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The non-fluent/agrammatic variant of primary progressive aphasia (nfvPPA) is a neurodegenerative syndrome primarily defined by the presence of apraxia of speech (AoS) and/or expressive agrammatism. In addition, many patients exhibit dysarthria and/or receptive agrammatism. This leads to substantial phenotypic variation within the speech-language domain across individuals and time, in terms of both the specific combination of symptoms as well as their severity. How to resolve such phenotypic heterogeneity in nfvPPA is a matter of debate. 'Splitting' views propose separate clinical entities: 'primary progressive apraxia of speech' when AoS occurs in the absence of expressive agrammatism, 'progressive agrammatic aphasia' (PAA) in the opposite case, and 'AOS + PAA' when mixed motor speech and language symptoms are clearly present. While therapeutic interventions typically vary depending on the predominant symptom (e.g. AoS versus expressive agrammatism), the existence of behavioural, anatomical and pathological overlap across these phenotypes argues against drawing such clear-cut boundaries. In the current study, we contribute to this debate by mapping behaviour to brain in a large, prospective cohort of well characterized patients with nfvPPA (n = 104). We sought to advance scientific understanding of nfvPPA and the neural basis of speech-language by uncovering where in the brain the degree of MRI-based atrophy is associated with inter-patient variability in the presence and severity of AoS, dysarthria, expressive agrammatism or receptive agrammatism. Our cross-sectional examination of brain-behaviour relationships revealed three main observations. First, we found that the neural correlates of AoS and expressive agrammatism in nfvPPA lie side by side in the left posterior inferior frontal lobe, explaining their behavioural dissociation/association in previous reports. Second, we identified a 'left-right' and 'ventral-dorsal' neuroanatomical distinction between AoS versus dysarthria, highlighting (i) that dysarthria, but not AoS, is significantly influenced by tissue loss in right-hemisphere motor-speech regions; and (ii) that, within the left hemisphere, dysarthria and AoS map onto dorsally versus ventrally located motor-speech regions, respectively. Third, we confirmed that, within the large-scale grammar network, left frontal tissue loss is preferentially involved in expressive agrammatism and left temporal tissue loss in receptive agrammatism. Our findings thus contribute to define the function and location of the epicentres within the large-scale neural networks vulnerable to neurodegenerative changes in nfvPPA. We propose that nfvPPA be redefined as an umbrella term subsuming a spectrum of speech and/or language phenotypes that are closely linked by the underlying neuroanatomy and neuropathology.

The need to identify and study phraseological units was only recognised relatively recently. They are characterised by an asymmetry between the expression aspect and the content aspect: being combinations of words in the formal sense, phraseological units are semantic wholes. In effect, there is a complex network of interdependencies between the grammatical, semantic, and functional properties of their elements, as well as of the entire units, which renders them theoretically interesting and distinct from lexemes. They are important in communication but can be difficult to speakers: in order to use them well, one has to know their internal syntactic arrangement, the degree of their discontinuity in utterances, their variability, contextual adaptability and influence on context, as well as their functions in actual use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Machine translation evaluation is difficult and challenging for natural languages because different languages behave differently for the same dataset. Lexical-based metrics have been poorly represented semantic relationships and impose strict identity matching. However, translation and assessment become difficult for target morphologically rich languages with relatively free word order. Most of the standard evaluation metrics consider word order but do not effectively consider sentence structure. In this paper, we propose a novel machine translation evaluation metric SemSyn which incorporates both semantic and syntactic similarity. We incorporate the term frequency-inverse document frequency with the earth mover's distance and word embedding to cover the semantic similarity. The part of speech and dependency parsing tags assist in covering syntactic similarity in the sentence structure. Part of speech and dependency parsing tags are extracted from universal dependencies and trained on the SpaCy library. Experimental results show that SemSyn has a higher correlation with human judgment than other evaluation metrics for morphologically rich language and other languages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aspect-level sentiment classification is a task within the realm of fine-grained sentiment analysis that focuses on identifying the sentiment polarity specific to a particular aspect of review data. However, most existing methods fail to account for the unique expression and language style used in review data, which limits their sentiment classification performance. To address this issue, we propose a novel method called Part-of-Speech- and Syntactic-Aware Graph Convolutional Network (PSA-GCN) that aims to integrate part-of-speech (POS) information and syntactic knowledge into word embeddings. Specifically, we