of separating them into elemental components. In this work, spent, i.e., morphologically and structurally decomposed CAM based on LiNi0.83Co0.12Mn0.05O2 (NCM‐831205) is restored by mimicking conditions of original CAM synthesis. After evaluating and optimizing the high‐temperature duration for CAM restoration and subsequent washing procedure, the recycled CAM is shown to maintain poly‐crystallinity and tap density, successfully recover specific surface area, lithium content, crystal structure in surface and bulk, while, however, only partly the original secondary particle size and shape. Though, comparable in initial 100 charge/discharge cycles with pristine CAM in lithium ion‐cells, the subsequent increase in resistance and capacity fading remains a challenge. High temperature during recycling can be regarded as a key challenge on material level, as it not only promotes detrimental surface carbonate species from residual carbon black but also enhances cation disorder and micro‐/nanoscopic porosity through oxygen release, likely in de‐lithiated, thus less thermally stable regions of cycled NCM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we report on the use of a purpose-built hybrid solid-state microwave and radiofrequency generator operating at frequencies of 2.45 GHz and/or 480 kHz for cancer ablation in various tissues. The hybrid generator was tested ex vivo on chicken breast and bovine liver and has demonstrated that the high accuracy of the power delivered to the sample can be achieved by controlling the emitted power versus the temperature profile of the treated sample. In particular, the hybrid generator incorporates control systems based on impedance or reflected power measurements that allow controlled ablation without causing unwanted carbonization and without including areas where tissue damage is not desired. The results of the ex vivo tests showed that radiofrequency ablation (RFA) could be effective for performing controlled ablations with minimally invasive probes, such as cardiac pathologies, small lesions, and tissues with particular composition, while microwave ablation (MWA) could be optimal for performing large ablations in highly vascularized tissues, such as liver cancer, where it is necessary to achieve higher temperatures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The combined effect of active shielding packaging and relative phase sweeping on heating performance in a dual-port solid-state microwave heating process was evaluated. Four types of heating strategies that combine two factors (passive and active packaging and fixed and sweeping relative phase) were used in heating a tray of 300 g gellan gel sample for 3 min. The temperature distributions at the top and middle layers of the heated samples were collected and analyzed for heating uniformity index (HUI) and power absorption efficiency (PAE). The results showed that both active shielding package and relative phase sweeping can individually improve the HUI while maintaining high PAE. The packaging factor and relative phase factor showed a significant interaction effect (p = 0.0021) in influencing HUI but not PAE, highlighting the necessity of considering both factors (packaging and relative phase) when optimizing the microwave heating uniformity. The combination of active packaging and sweeping relative phase is a robust heating strategy that delivers the best heating performance that is significantly better than or similar to other combinations of packaging and relative phase strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrogen‐driven energy is fascinating among the everlasting energy sources, particularly for stationary and onboard transportation applications. Efficient hydrogen storage presents a key challenge to accomplishing the sustainability goals of hydrogen economy. In this regard, solid‐state hydrogen storage in nanomaterials, either physically or chemically adsorbed, has been considered a safe path to establishing sustainability goals. Though metal hydrides have been extensively explored, they fail to comply with the set targets for practical utilization. Recently, MXenes, both in bare form and hybrid state with metal hydrides, have proven their flair in ascertaining the hydrides′ theoretical and experimental hydrogen storage capabilities far beyond the fancy materials and current state‐of‐the‐art technologies. This review encompasses the significant accomplishments achieved by MXenes (primarily in 2019–2024) for enhancing the hydrogen storage performance of various metal hydride materials such as MgH2, AlH3, Mg(BH4)2, LiBH4, alanates, and composite hydrides. It also discusses the bottlenecks of metal hydrides for hydrogen storage, the potential use of MXenes hybrids, and their challenges, such as reversibility, H2 losses, slow kinetics, and thermodynamic barriers. Finally, it concludes with a detailed roadmap and recommendations for mechanistic‐driven future studies propelling toward a breakthrough in solid material‐driven hydrogen storage using cost‐effective, efficient, and long‐lasting solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we report on the use of a purpose-built hybrid solid-state microwave and radiofrequency generator operating at frequencies of 2.45 GHz and/or 480 kHz for cancer ablation in various tissues. The hybrid generator was tested ex vivo on chicken breast and bovine liver and has demonstrated that the high accuracy of the power delivered to the sample can be achieved by controlling the emitted power versus the temperature profile of the treated sample. In particular, the hybrid generator incorporates control systems based on impedance or reflected power measurements that allow controlled ablation without causing unwanted carbonization and without including areas where tissue damage is not desired. The results of the ex vivo tests showed that radiofrequency ablation (RFA) could be effective for performing controlled ablations with minimally invasive probes, such as cardiac pathologies, small lesions, and tissues with particular composition, while microwave ablation (MWA) could be optimal for performing large ablations in highly vascularized tissues, such as liver cancer, where it is necessary to achieve higher temperatures.

In order to fulfill the demand for high energy and capacity, an electrode with high-voltage capability, namely LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 (LNMO) that has an operating potential of up to 4.7 V vs Li/Li+, is currently becoming popular in Li-ion battery chemistries. This research produced LNMO by using a solid-state method with only one-step synthesis route to compare its electrochemical performance with different lithium sources, including hydroxide (LNMO-LiOH), acetate (LNMO-LiAce), and carbonate (LNMO-LiCar) precursors. TGA/DSC was first performed for all three sample precursors to ensure the optimal calcination temperature, while XRD and SEM characterized the physical properties. The electrochemical measurements, including cyclic voltammetry and charge-discharge, were conducted in the half-cell configurations of LNMO//Li-metal using a standard 1 M LiPF6 electrolyte. LNMO-LiOH samples exhibited the highest purity and the smallest particle size, with values of 93.3% and 418 nm, respectively. In contrast, samples with higher impurities, such as LNMO-LiCar, mainly in the form of LixNi1-xO (LiNiO), displayed the largest particle size. The highest working voltage possessed by LNMO-LiOH samples was 4.735 V vs Li/Li+. The results showed that LNMO samples with LiNiO impurities would affect the reaction behavior that occurs at the cathode-electrolyte interface during the release of lithium-ions, resulting in high resistance at the battery operations and decreasing the specific capacity of the LNMO during discharging. The highest value, shown by LNMO-LiOH, was up to 92.75 mAh/g. On the other side, LNMO-LiCar only possessed a specific capacity of 44.57 mAh/g, indicating a significant impact of different lithium sources in the overall performances of LNMO cathode.

