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V svoji diplomski nalogi sem raziskala vpliv obveščevalne dejavnosti na družbo v prvi polovici 20. stoletja. Najprej sem na kratko predstavila razvoj obveščevalne dejavnosti od začetkov do institucionalizacije obveščevalnih služb v 20. stoletju, nato pa sem predstavila še sprejem obveščevalne dejavnosti v sodobne mednarodne in družbene odnose. Naprej sem preko propagandnih in cenzurnih ukrepov raziskala vpliv obveščevalne dejavnosti na družbo v širšem obdobju obeh svetovnih vojn, pri tem pa sem izpostavila tudi vprašanje konflikta med temeljnimi človekovimi pravicami in obveščevalnimi metodami. Poskusila sem dokazati, da je razvoj obveščevalne dejavnosti vplival tudi na znanost in tehnologijo tega časa, kar je mogoče videti v razvoju šifrirnih strojev in prvih računalnikov. Vpliv obveščevalne dejavnosti na družbo je mogoče videti tudi v literarni recepciji lika vohuna, zato sem predstavila tri romane z vohunsko tematiko, da bi na ta način pokazala, kako so nekateri avtorji (in preko njih širša družba) dojemali položaj in vlogo vohuna. V ta namen sem izbrala vohunski roman Vohun (The Spy Who came in from the Cold, 1963), ki ga je napisal John le Carré, zgodovinski roman Zadnjo karto izigra smrt (Die letzte Karte spielt der Tod, 1955), ki ga je napisal Hans Hellmut Kirst, in postmodernistični roman Javni sežig (The Public Burning, 1977), ki ga je napisal Robert Lowell Coover. Espionage in words and actions (1st half of 20th century) This graduate thesis researches the impact of intelligence activities on the society during the first half of the 20th century. In the beginning I briefly present the development of intelligence activities from their beginnings to their institutionalisation in the 20th century. This is followed by a brief presentation of how intelligence activities affected the modern international and social relationships. I used propaganda and censorship measures to research the impact of intelligence activities on the society in the period between WWI and WWII, while also highlighting the potential conflict between human rights and intelligence techniques. I tried to prove that the development of intelligence activities significantly affected science and technology of the time, which resulted in the development of encryption machines and early computers. The impact of intelligence activities on the society is furthermore illustrated in the literary perception of the spy character, which is why the thesis presents three novels on the topic of espionage, in order to demonstrate how specific authors (and consequently their readers i.e. the broader society) perceived the position and role of spies. For this purpose I selected an espionage novel The Spy Who came in from the Cold (1963) written by John le Carré, a historical novel Die letzte Karte spielt der Tod (1955), written by Hans Hellmut Kirst, and a postmodernist novel The Public Burning (1977), written by Robert Lowell Coover.

Diplomsko delo govori o drugi svetovni vojni in delovanju obveščevalnih služb v tem obdobju. Opisuje na kakšen način so obveščevalne službe in njihova uporaba dvojnih vohunov vplivala na izid vojne in kateri so bili najbolj znani primeri dvojnih vohunov. Analizirali smo delovanje najbolj znanih dvojnih vohunov med tem obdobjem in s tem ugotovili pomen njihovega delovanja na končno zmago zaveznikov. Druga svetovna vojna velja za eno najbolj krvavih obdobij v človeški zgodovini. Začela se je leta 1939, ko je Nemčija pod poveljstvom Adolfa Hitlerja napadla najprej Poljsko, nato pa z bliskovito vojno nadaljevala po Evropi. Drugo svetovno vojno lahko označimo kot totalno vojno, saj so se bitke odvijale po celem svetu, vključeno pa je bilo večina svetovnih držav. Vojna se je končala leta 1945 po kapitulaciji Nemčije maja in nato septembra še Japonske. Med drugo svetovno vojno je imela pomembno vlogo obveščevalna dejavnost. Ta ima veliko različnih definicij, v širšem smislu pa pomeni rezultat zbiranja, analiz, združevanja in interpretacije podatkov, ki zadevajo določene vidike v tuji državi in ki so ali bodo pomembni za načrtovanje lastnim politikom. Obveščevalno dejavnost izvajajo obveščevalne službe, ki podatke zbirajo, jih združujejo v analitične izdelke in posredujejo naročnikom. Obveščevalne službe praviloma delujejo pod okriljem politične oblasti na katere tudi vpliva njihovo delovanje. Pomembno vlogo imajo v času kriznih situacij in vojn. Med drugo svetovno vojno so v okviru obveščevalne in protiobveščevalne dejavnosti države uporabljale vohune. Najbolj razvito tehniko vohunstva so imeli v Veliki Britaniji pod vodstvom MI5 in MI6. V sistemu dvojne