simplify the complex POS tags into six basic categories. At the same time, we only consider the connection relationship between words in the syntax tree that does not involve dependency types, in order to avoid the inaccuracies of overly-subdivided POS tags and the adverse effects caused by syntax dependencies of erroneous types on sentiment analysis. By incorporating these components into our model, the PSA-GCN is able to enhance the representation power of word embeddings and thus improve the performance in aspect-level sentiment classification. PSA-GCN first extracts part-of-speech tags and the syntactic parse tree to model the linguistic information present in the review data. It then considers the sentiment priors of different part-of-speech pairs holistically to construct a part-of-speech dependency graph, and a syntactic dependency graph utilizing the syntactic information from the parse tree. These graphs are initialized with Bert embeddings, and graph reasoning is performed to obtain the final part-of-speech and syntactic-aware language representation. Finally, aspect-level sentiment polarity is obtained through the classification of the final language representations. Our experiments on Restaurant, Laptop, and Twitter datasets reveal that PSA-GCN outperforms baseline models significantly in all three datasets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Business process modeling is used to model business processes using Business Process Modeling Notation (BPMN), which is a widely accepted standard for process modeling. BPMN elements are visually represented by the existing model, but the expressiveness of elements in terms of communication between the participants of the business process is a problem reported in modeling literature. Business processes use collaboration models to gain increasing importance in software development, describing their behavior and interaction. Recent years have seen the presentation of various approaches to ensure communication between business process pools. Despite the widespread adoption of BPMN for business process modeling, existing collaboration models often suffer from significant limitations in accurately capturing complex collaborative business processes. The existing approaches do not ensure proper structure and syntax for collaboration elements. The flow of information among multiple pools causes ambiguity in the developed business process. A Collaborative Business Process Model (CBPM) is proposed to address this issue, based on modeling rules that ensure proper syntax and structure of the models. The proposed CBPM also guarantees that the model is a better approach for participant interaction. This approach contributes to improving the communication mechanism between the participants of collaborative business processes. Moreover, we formally analyze and verify the working of CBPM by specifying the model in Z specification language. Performance evaluation regarding the flow of messages through test case coverage criteria indicates that the model is capable of ensuring successful communication among the multiple participants of business processes.

This article examines the impact of Artificial Intelligence on the archival heritage digitization processes, specifically regarding the manuscripts’ automatic transcription, their correction, and normalization. It highlights how digitality has compelled scholars to redefine Archive and History field and has facilitated the accessibility of analogue sources through digitization and integration into big data. The study focuses on two AI systems, namely Transkribus and ChatGPT, which enable efficient analysis and transcription of digitized sources. The article presents a test of ChatGPT, which was utilized to normalize the text of 366 letters stored in the “Correspondence” section of the Biscari Archive (Catania). Although the AI exhibited some limitations that resulted in inaccuracies, the corrected texts met expectations. Overall, the article concludes that digitization and AI can significantly enhance archival and historical research by allowing the analysis of vast amounts of data and the application of computational linguistic tools.

This study investigates the language styles used in advertisements for Harper’s Bazaar magazine advertisements. The objective of the current study is to identify the stylistic features of magazine advertisements, particularly the stylistics features to provide valuable insights into how advertisers leverage linguistic and visual techniques to connect with their target audience and convey the essence of their brands. Understanding these stylistic strategies is not only valuable for advertisers and marketers but also for readers and consumers who engage with the content, making it an enriching exploration of the synergy between language, style, and fashion in the context of a prestigious British fashion magazine. The study was descriptive-qualitative and used documentation as the instrument. The data was taken from the September 2019 and April 2020 issues of "Harper's Bazaar Magazine which consisted of 28 advertisements. Content analysis was employed to analyze the language styles of advertisements. The results reveal that noun and noun phrases are the most frequently used in Harper’s Bazaar magazine. It also found figurative language, straightforward language, and emotive terms to accomplish their goals. This study contributes to the understanding of language styles in advertising and provides insights into the role of language in promoting products and shaping consumer behavior.