Collagen‐based aerogels have great potential for topical biomedical applications. Collagen's natural affinity with skin, biodegradability, and gelling behavior are compelling properties to combine with the structural integrity of highly porous matrices in the dry form (aerogels). This work aimed to produce a novel collagen‐based aerogel and to perform the material's solid‐state and physicochemical characterization. Aerogels were obtained by performing different solvent exchange approaches of a collagen‐gelled extract and drying the obtained alcogels with supercritical CO2. The resulting aerogels showed a sponge‐like structure with a relatively dense mesoporous network with a specific surface area of 201–203 m2/g, a specific pore volume of 1.08–1.15 cm3/g, and a mean pore radius of ca. 14.7 nm. Physicochemical characterization confirmed that the obtained aerogels are composed of pure collagen, and the aerogel production process does not impact protein tertiary structure. Finally, the material swelling behavior was assessed at various pH values (4, 7, and 10). Collagen aerogels presented a high water uptake capacity up to ~2700 wt. %, pH‐dependent stability, and swelling behavior in aqueous media. The results suggest that this collagen aerogel could be a promising scaffold candidate for topical biomedical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study introduces a novel approach to address the growing demand for flexible energy storage systems in wearable and human-integrated devices. A flexible supercapacitor (SC) system is developed using a plasticized polyvinyl chloride (PVC)-derived ionogel electrolyte. The ionogel consists of PVC, dibutyl adipate (DBA) plasticizer, and 1-ethyl-3-methyl imidazolium bis(trifluoromethyl sulfonyl)imide ([EMIM]+[TFSI]−) ionic liquid (IL), offering impressive properties such as high stretchability (~ 2050%) and non-volatility. SCs assembled with activated carbon electrodes embedded in the ionogel exhibit remarkable electrochemical performance. They attain near-100% Coulombic efficiency (CE) up to 2.0 V and a specific capacitance of up to 64.8 F g−1, finely tuned by modulating the concentration of [EMIM]+[TFSI]− IL. Significantly, the SC employing the optimized PVC-based ionogel demonstrates exceptional stability over 1000 charge–discharge cycles, maintaining both capacitance and CE. The non-volatile nature of the ionogel enhances its robustness under ambient conditions, contributing to long-term stability. Moreover, the potential integration of the PVC-based ionogel with flexible electrodes and a malleable current collector hints at the possibility of creating a highly stretchable SC system. This work advances the field of SC powering flexible electronics and accelerates their seamless integration into everyday life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This manuscript shows an innovative water-based processing route to fabricate lead-free piezoceramics. It faces the challenge of substituting conventionally used organic solvents by innocuous water. The procedure involves two methods of widespread use in industry: attrition ball-milling and freezing-lyophilization. Powders with nominal composition (Ba 0.92 Ca 0.08)(Ti 0.95 Zr 0.05)O 3 were effectively obtained. A narrow monomodal size distribution (600 nm) proved high reactivity that allowed solid-state synthesis at ultra-low temperature (700 °C-2 h). Optimal two-step sintering method (900 °C-3 h,1280 °C-6 h) allowed well-sintered homogeneous ceramics with pure tetragonal perovskite phase. They showed high piezo-sensitivity (d 33 =320 pC/N, d 31 =−110 pC/N, k p =31.45% and N p =2750 kHz·mm, ε ′ 33 T =3670, tanδ=0.036 at 1 kHz), comparable to that found for routes in organic media. Therefore, attrition ball milling in water and lyophilization work in synergy to successfully activate the precursors, influencing on the structural, microstructural and electrical properties of the final BCZT ceramics. This is an unprecedented development to produce piezoelectric ceramics using a sustainable, environmentally benign water-based process, with a positive impact in noteworthy industrial applications. • Novel mixed oxides route to fabricate (Ba 0.92 Ca 0.08) (Ti 0.95 Zr 0.05) O 3. • Attrition ball-milling in water, freezing and lyophilization activate the precursors. • Fine lyophilized powder (600 nm) allows ultra-low synthesis at 700 °C. • Two-step sintering at 1280 °C results in a pure tetragonal perovskite phase. • High piezo-sensitivity, alike that obtained by milling in organic media. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of single‐platform qubits, predominant for most of the last few decades, has driven the progress of quantum information technologies but also highlighted the limitations of various platforms. Some inherent issues, such as charge/spin noise in materials hinder certain platforms, while increased decoherence upon attempts to scale up severely impacts qubit quality and coupling on others. In addition, a universal solution for coherent information transfer between quantum systems remains lacking. By combining one or more qubit platforms, one could potentially create new hybrid platforms that might alleviate significant issues that current single‐platform qubits suffer from, and in some cases, even facilitate the conversion of static to flying qubits on the same hybrid platform. While nascent, this is an area of rising importance that could shed new light on robust and scalable qubit development and provide new impetus for research directions. Here, the requirements for hybrid systems are defined with artificial atoms in the solid state, exemplified with systems that are proposed or attempted, and conclude with the outlook for such hybrid quantum systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ObjectivesDuring holmium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet (holmium:YAG) laser lithotripsy to break urinary stones, urologists frequently see flashes of light. As infrared laser pulses are invisible, what is the source of light? Here we studied the origin, characteristics, and some effects of flashes of light in laser lithotripsy.MethodsUltrahigh-speed video-microscopy was used to record single laser pulses at 0.2-1.0 J energy lasered with 242 µm glass-core-diameter fibers in contact with whole surgically retrieved urinary stones and hydroxyapatite (HA)-coated glass slides in air and water. Acoustic transients were measured with a hydrophone. Visible-light and infrared photodetectors resolved temporal profiles of visible-light emission and infrared-laser pulses.ResultsTemporal profiles of laser pulses showed intensity spikes of various duration and amplitude. The pulses were seen to produce dim light and bright sparks with submicrosecond risetime. The spark produced by the intensity spike at the beginning of laser pulse generated a shock wave in the surrounding liquid. The subsequent sparks were in a vapor bubble and generated no shock waves. Sparks enhanced absorption of laser radiation, indicative of plasma formation and optical breakdown. The occurrence and number of sparks varied even with the same urinary stone. Sparks were consistently observed at laser energy >0.5 J with HA-coated glass slides. The slides broke or cracked by cavitation with sparks in 63 ± 15% of pulses (1.0 J, N = 60). No glass-slide breakage occurred without sparks (1.0 J, N = 500).ConclusionUnappreciated in previous studies, plasma formation with free-running long-pulse holmium:YAG lasers can be an additional physical mechanism of action in laser procedures.

We report on the design and simulation of strip-loaded nanophotonic interfaces aimed at improving resonant coupling and photon routing efficiency. In our design, the guided mode is confined within a plane by a high-index thin film and is loosely confined laterally by a lower index strip. Using a hydrogen silsesquioxane (HSQ) strip, titanium dioxide core, and silicon dioxide substrate, we optimise the waveguide dimensions for maximum lateral confinement of light. Specifically, we propose a polymer-based Bragg grating cavity and ring resonator that achieve near-optimal mode volumes and high Q-factors. These may be further developed to achieve the even higher Q-factors demanded by quantum technologies. Our calculations suggest that a quantum dot embedded in a cavity with a mode volume of Veff∼7.0λ/n3 and a Q-factor of 7,000 can produce photons with 97% indistinguishability at 4K. Additionally, we investigate directional couplers for efficient photon routing, comparing photonic and plasmonic material structures. While pure photonic structures demonstrate lower loss and improved quality factors, they face practical limitations in terms of bending radius. Conversely, plasmonic structures offer shorter bending radii but higher propagation losses. This research lays the groundwork for future nanophotonic designs, aiming to enhance photon generation and routing capabilities for quantum optical applications.

Objectives: Porcelain chipping and delamination are among the shortcomings of all-ceramic restorations. This study aimed to assess the effect of laser irradiation and sandblasting on shear bond strength (SBS) of zirconia to veneering porcelain. Materials and Methods: In this in vitro, experimental study, 60 zirconia blocks were randomly divided into three groups (n=20) for surface treatment with Er:YAG laser, sandblasting, and no surface treatment (control). Each group was randomly divided into two subgroups (n=10) for porcelain application by the layering or the pressing technique. The surface roughness, SBS, and failure mode were determined and analyzed using two-way ANOVA, Tukey’s HSD test, Chi-square test, and Pearson’s correlation test (alpha=0.05). Results: The mean SBS was 8.16±3.66 MPa, 9.32±2.7 MPa, and 11.85±3.06 MPa in the control, laser, and sandblasting groups, respectively. The SBS was significantly different among the three groups (P=0.002). The failure mode of the three groups was not significantly different (P>0.05). The sandblasted group showed significantly higher surface roughness than the control and laser groups (P

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PurposeTo investigate the preparation of inclusion complexes of diphenylcyclopropenone (DPCP)/β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) derivatives using a three-dimensional (3D) ball mill, and verify the inclusion behavior of the solid dispersion. Additionally, we aimed to investigate the effect of DPCP/β-CDs complex formation on the spleens of male C57BL/6 mice in terms of anti-inflammatory effects.MethodsThe inclusion complexes of DPCP with β-CD and hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPβCD) were prepared using a 3D ball mill. Powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) were used to evaluate the solid-state properties. The solubility of the prepared DPCP/β-CD and HPβCD complexes and the intermolecular interaction between DPCP and β-CD derivatives in solution were assessed using 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Furthermore, the anti-inflammatory effects of DPCPs in the prepared DPCP/CD complexes were investigated using spleens from male C57BL/6 mice, with measurement of interferon gamma (IFN-γ) secretion as an endpoint. Additionally, the protective effects of each drug on NIH-3T3 cells exposed to ultraviolet (UV) irradiation were examined.ResultsSolid-state characterization confirmed the formation of inclusion complexes in the 3D ground mixture (3DGM) (DPCP/β-CD = 1/1) and 3DGM (DPCP/HPβCD = 1/1) complexes through PXRD and IR analysis. The solubility of 3DGM (DPCP/β-CD = 1/1) and 3DGM (DPCP/HPβCD = 1/1) was 17.5 μg/mL and 58.4 μg/mL, respectively, indicating higher solubility than that of DPCP alone. NMR analysis of 3DGM samples suggested that DPCP/β-CD and DPCP/HPβCD form inclusion complexes at a molar ratio of 1/1 but with different inclusion modes. Regarding the anti-inflammatory activity of DPCP, 3DGM (DPCP/HPβ-CD) showed anti-inflammatory effects at lower doses compared to 3DGM (DPCP/β-CD) in terms of IFN-γ and NIH-3T3 cells injured by UV irradiation.ConclusionWe successfully formed inclusion complexes of DPCP/β-CD and DPCP/HPβCD using the 3D ground mixture method. NMR analysis suggested that DPCP/β-CD and DPCP/HPβCD form inclusion complexes at a molar ratio of 1/1 but with different inclusion modes. The anti-inflammatory activity of DPCP was more pronounced in 3DGM (DPCP/HPβCD) at lower doses compared to that in 3DGM (DPCP/β-CD), indicating that the HPβCD derivatives were more effective in enhancing the anti-inflammatory properties of DPCP.