The results of the preparation of strengthened syntactic carbon materials that can be used for industrial-grade heat insulation in conditions of heightened pressures and temperatures are presented. Strengthened syntactic carbon material is obtained by mixing hollow carbon microspheres, pre-treated with vanadium (III) chloride catalyst, with a phenol-formaldehyde binder with the addition of fine polydimethylsilane, molding the composition at low pressure, soaking the mold at 150°C for 2 h, followed by heat treatment in an inert environment at 375°C and final carbonization in combination with carbidization when the temperature rises at a rate of 100 K/h to 900°C. The physicomechanical and thermophysical characteristics were studied. Syntactic material can be used for the manufacture of heat-insulation products operating at high temperatures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the bilingual children's and adults' code-switching (CS) dependency treebanks, this paper investigates the syntactic features and pragmatic functions of the Chinese-English bilingual children's CS and compares them with bilingual adults'. It is mainly found that (1) As to the bilingual children, the mixed sentences present the longest mean sentence length (MSL), followed by those of the dominant language and the weak language. Similarly, Chinese-English adults' mixed sentences present longer MSL than monolingual Chinese and English; (2) Subjects, objects, adverbials, and attributives are four major syntactic functions. Regarding bilingual children's CS, objects are the most frequently switched dependency relations and subjects are the least. Differently, as to bilingual adults, attributives are most frequently switched, and subjects are the least. (3) Nouns, pronouns, determiners, adjectives, adverbs, and prepositions are the top word classes involved in four major syntactic relations; (4) The adverbial dependency relations present the longest mean dependency distance (MDD), and the attributives present the shortest for both bilingual children and adults; (5) The major causes that make different MDDs are the CS peripherality, the distributions of top word classes and adjacent dependency relations; (6) Six major pragmatic functions are performed by bilingual children and adults: filling lexical gaps, emphasis or expressing the intense feelings, explaining, giving "orders" or requirements, quotation, reiteration. The results syntactically and pragmatically suggest that there exist great similarities between bilingual children's and adults' code-switching. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Paper “Idioms in journalistic style” addresses structural, syntactic, and conceptual analysis of 51 idiom detected in the text of daily newspapers “Dnevni avaz” and “Oslobođenje”. Analysis revealed phraseological syntagms as the most common form of idiom on the structural level and verb idioms as the most common according to the syntactic criterion. Conceptual analysis revealed the prevalence of idioms that depict human behaviour and interpersonal relations, which is explained by the fact that the object of journalistic research are social matters. Idioms make a significant part of lexic layer of journalistic style since they are used to present certain problematic expressively and vividly, but they are also a mean of critique and humor. Often, idioms from conversational style enter newspaper text to attract attention since readers are familiar with them and can relate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores syntactic and lexical complexity in argumentative essays written by Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Humans (HS). First year Tswana second language (L2) learners of English in a South African University wrote the HS argumentative essays. The AI essays have been generated by ChatGPT-3.5 on the same topics. Using a multidimensional perspective to genre analysis, this study examines differences in the essays using linguistic measures of syntactic and lexical complexity. Even though not all researchers agree on the nature of linguistic differences, the extant literature links features such as syntactic and lexical complexity to writing style and quality. However, little is known about this variation in content generated by ChatGPT when compared to writing by university students studying English as a second language (L2). Findings from this study show differences in the use of complexity features between AI-generated-generated content (AIGC) and human-generated content (HGC). AIGC was found to be using more sophisticated and varied vocabulary. HGC was found to use more function words and less diverse vocabulary. The use of content words was comparable with HGC using a lot more content words than AIGC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given the gap noted in the Algerian official syllabus of the translation unit, and though both teachers and students are aware of the importance of translation errors, no lecture is dedicated to this concept. Hence, the present investigation attempts to testify the efficiency of collaborative work in teaching translation errors to M.A. students and thereby apply the theoretical background in real situations. It aims to train students to detect and correct errors, improve the final product, and minimise the different types of errors. The paper adopts a qualitative quantitative-mixed method to scrutinise the phenomenon under investigation. Whereas the theoretical part draws on Delisle's (1999) model of translation errors, the practical part relies on data collected via questionnaires, interviews, and document analysis. The paper's data were obtained from M.A. students' documents at Mascara University (Algeria) to examine the efficiency of collaborative work as a method of teaching translation errors. The study finds out that the error rate was reduced by 24% after adopting collaborative work, including the three types of texts (general, medical, and literary). The study also concludes that collaborative work enhances three central competencies competitiveness, autonomy, and motivation; hence, they acquire certain translation maturity and critical thinking.