SignificanceTraditional pathology workflow suffers from limitations including biopsy invasiveness, small fraction of large tissue samples being analyzed, and complex and time-consuming processing.AimWe address limitations of conventional pathology workflow through development of a laser microbiopsy device for minimally invasive harvest of sub-microliter tissue volumes. Laser microbiopsy combined with rapid diagnostic methods, such as virtual hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) imaging has potential to provide rapid minimally invasive tissue diagnosis.ApproachLaser microbiopsies were harvested using an annular shaped Ho:YAG laser beam focused onto the tissue surface. As the annulus was ablated, the tissue section in the center of the annulus was ejected and collected directly onto a glass slide for analysis. Cryogen spray cooling was used before and after laser harvest to limit thermal damage. Microbiopsies were collected from porcine skin and kidney. Harvested microbiopsies were imaged with confocal microscopy and digitally false colored to provide virtual H&E images.ResultsMicrobiopsies were successfully harvested from porcine skin and kidney. Computational and experimental results show the benefit of cryogen pre- and post-cooling to limit thermal damage. Virtual H&E images of microbiopsies retained observable cellular features including cell nuclei.ConclusionsLaser microbiopsy with virtual H&E imaging shows promise as a potential rapid and minimally invasive tool for biopsy and diagnosis.

Herein, we report the first solid-state protocol for nickel(0)-mediated Yamamoto-coupling reactions using ball milling. A variety of aryl halides reacted efficiently in the presence of bis(cyclooctadiene)nickel(0) [Ni(cod)2] and 4,4'-di-tert-butyl-2,2'-bipyridyl under solid-state mechanochemical conditions, affording the corresponding biaryls in high yields. Considering that potentially harmful and high-boiling organic solvents are not required, the present study provides a more convenient, environmentally friendly, and sustainable alternative to conventional solution-based Yamamoto coupling. Solid-state Yamamoto-coupling polymerization and the development of a catalytic variant are also described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite being discovered over five decades ago, little is still known about ivermectin. Ivermectin has several physico-chemical properties that can result in it having poor bioavailability. In this study, polymorphic and co-crystal screening was used to see if such solid-state modifications can improve the oil solubility of ivermectin. Span® 60, a lipophilic non-ionic surfactant, was chosen as co-former. The rationale behind attempting to improve oil solubility was to use ivermectin in future topical and transdermal preparations to treat a range of skin conditions like scabies and head lice. Physical mixtures were also prepared in the same molar ratios as the co-crystal candidates, to serve as controls. Solid-state characterization was performed using X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The FTIR spectra of the co-crystal candidates showed the presence of Span® 60's alkyl chain peaks, which were absent in the spectra of the physical mixtures. Due to the absence of single-crystal X-ray data, co-crystal formation could not be confirmed, and therefore these co-crystal candidates were referred to as co-processed crystalline solids. Following characterization, the solid-state forms, physical mixtures and ivermectin raw material were dissolved in natural penetration enhancers, i.e., avocado oil (AVO) and evening primrose oil (EPO). The co-processed solids showed increased oil solubility by up to 169% compared to ivermectin raw material. The results suggest that co-processing of ivermectin with Span® 60 can be used to increase its oil solubility and can be useful in the development of oil-based drug formulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research of the batteries is still going forward and there are lots of challenges which should be solved. This text examines the effect of external pressure on different types of batteries and explores their potential for improving performance and lifetime. The studies reviewed in the text show interesting results where external pressure affects capacity, internal resistance, stability or other parameters of modern battery systems as Li-ion, solid-state, or Li–S batteries. Despite the challenges, the benefits for next-generation batteries seem promising and show its role in battery development and manufacturing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: This study assessed the effects of two remineralizing agents namely MI Paste Plus containing casein phosphopeptide amorphous calcium phosphate fluoride (CPP-ACFP) and Remin Pro containing hydroxyapatite, fluoride and xylitol (HFX) with/without erbium-doped yttrium aluminium garnet (Er:YAG) and CO2 laser irradiation on demineralized enamel microhardness. Materials and Methods: In this in vitro study, 70 sound human premolars were mesiodistally sectioned, demineralized at a pH of 4.6 for 8 hours, and randomly divided into 7 remineralization groups (n=10): of (I) MI Paste Plus (CPP-ACFP), (II) Remin Pro (HFX), (III) MI Paste Plus+CO2 laser (0.7 W power, 50 Hz), (IV) Remin Pro+CO2 laser, (V) MI Paste Plus+Er:YAG laser (1 W power, 10 Hz), (VI) Remin Pro+Er:YAG laser, and (VII) negative control. The Vickers hardness number of specimens was then measured. The groups were compared by one-way ANOVA and Tukey's test (α=0.05). Results: The mean microhardness was 319.8±49.9, 325.3±44.6, 359.4±35.7, 296.4±33.7, 319.9±58.1, 358.9±28.4, and 240.0±41.6 kg/mm2 in groups 1 to 7, respectively. The difference in microhardness was significant among the groups (P<0.0001). Pairwise comparisons revealed significant differences in microhardness between all groups (P=0.03) except between groups 1 and 2, 1 and 5, 2 and 5, and 3 and 6 (P>0.05). Conclusion: Both Remin Pro (containing HFX) and MI Paste Plus (containing CPP-ACFP) can cause enamel remineralization. MI Paste Plus+CO2 laser irradiation and Remin Pro+Er:YAG laser irradiation were significantly more effective than the application of each remineralizing agent alone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: A solid-state PET/CT system uses bismuth germanium oxide (BGO) scintillating crystals coupled to silicon photomultipliers over an extended 32 cm axial field-of-view (FOV) to provide high spatial resolution and very high sensitivity. Performance characteristics were