Copyright of Journal of Computer Engineering & Applications is the property of Beijing Journal of Computer Engineering & Applications Journal Co Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper presents a preliminary analysis of the causative phenomenon in Koshli. The paper investigates the causative construction on the basis of its form and the function. Moreover, it presents the classification of causative construction on the basis of linguistic analysis. In other words, in this paper we present the morphology, syntax and the semantics of the causative verbs in the language. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sometime early in the second decade of the 21st Century, many people began taking to their holiday Facebook statuses, dating app profiles and other social media to make would-be clever remarks about 1988 summer blockbuster action film Die Hard (McTiernan, 1988) being a Christmas movie. Indeed, Die Hard has now become a mainstay of late-December American television programming and repertory screenings. In other words, Die Hard has become a Christmas movie simply because enough of an audience and marketplace deem it so. An application of Rick Altman's 'A Semantic/Syntactic/Pragmatic Approach to Genre' theory demonstrates rather authoritatively that regardless of initial intent and marketing, Die Hard has now been cemented as equal parts Christmas movie and action blockbuster. This article uses Altman's methodology to explore both how and why Die Hard might be defined in scholarly terms as a Christmas movie and provides an exploration of the film's patently American approach to Christmas traditions, celebrations and the repertory Yuletide media exploited and marketed in conjunction therewith. My analysis also demonstrates that, while Die Hard may be a Christmas movie, the myriad films which have slavishly replicated the 1988 film fail to obtain similar Christmastime genre affiliations and discussions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Dilemas Contemporáneos: Educación, Política y Valores is the property of Dilemas Contemporaneos: Educacion, Politica y Valores and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

It is an inescapable fact that we see that proverbs, which are paremiological minimums, are constantly undergoing modifications, and of course this fact reveals the necessity of studying the variability in proverbs. The variation of proverbs as relatively complex structural units compared to words is particularly relevant. Variability in paremiological units has the opportunity to show itself in many cases. So, the word in its structural composition can be used in many variants. The variability of paremic expressions may be related to the replacement of one lexeme by another, the change of the word order in the component composition, the necessity or optionality of their use. The processing of different variants of paremiological units is the most important source of expressiveness and expressiveness used to influence the recipient. They give speech dynamism and lively speech intonation. In the course of the research, we included in the analysis the lexical, morphological, structural-syntactic types of variability in the field of paremic units. The most used types of variation in proverbs are lexical, followed by morphological and syntactic variation. Variability at the syntactic level in proverbs is more fully represented, especially in the structure of syntactic units such as word combinations and sentences. New aesthetic and artistic qualities appear in the variants created during the changes in the structure of proverbs. As a result, the author's speech becomes more emotional and its impact increases many times. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Akofena is the property of Universite Felix Houphouet Boigny and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Social media is a widely used platform that provides a huge amount of user-generated content that can be processed to extract information about users’ emotions. This has numerous benefits, such as understanding how individuals feel about certain news or events. It can be challenging to categorize emotions from text created on social media, especially when trying to identify several different emotions from a short text length, as in a multi-label classification problem. Most previous work on emotion classification has focused on deep neural networks such as Convolutional Neural Networks and Recurrent Neural Networks. However, none of these networks have used semantic and syntactic knowledge to classify multiple emotions from a text. In this study, semantic and syntactic aware graph attention networks were proposed to classify emotions from a text with multiple labels. We integrated semantic information in the graph attention network in the form of Universal Conceptual Cognitive Annotation and syntactic information in the form of dependency trees. Our extensive experimental results showed that our two models, UCCA-GAT (accuracy = 71.2) and Dep-GAT (accuracy = 68.7), were able to outperform the state-of-the-art performance on both the challenging SemEval-2018 E-c: Detecting Emotions (multi-label classification) English dataset (accuracy = 58.8) and GoEmotions dataset (accuracy = 65.9).