determined for this digital-BGO system, including NEMA and EARL standards. Methods: Spatial resolution, scatter fraction (SF), noise equivalent count rate (NECR), sensitivity, count rate accuracy, and image quality (IQ) were evaluated for the digital-BGO system as per NEMA NU 2-2018, at 2 sites of first clinical install. System energy resolution was measured. Bayesian penalized-likelihood reconstruction (BPL) was used for IQ. EARL Standards 2 studies were reconstructed by BPL combined with a contrast-enhancing deep learning algorithm. An Esser PET phantom was evaluated. Three patient examples were obtained with low-dose radiotracer activity: 2 MBq/kg of [18F]FDG ([18F]-2-fluoro-2-deoxy-d-glucose), 2.3 MBq/kg [68Ga]Ga-DOTA-TATE ([dodecane tetra-acetic acid,Tyr3]-octreotate), and 14.5 MBq/kg [82Rb]RbCl ([82Rb]-rubidium-chloride). Total scan times were ≤ 8 min. Results: NEMA sensitivity was 47.6 cps/kBq at the axial center. Spatial resolution at 1 cm from the center axis was ≤4.5 mm (filtered back projection) and ≤3.8 mm (ordered subset expectation maximization). SF was 35.6%, count rate accuracy was 2.16%, and peak NECR was 485.2 kcps at 16.9 kBq/mL. Contrast for IQ was 61.1 to 90.7% (smallest to largest sphere) with background variations from 7.6 to 2.1%, and a "lung" error of 4.7%. The average detector energy resolution was 9.67%. Image quality for patient scans was good. EARL Standards 2 criteria were robustly met and Esser phantom features ≥4.8 mm were resolved at 2 min per bed position. Conclusion: A solid-state 32 cm axial FOV digital-BGO PET/CT system provides good spatial and energy resolution, high count rates, and superior NEMA sensitivity in its class, enabling fast clinical acquisitions with low-dose radiotracer activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Defining an accurate friction model without having the mesh distortion in an optimized computational time has always been a significant challenge for modelling solid-state natural processes. The presented paper proposes an Eulerian frictional-based solid static model for the accurate modeling of sliding and sticking conditions for the friction stir additive manufacturing process (FSAM). For the frictional behavior, a modified friction model is proposed to investigate the sliding and sticking conditions during the process. The magnesium alloy is selected as the workpiece material and AZ31B-F is employed as the filler material. Two different subroutines, Dflux and Sfilm, are used in order to simulate the heat flux during the process. The convection and emission during the process are determined using the Goldak double ellipsoidal model. DC3D8 and C3D8R elements are employed as the thermal and mechanical models, respectively. The results indicated that the temperature sharply increased up to 870 °C in the first and the second layers. After that, the increasing rate becomes slower with a maxim temperature of 1310 °C. A linear cooling behavior is obtained at the cooling step. The stress results indicated that the tool and the filler material pressure play a significant role in increasing the stress at the center of the workpiece. On the sides of the workpiece, a peak stress is also obtained due to the clamping force. At the cooling phase for the center of the workpiece, the longitudinal residual stress of 5 MP and transverse residual stress of 7 MPa (compression) are achieved. The distortion of the workpiece is also investigated and a maximum value of 0.13 mm is obtained. To wrap up, it should be noted that by implementing an accurate sliding/sticking condition in a frictional based model, a more comprehensive investigation about frictional interactions and their influence on thermal and mechanical behavior can be carried out. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Designing low‐cost, effective and greener materials via a non‐sophisticated strategy is most important for future research. Here, they made a new dual endeavor using carbon dots (CDs) as an environment protection probe for selective detection of environmental toxins, followed by the solid‐state structural reformer to prepare NiMoO4 (NM) via mechanochemical‐based solid grinding method. The prepared CDs, NM and NM‐CDs combination is examined through various techniques. The prepared CDs selectively detect Cr6+, Ru3+, and Doxycycline independently. Also, in this work, a groundbreaking strategy is found to prepare morphology‐tailored NM using CDs through a solid‐state grinding method without adding any other toxic solvents or reagents. The CDs‐induced NM‐CDs (15) look like a 2D nano‐sheet with enriched surface area compared to its bare NM. The fabricated electrode provides the highest capacitance value of 1947 F g−1, almost three times grander than the bare 1D rod‐like electrode. Then, fabricated asymmetric supercapacitor NM‐CDs (15)//AC system delivers a high energy density of 43.9 Wh Kg−1 at a power density of 684 W Kg−1. Overall, a single CDs serve multiple roles in the environment and energy applications with a greener structure tailoring agent and a better booster for re energy storage properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a key part of solid-state friction rolling additive Manufacturing (FRAM), the toolhead is used to generate heat and deformation through friction with the feed material to form a deposit, and its geometric size directly affects the formation of the FRAM plastic zone; however, to date, no in-depth studies have been conducted. In this study, the effects of toolhead diameters (25, 50, and 100 mm) on the temperature history, material flow, and mechanical properties of the deposited samples are investigated via thermocouple measurements, optical microscopy, and mechanical property tests. The results indicate that, with the increase in toolhead diameter from 25 mm to 100 mm, the area of the interaction zone between toolhead and strip increases from 138 mm2 to 274 mm2, peak temperature increases from 522.3 °C to 559.8 °C, the material flow distance in the plastic zone increases from 7.03 mm to 16.6 mm, and the deposition height decreases from 2.4 mm to 1.2 mm. Regardless of the chosen toolhead size, defect-free and high-performance deposited materials can be obtained by optimizing the process parameters. The mechanical properties of deposited 6061 via a 100-mm toolhead are optimal, and the microhardness, tensile strength, and elongation of the deposited material are 66 HV, 234.7 MP, and 28.3 %, respectively. This study provides a basis for the selection and optimization of toolhead size in the FRAM process.