Abstract Home has always been an important topic in research. In each region, houses change over time under different economic, social, cultural, climatic, and other conditions. Although these gradual changes have occurred to improve the spatial conditions of houses, it has led to a decline in the environmental quality and sometimes their technical efficiency. It is possible to redefine contemporary housing by spatially analyzing houses and discovering genotypes in a particular climate. This study uses space syntax algorithms in the syntactic plugin in Grasshopper to conduct various analyses and combine them with visual analysis extracted from Depth Map. House genotypes are discovered by factor analysis in SPSS. The case study is the coastal and historical city of Bushehr in the south of Iran. The sample size is 45 houses from three historical periods selected by non-random purposeful sampling. The results indicate that the houses in Bushehr have four genotypes, each of which has positive characteristics that can be generalized to contemporary housing architecture.

Introduction: In industrialised countries, one in ten patients suffers harm during hospitalization. Critical Incident Reporting Systems (CIRS) aim to minimize this by learning from errors and identifying potential risks. However, a lack of interoperability among the 16 CIRS in Germany hampers their effectiveness. Methods: This study investigates reports' syntactic and semantic interoperability across seven different reporting systems. Syntactic interoperability was examined using WHO's Minimal Information Models (MIM), while semantic interoperability was evaluated with SNOMED concepts. Results: The findings reveal a low structural overlap, with only two terms correctly represented in the SNOMED CT terminology. In addition, most systems showed no syntactic interoperability. Conclusion: Improving interoperability is essential for increasing the effectiveness and usability of CIRS. The study suggests a unified data model such as MIM or using Health Level 7 Fast Healthcare Interoperability Resources (HL7 FHIR) resources and expanding SNOMED CT with patient safety-relevant terms for semantic interoperability. Given the current lack of both syntactic and semantic interoperability in CIRS, developing a patient safety ontology is recommended for efficient critical incident analysis too. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Project "The dialect of Rahovec and the surrounding area" is fifteen years work of dialectologists and sociolinguistics issues of this area. During the description of linguistic situation of Rahovec area, we have found linguistic meeting points with those of whole northeast gege dialect. The best matches have been found in Ratkoc's areal. Whereas in two other areala, Rahovec and Krusha, we have come across with some differentiating points, whether in phonetic, morphologic or syntactic occurrences, which have been handled in the paper. Thus the level of nasality, which comes across differently between two areala of this area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent developments, begun by the ascending spiral of the anticipated endless prospects of ChatGPT, promote artificial intelligence (AI) as an indispensable tool and commodity whose time has come. Yet the sinister specter of a technology that has hidden and unmanageable attributes that might be harmful to society looms in the background, as well as the likelihood that it will never deliver on the purported promise of artificial general intelligence (AGI). Currently, the prospects for the development of AI and AGI are more a matter of opinion than based on a consistent methodological approach. Thus, there is a need to take a step back to develop a general framework from which to evaluate current AI efforts, which also permits the determination of the limits to its future prospects as AGI. To gain insight into the development of a general framework, a key question needs to be resolved: what is the connection between human intelligence and machine intelligence? This is the question that needs a response because humans are at the center of AI creation and realize that, without an understanding of how we become what we become, we have no chance of finding a solution. This work proposes info-autopoiesis, the self-referential, recursive, and interactive process of self-production of information, as the needed general framework. Info-autopoiesis shows how the key ingredient of information is fundamental to an insightful resolution to this crucial question and allows predictions as to the present and future of AGI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flexibility in idioms may occur at different lexical, morpho-syntactic and syntactic levels. In flexible idioms, the core meaning remains unchanged. This descriptive-analytical study aims to investigate flexibility in Persian Idioms at the above-mentioned levels. The corpus contains 427 examples containing 160 "Hand-Idioms" in Najafi (1387/2008). The findings show that lexical flexibility occurs through the process of addition (nouns, adjectives, adverbs, quantifiers) and substitution (verbs and prepositions); morpho-syntactic flexibility happens through the addition of the plural marker "-ha" and the indefinite marker "-ya", and the syntactic flexibility happens through "postposing", "scrambling", "causative and intransitive structures", "objects substitution" and the addition of the "complements". Furthermore, it was found that Persian "Hand-Idioms" are more inclined towards "addition" and factors such as "definiteness", "information structure", "linguistic economy", "specification" and "expression of quantity" cause the motivation for the flexibility of the idioms. The findings of this research can be used by the writers of the textbooks on teaching Persian idioms to non-Persian speakers and the relevant teachers to provide the learners with appropriate examples to show the features of the flexible idioms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to discover the mistakes in understanding and using Arabic grammatical rules, especially in the syntactic review of the as-shîfah wa al-maushûf category in the Arabic education student thesis (PBA). The research object is only limited to the discussion chapter, which results from the author's ideas and expressions as outlined in Arabic writing. This type of research is descriptive qualitative research with content analysis, which aims to examine, describe and evaluate the language errors of S1 PBA students at Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University for 2020-2021. The results show that the most errors at the as-shîfah wa al-maushûf occur in the mudzakkar wa mu'annats rule than the rule nakirah wa ma'rifah. Factors that cause errors occur due to a lack of mastery of language and writing rules and the absence of intensive writing practice. The solution offered is to train to write intensively and explore the knowledge needed to support the writing skills (mahârah al-kitâbah).

Copyright of Acta Universitatis Lodziensis: Folia Litteraria Romanica is the property of Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Lodzkiego and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The poet, Saleh Omer Ferwana is one of the loyalist poets who completely performed their roles. He was among loyal people to his religion, nation, and the bleed of martyrs. He used the power of words as a weapon to throw away the enemies of humanity. So, the study tackles the language used in Ferwana's collection of poems entitled "Palestinian vocabulary". The researchers followed the steps of scientific research to reach useful results. The study was divided into two parts. Then, every part was subdivided into two sections. The study introduced the following results: the poet's collection of poems includes diverse types of linguistic methods, especially the negation method which is repeatedly used. This reflects the poet's desire to expel the occupier from the land. Moreover, the study stresses the vitality of the style and structure which reflects the circumstances of our nation. It also reflects the high degree of harmony between the linguistic environment of the collection and the semantic message. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes the expression of phonetic and syntactic means of expressing the social characteristics of a person in the Uzbek language. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Analyzing sentence patterns turns into more essential in song lyrics as there are regularly misinterpretation of words when they are arranged into sentences in song lyrics. People or learners are difficult to put the words in a sentence that makes grammatical and logical sense, although the learners already know the meaning of many words. This research was aimed to analyze the types of phrase, clause and describe the sentence patterns in Agnez Mo's song lyrics through tree diagram. This research employed qualitative research. The data of this research is the four lyrics of Agnez Mo's songs, they are: Long as I get paid, Coke bottle, Damn I love you and Overdose. In analyzing the data, the research used theory of Miles and Huberman; data reduction, data display and conclusion drawing/verification. The result of the research shows that found types of phrase, clause and sentence patterns. In phrase, there are five types; noun phrase, verb phrase, adjective phrase, adverb phrase and preposition phrase that found in Agnez Mo's song lyrics. In clause found there are two types; independent clause and dependent clause, which is in the dependent clause also found of each kind; noun clause, adverb clause and adjective clause in Agnez Mo's song lyrics. Moreover, there are twenty-nine sentence patterns that used in Agnez Mo's song lyrics. The researcher concludes that there