Studying the evolution of the MgB2 superconductor manufacturing process to improve critical temperature is important. The solid-state approach was used in this work to create a low-cost MgB2 superconductor. Variations in the purity of Boron were used as control parameters to evaluate the impact of dry milling on the production of the MgB2 bulk and low-temperature electrical properties. A 2:1 stoichiometric ratio of magnesium and boron powder was weighed and ground for 30 minutes. The ground powder was compressed and sintered for one hour at 1073 K. We were able to confirm through XRD and SEM research that the small particle size improved the MgB2 phase fraction and increase crystallite size in the production of the MgB2 sample. At 1073 K and 200 um of Mg, the sample sintered produced an MgB2 phase of 99.3%. The critical onset temperature (Tc-offset) improved from 39 to 40K, respectively.

In this research, the solid-state method was utilized to synthesize LaFeO3 powders, with La2O3 and Fe2O3 being employed as precursor perovskite materials. The prepared samples were calcined at different temperatures 800°C, 900°C, 1000°C, 1100°C, 1200°C and 1300°C for 4h to study phase stability. The thermal effect on structural and morphological properties was reported. The X-ray diffraction results confirmed the pure phase in its orthorhombic configuration at 1200°C and 1300°C, which was confirmed by Rietveld’s analysis. Scanning electron microscopy coupled with Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy was employed to analyze the surface morphology and compositional characteristics. In addition, the samples were analyzed by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy. The thermal behavior of the product was investigated through the utilization of thermogravimetric analysis.

All solid‐state batteries pave the way to safer batteries as they do not contain flammable components and allow potentially higher energy densities through the direct use of alkali metals as anode materials. However, the applicability of solid electrolytes is hindered by their slower diffusion kinetics and charge transfer processes compared to liquid electrolytes. The purpose of this study is to investigate the electrochemical performance of 3D printed ceramic electrolyte. Prepared filaments were printed with optimized parameters and the polymeric binders were subsequently removed by solvent/‐thermal debinding followed by a sintering process. The most reliable prints were performed with 58 vol % filled feedstock and the highest densities of sintered specimen were measured at a sintering temperature of 1100 °C with (94.27±0.37)% and (94.27±0.07)% for printed and pressed samples, respectively. The lowest impedances for 3D printed samples were measured for 1100 °C sintered specimen, yielding conductivities of (1.711±0.166)×10−4 S cm−1 at 200 °C. Stripping/plating tests performed at 60 °C confirmed the feasibility of 3D printed electrolytes realized by Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) for the application in solid‐state batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, the effect of Mg substitution on structural and dielectric properties of (Li1 ‒xMgx/2□x/2)TaO3 (LMxT) with x = 0.00, 0.025, 0.05, 0.075 and 0.100 were studied using the solid-state reaction. X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy of LMxT powders showed the pure phase formation and no traces of any other secondary phases are been obtained. The results confirmed that all the samples are crystallized in a pure phase with the hexagonal structure, which was been confirmed by Rietveld refinement. The morphology of the ceramics was been examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the results revealed a homogeneous microstructure and a decrease in grain size as the Mg content rises. The dielectric properties of LMxT ceramics were been significantly influenced by Mg ions substitution and indicate a relaxation phenomenon. However, the analysis of dielectric properties indicated that the ceramics exhibit high dielectric constant in comparison with un-doped ceramics with low dielectric losses, and the phase transition temperature Tm shifted to a high temperature with the increase of Mg content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Though ferulic acid presents great hypoglycemic potential, it possesses limited aqueous solubility, and low oral bioavailability. When associated with metformin, the first-choice drug in Type 2 diabetes treatment, FA demonstrates synergistic hypoglycemic effects, however, it also causes certain undesirable dose-related effects. This study aimed to develop a new ferulic acid - metformin multicomponent system, and incorporate it into a solid dosage form with improved biopharmaceutical parameters. A novel metformin: ferulate (1:1) salt (MFS) was produced, which was properly characterized using differing analytical techniques, including single crystal analysis. Also during the course of the study, a new polymorph of the metformin free base was observed. The MFS was obtained using solvent evaporation methods, which achieved high yields in reproducible process, as well as a 740-fold increase in ferulic acid aqueous solubility. The MFS tablets developed met quality control requirements for this dosage form, as well as revealing excellent performance in vitro dissolution tests, presenting dissolution efficiency values of 95.4 ± 0.5%. Additionally, physicochemical instability was not observed in a study at 40 °C for 3 months for both MFS powder and its tablet form. The MFS product developed is a promising candidate for further Type 2 diabetes clinical study. [Display omitted] • A salt formation increases the aqueous solubility of the ferulic acid. • A new metformin free base polymorph is found. • Study of powder flow properties and formulation development are highlighted. • In vitro dissolution tests can provide the performance of metformin tablets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solid-state-based microwave ovens are promising to mitigate the non-uniformity issue for their precise controlled microwave parameters. Multiphysics modeling is a useful tool for understanding complicated microwave heating processes. However, previous models using simple or manually measured oven geometry had challenges in accurately predicting the heating patterns. This study developed a 3-D scanning approach to characterize the accurate geometric details of the cavity and incorporate it in the multiphysics modeling of solid-state microwave heating. The effect of oven geometric details on modeling accuracy was evaluated for models using the simple box, manually measured, and 3-D scanned geometries at multiple microwave frequencies and port locations. A quantitative approach was also developed to replace the previously often-used qualitative approach to compare the spatial temperature profiles between the simulation and experiments. The Multiphysics-based models using 3-D scanned geometry showed significantly or considerably smaller RMSE values (1.57 to 4.11 °C) than the models with simple box geometry (1.73 to 6.33 °C) and manually measured geometry (1.48 to 4.66 °C) at most heating