are types of phrases, clauses and sentence patterns which should be known in the syntax. Hence, the researcher hopes that the reader or learner can get knowledge from this research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aspect-based sentiment analysis (ABSA) is a fine-grained task of sentiment analysis that presents great benefits to real-word applications. Recently, the methods utilizing graph neural networks over dependency trees are popular, but most of them merely considered if there exist dependencies between words, ignoring the types of these dependencies, which carry important information, as dependencies with different types have different effects. In addition, they neglected the correlations between dependency types and part-of-speech (POS) labels, which are helpful for utilizing dependency imformation. To address such limitations and the deficiency of insufficient syntactic and semantic feature mining, we propose a novel model containing three modules, which aims to leverage dependency trees more reasonably by distinguishing different dependencies and extracting beneficial syntactic and semantic features to further enhance model performance. To enrich word embeddings, we design a syntactic feature encoder (SynFE). In particular, we design Dependency-POS Weighted Graph Convolutional Network (DPGCN) to weight different dependencies by a graph attention mechanism we proposed. Additionally, to capture aspect-oriented semantic information, we design a semantic feature extractor (SemFE). Extensive experiments on five popular benchmark databases validate that our model can better employ dependency information and effectively extract favorable syntactic and semantic features to achieve new state-of-the-art performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Info-autopoiesis or the self-referenced, recursive, interactive process of information self-production that engages all living beings in their efforts to satisfy their physiological and/or relational needs relies on Bateson's difference which makes a difference. Living beings, as active manipulators/observers of their environment, derive meaning from the sensorially detected motion of matter and/or energy in the Universe. The process of info-autopoiesis in humans is found to be triadic in nature and incorporates the simultaneity of a quantitative/objective perspective with a qualitative/subjective perspective. In this process of meaningful engagement with the environment, humans create and transform endogenous semantic information into countless expressions of exogeneous syntactic information, which is synonymous with ordered material structure and artificial creation. Other humans can interpret exogeneous syntactic information and uniquely transform it into semantic information that can take multifarious forms. This asymmetrical process is the basis to postulate the central dogma of information that states 'info-autopoiesis results in endogenous semantic information that irreversibly becomes exogeneous syntactic information'. In other words, once the artificial, syntactic world, including machines, created by humans comes into being it can only be interpreted by others, i.e., it does not necessarily convey the same intended meaning to all. Additionally, these artificial creations only recognize, extract, create, transmit, preserve, store, and utilize syntactic information, unable to transform syntactic information into semantic information. In other words, our resourceful capacity for syntactic creation does not allow for creation of artificial beings with comparable capabilities as us for meaning making. It suggests that our dreams for sentient artificial general intelligence and superintelligence are misguided and parallel the central dogma of molecular biology which states that 'once (sequential) information has passed into protein it cannot get out again'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to discover the mistakes in understanding and using Arabic grammatical rules, especially in the syntactic review of the as-shîfah wa al-maushûf category in the Arabic education student thesis (PBA). The research object is only limited to the discussion chapter, which results from the author's ideas and expressions as outlined in Arabic writing. This type of research is descriptive qualitative research with content analysis, which aims to examine, describe and evaluate the language errors of S1 PBA students at Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University for 2020-2021. The results show that the most errors at the as-shîfah wa al-maushûf occur in the mudzakkar wa mu'annats rule than the rule nakirah wa ma'rifah. Factors that cause errors occur due to a lack of mastery of language and writing rules and the absence of intensive writing practice. The solution offered is to train to write intensively and explore the knowledge needed to support the writing skills (mahârah al-kitâbah). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aims to address the syntactic problems that Saudi students confront when translating. The significance of the study is to detect syntactic issues among Saudi Arabian undergraduate students. The question is addressed in the study: what are the syntactic problems that Saudi students confront when translating? The researcher used a descriptive analytical method. The sample of twenty undergraduate students, selected from the boys' section, were males and in the second level, enrolled in the second semester of 2018, at the College of Arts and Sciences, majoring in English in Beljurshi, Al Baha University, and this study used a validated test of written Arabic text as a tool to collect information about the research problem. The data was examined, and the students' syntactic problems were detected and categorized as omission and addition in the study. The study finding reveals that omission received a score of 103 out of a total of 50.7, while additions received a score of 99 out of a total of 49 percent. There are 202 syntactic problems in total. Discussion indicates that grammar norms are not being followed by the students, a lack of familiarity with the two languages' rules, interference between the two languages is the most common cause of errors, and students failed to notice there are some distinctions between English and Arabic. The study recommends pursuing research in additional areas connected to syntactic issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the important findings of Formalists is deviation from norm which is the basis ofdiscussions of stylistics and linguistics. They introduced literary language as deviated fromstandard language, studied the style likewise. In the early twentieth century, they took animportant step in departure from the established criteria; and they created the twoterminologies of defamiliarization and embossment. Quran, the eternal miracle of the Prophetof Islam (PBUH), although not a literary text, but it is a miracle in terms of verbal, linguisticand rhetorical aspects which requires deep and unique investigation. Implementing analytical methods, authors of the present research seek to introduce briefly the deviation from norm,defamiliarization and embossment , and then explore a variety of syntactic and semanticembossment in some verses of Holy Qur'an in the twenty-seventh chapter. The survey is made to understand that the use of figures of speech, metaphor, simile in Quran, which arethe integral parts of it, give certain meanings to Qur'an, and enables the readers to have multiple interpretations. Repetition is one of the most prominent aspects in this chapter.

This study discusses the semantic change of Arabic nouns in the Al-Qur'an: the form, process, and social impact. The theory used in this research is socio-semantic, which is a combination of sociology and semantics. When the absorption form is analyzed, a comparison of the original form with the absorption form is used. In this research, some Arabic nouns in Al-Qur'an that have semantic change are found, such as isim ma'rifah, nākirah, mudzakkar, muannats, masdār, mufrād, mutsanna ,jama’ etc. Semantic change occurs due to the linguistic factors surrounding them, including phonetic, syntactic and morphological; or non-linguist factors including the history of language, aspects of social culture, aspects of science and technology, aspects of foreign languages, aspects of differences in the usage, and aspects of psychological. The change of its meaning has a positive impact on people's mindsets and understanding of the study of Al-Qur'an in a comprehensive and integrated way. Then, every word is not only understood by its literal meaning, but also its multi-meaning.

Indonesian is the word order of SVO. The limitative expression in Indonesian generally functions as an adverb in the sentence. Adverbs to express limitative expression in Indonesian are classified in some variations. In this paper, the researcher clarified the structure and meaning of limitative expression saja in Indonesian. Referring to the term used by Alwi (1998), Sneddon (2000) and Chaer (2009), saja appears to the right of nouns and verbs. Sneddon (2006) uses the word ‘limiter’ to show the meaning of saja. The research methodology used descriptive using actual data. Data analysis was conducted using theory, as stated by Alwi (1998), Sneddon (2000, 2006), and Chaer (2009). When translated into Japanese, the meaning of saja can be converted into various particles. The definition of each of the particles that express the limitation is considered based on the theory of Sawada (2007), Numata (2009), and Nitta (2009). The results of the research are, saja can be classified into five categories; there are uniqueness, multiplicity, continuity, the minimum limit, and extremity. In Japanese, each meaning can be translated into toritatejoshi dake, bakari, and sae.