scenarios. The 3-D scanned approach can accurately incorporate the irregular geometric details of the oven cavity and can improve the prediction accuracy of microwave heating models for future food products and oven development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research, the solid-state method was utilized to synthesize LaFeO3 powders, with La2O3 and Fe2O3 being employed as precursor materials. The prepared samples were calcined at different temperatures 800°C, 900°C, 1000°C, 1100°C, 1200°C and 1300°C for 4h to study phase stability. The thermal effect on structural and morphological properties was reported. The X-ray diffraction results confirmed the pure phase in its orthorhombic configuration at 1200°C and 1300°C, which was confirmed by Rietveld's analysis. Scanning electron microscopy coupled with Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy was employed to analyze the surface morphology and compositional characteristics. In addition, the samples were analyzed by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy. The thermal behavior of the product was investigated through the utilization of thermogravimetric analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transition metal layered oxide materials with a general formula NaxMO2 (M = Ni, Mn, Co, Fe) are widely researched with various possible electrode configurations. Herein, O3‐type NaNi(1−x)/2Mn(1−x)/2MoxO2 (x = 0, 0.05,0.1) layered oxide cathode materials are synthesized by solid‐state reaction method, and its structural, thermal, and electrochemical performance in sodium ion battery is investigated. The structural analysis reveals that a single phase highly crystalline O3‐type cathode material with an irregular particle shape is formed. The introduction of molybdenum improves the thermal stability of cathode materials, which can be attributed to the improved TMO2 layers that provide stability to the material. The addition of Mo to Na‐layered oxide cathode materials enhances electrochemical performance. The developed cathode materials, the NaNi0.475Mn0.475Mo0.05O2, exhibit excellent specific discharge capacity (≈154 mAh g−1) at C/20 rate, (an increase of ≈20% when compared to the NaNi0.5Mn0.5O2) which can be attributed to the increased capacitance effect by the addition of Mo. The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy study reveals that the diffusion of Na+ into/from the host structure is rapid during the first cycle and then gradually reduces with subsequent cycling due to the formation of the solid electrolyte interface layer, which hinders Na+ migration. This has a potential effect on the improved electrochemical performance of the material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A bottleneck in efficiently connecting new materials discoveries to established literature has arisen due to an increase in publications. This problem may be addressed by using named entity recognition (NER) to extract structured summary-level data from unstructured materials science text. We compare the performance of four NER models on three materials science datasets. The four models include a bidirectional long short-term memory (BiLSTM) and three transformer models (BERT, SciBERT, and MatBERT) with increasing degrees of domain-specific materials science pre-training. MatBERT improves over the other two BERTBASE-based models by 1%∼12%, implying that domain-specific pre-training provides measurable advantages. Despite relative architectural simplicity, the BiLSTM model consistently outperforms BERT, perhaps due to its domain-specific pre-trained word embeddings. Furthermore, MatBERT and SciBERT models outperform the original BERT model to a greater extent in the small data limit. MatBERT's higher-quality predictions should accelerate the extraction of structured data from materials science literature.

A new solid-state inorganic compound, indium dilead pentachloride, InPb2Cl5, was synthesized by melting InCl and PbCl2 in a vacuum-sealed quartz ampoule. The ampoule was heated to 793 K and then slowly cooled to room temperature to induce crystallization of InPb2Cl5. InPb2Cl5 crystallizes in the monoclinic crystal system adopting a space group of type P21/c, which is isostructural with other metal halides such as RbPb2Cl5, KPb2Cl5 and TlPb2Cl5. The bulk InPb2Cl5 exhibits a metallic black/grey colour, allowing it to be separated from white/yellow PbCl2 crystals. Due to the incongruent nature of the compound, the pure bulk InPb2Cl5 was not obtained. The black/grey InPb2Cl5 crystals were characterized by powder and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. InPbCl3 was also explored, however the growth was unsuccessful.

ABSTRACT Objective: To describe the technique of transurethral harvesting of bladder mucosal graft using the Holmium:YAG (Ho-YAG) laser and describe the preliminary results from 7 cases where this graft was used for urethroplasty. Materials and Methods: We performed a single-stage dorsal onlay urethroplasty using bladder mucosal graft in 7 patients with anterior urethral stricture. Transurethral harvesting was performed with the Ho-YAG laser. We performed a prospective and descriptive analysis with uroflowmetry performed at 30, 90 and 180 days after surgery and applied the PROM translated into Portuguese before and 6 months after urethroplasty. Results: Seven patients were included, 2 (28.5%) with penile urethral stricture, and 5 (71.5%) with bulbar urethral stricture. Mean stricture length was 50mm (range 35-60mm). Stricture etiology was trauma in 3 (42.9%) patients, iatrogenic in 1 (14.3%) patient, and idiopathic in 3 (42.9%) patients. Two patients (28.6%) had previously undergone ventral buccal mucosa urethroplasty. Mean bladder mucosal graft length was 52.86mm (± 13.801), and mean harvest time was 46.43min (± 14.639). Dorsal onlay urethroplasty using bladder mucosa was successfully completed in 5 patients (71.4%). Two patients (28.6%) couldn't have the procedure completed using bladder mucosa, one due to thermal damage of the graft during harvesting, and one due to insufficient graft length. In both cases the procedure was completed using buccal mucosa. Two patients (28.6%) experienced minor hematuria between the twelfth and eighteenth postoperative day, but neither required hospitalization and/or additional procedures. All patients achieved normalization of peak flow, and this was maintained throughout the follow-up period. Mean peak flow was 17.8 ml/s (± 3.271) at 30 days, 20.6 ml/s (± 5.413) at 90 days, and 19.6 ml/s (± 8.019) 180 days. Mean IPSS score decreased from 19.3 to 5.4. Similar improvements were also seen in the ICIQ-MLUTS Score (a mean drop from 3.8 to 2.0) and Peeling's Voiding Picture Score (a mean drop from 4.0 to 2.2). Quality of Life improved post urethroplasty, with increases in EQ-5D (from 0.6371 to 0.7285) and EQ-VAS (from 58.0 to 84.0). Conclusion: Transurethral harvesting of bladder mucosa using the Holmium laser (Ho-YAG) is feasible and reproducible. Our preliminary experience suggests that bladder mucosa grafts achieve comparable results to other grafts when used for dorsal onlay urethroplasty. Further research is needed to confirm these results.

Introduction: This study aimed at answering three research questions: (1) Under the experimental conditions studied, what is the dominant mechanism of Holmium:YAG lithotripsy with or without pulse modulation? (2) Under what circumstances can laser pulse modulation increase crater volume of stone ablation per joule of emitted radiant energy? (3) Are BegoStone phantoms a suitable model for laser lithotripsy studies? Materials and Methods: The research questions were addressed by ablation experiments with BegoStone phantoms and native stones. Experiments were performed under three stone conditions: dry stones in air, hydrated stones in air, and hydrated stones in water. Single pulses with and without pulse modulation were applied. For each pulse mode, temporal profile, transmission through 1 mm water, and cavitation bubble collapse pressures were measured and compared. For each stone condition and pulse mode, stones were ablated with a fiber separation distance of 1 mm and crater volumes were measured using optical coherence tomography. Results: Pulses with and without pulse modulation had high (>80%) transmission through 1 mm of water. Pulses without pulse modulation generated much higher peak pressures than those with pulse modulation (62.3 vs 11.4 bar). Pulse modulation resulted in similar or larger craters than without pulse modulation. Trends in BegoStone crater volumes differed from trends in native stones. Conclusions: This results of this study suggest that the dominant mechanism is photothermal with possible photoacoustic contributions for some stone compositions. Pulse modulation can increase ablation volume per joule of emitted radiant energy, but the effect may be composition specific. BegoStones showed unique infrared ablation characteristics compared with native stones and are not a suitable model for laser lithotripsy studies.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Long-term benefits can be predicted by the incorporation of more intelligent systems in lasers and other devices. Such systems can produce more reliable zones of thermal injury when used in association with non-invasive monitoring and precise laser energy delivery. The more classical endpoint of tumor destruction with radiofrequency or long-pulsed (LP) 1064 nm laser is the non-specific appearance of tissue graying and tissue contraction. Herein we discuss combining non-invasive LP 1064 nm Nd:YAG treatment with the assistance of optical coherence tomography (OCT) and the forward-looking infrared (FLIR) thermal camera while testing literature-based formulae for thermal destruction.Study design/materials and methodsThe skin on the forearm and back of two consenting volunteers was marked and anesthetized with lidocaine with epinephrine. The parameters of a scanner-equipped LP 1064 nm Nd:YAG laser were adjusted to achieve an epidermal/superficial dermal heating of between 50°C and 60°C over a specified time course. Experimental single treatments examined various adjusted parameters including, fluence, pulse overlap, pulse duration, scan size, and pulse rate. A FLIR camera was used to record skin temperature. Outcome measures included skin temperature, post-treatment appearance, and OCT assessment of skin and vascular damage. The clinical response of each treatment was followed daily for 4 weeks.ResultsOptimal protocols initially raised the skin temperature to between 55°C and 60°C, which was carefully maintained using subsequent laser passes over a 60-second time course. Immediately post laser, clinical responses included erythema, edema, and blistering. Immediate OCT revealed increased vascularity with intact, dilated blood vessels. Prolonged exposure above 60°C resulted in sub-epidermal blistering and an absence of blood flow in the treatment area with prolonged healing.ConclusionThe LP 1064 nm laser can be used to achieve heat-related tissue injury, though the narrow parameters necessary for the desired endpoint require the assistance of IR thermal regulation to avoid unacceptable outcomes. The use of the laser scanner ensures precise energy delivery over a defined treatment area. Future studies might explore this as a selective hyperthermic method for the treatment of non-melanoma skin cancer. Lasers Surg. Med. © 2021 Wiley Periodicals LLC.

Objective To systematically review the efficacy and safety of laparoscopic choledochoscopy combined with holmium laser lithotripsy through a meta－analysis. Methods This study was conducted based on PRISMA guidelines, with a PROSPERO registration number of CRD42023406221. Chinese databases including CNKI, Wanfang Data, and VIP and foreign language databases such as PubMed, Embase, the Cochrane Library, and Web of Science were searched for original articles on traditional laparotomy versus laparoscopic choledochoscopy combined with holmium laser lithotripsy in the treatment of bile duct stones. Dichotomous variables were assessed by odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI), while continuous variables were assessed by weighted mean difference (WMD) and 95%CI, and a sensitivity analysis was performed for outcome measures with relatively high heterogeneity. The Begg test and Egger test were used to evaluate publication bias. Stata 15.0 and Review Manager 5.3 were used to perform the statistical analysis. Results A total of 26 retrospective studies from China were included in this study, with 2 238 patients in total. The meta－analysis showed that compared with traditional laparotomy for the treatment of bile duct stones, laparoscopic choledochoscopy combined with holmium laser lithotripsy had significantly shorter time of operation (WMD＝－1.26, 95%CI: - 1.36 to －1.16, P<0.001), length of hospital stay (WMD＝ －1.93, 95%CI: - 2.64 to －1.12, P <0.001), and time to bowel function recovery (WMD＝－1.52, 95%CI: - 1.68 to －1.35, P<0.001), significantly less intraoperative blood loss (WMD＝－1.79, 95%CI: - 1.93 to －1.66, P<0.001), a significantly lower rate of intraoperative residual stone (OR＝0.15, 95%CI：0.11－0.20, P<0.001), and significantly fewer complications (OR＝0.17, 95%CI：0.13－0.23, P<0.001). Conclusion Compared with traditional laparotomy, laparoscopic choledochoscopy combined with holmium laser lithotripsy shows better efficacy in the treatment of bile duct stones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]