kombinacije so odkrili in spreobrnili sovražne vohune, kar jim je prineslo veliko prednost pred drugimi državami. Dvojni vohuni so postali pomembno orožje s katerimi so države vplivale na izide bitk, saj so imeli dostop do informacij o oborožitvi in načrtih vojaških operacij. Prav tako so lahko uspešno dezinformirali nasprotnika, kar je veliko pripomoglo k vojaškim uspehom. Pri svojem delu pa so morali biti zelo previdni, saj so delovali pri dveh obveščevalnih službah in niso smeli narediti nobene napake, ki bi njihovo dvojno delovanje lahko razkrila. The main aspect of the diploma is the Second World War and the role of intelligence services during that period. It also describes the way double spies influenced the outcome of the war and highlighted famous examples of double agents. We analysed the work of the most famous double agents during this period, determining the importance of their service in relation to the final victory of the allies. The Second World War is considered one of the bloodiest periods in human history. It started in 1939 when Germany, under the command of Adolf Hitler, first invaded Poland and then continued through Europe with blitzkrieg. The Second World War can be labelled as total war, with battles taking place all over the world, with most countries impacted. It ended in 1945 after the capitulation of Germany in May and Japan in September. Intelligence played an important role in the Second World War. It has many different definitions however, the broader one means the outcome of the data collection, analysis, integration and interpretation of data which relates to certain aspects in the foreign country and which are - or will be - important for planning. Intelligence activity is carried out by intelligence services, who collect data and convert the data into analytical products, which are forwarded to the client. Intelligence services typically run under the auspice of the political authorities, which are effected by their work. Intelligence services have an important role during time of crisis and wars. During the Second World War, in the context of the intelligence and counterintelligence, countries used spies. Great Britain had the most developed technique of espionage under the leadership of MI5 and MI6. In that system, enemy spies were discovered and converted, which provided considerate advantage over other countries. Double agents became an important weapon with which the countries influenced the outcomes of battles - as they had access to information about weaponry and plans of military operations. Double agents were also able to successfully misinform the opponent, which contributed towards military successes. They had to be very careful undertaking their work, as they were working under two intelligence services and every mistake could compromise their double actions.

V diplomskem delu so opisane razsežnosti gospodarskega vohunstva. V ospredju je ločnica med legalnim in nelegalnim pridobivanjem podatkov, ki se ga subjekti poslužujejo, in metod, ki jih pri tem uporabljajo. Razmejena je vloga obveščevalnih služb v slovenskem gospodarskem prostoru. Primeri nekoč in danes ponazarjajo razvoj gospodarskega vohunstva skozi zgodovino. Normativna urejenost področja vohunjenja v Sloveniji je obravnavana v sklopu različnih zakonov. Pozornost je namenjena tudi reševanju problema odtujevanja podatkov in načinom, kako zaznati tveganje ter ustrezno ukrepati. Posledice vohunjenja in odtujevanja podatkov se kažejo kot izguba konkurenčne prednosti na trgu, nastanek intelektualne in materialne škode, v skrajnosti celo propad podjetja. Skozi postavljene hipoteze sem ugotovila, da je področje gospodarskega vohunstva v Sloveniji slabo raziskano, saj v sodni praksi ni zabeleženega primera. Slovenska podjetja se nevarnosti odtujevanja podatkov premalo zavedajo in preveč pozornosti posvečajo fizičnem varovanju. Pri nas ima pooblastila za pridobivanje tajnih podatkov SOVA, in sicer le v sklopu zagotavljanja in varovanja nacionalne varnosti. Žrtve gospodarskega vohunjenja so podjetja, ki proizvajajo pomembne produkte in imajo na trgu veliko konkurentov. Podjetja se lahko pred vohunjenjem zaščitijo s sprejetjem ustrezne varnostne politike. The thesis describes the dimensions of economic espionage. In the foreground is the division between legal and illegal acquisition of data, which operators can make use of, and methods used to achieve this. Demarcated is the role of intelligence services in the Slovene economy sector. Examples from past and present illustrate the development of economic espionage throughout history. Legal regulation of the field of espionage in Slovenia is treated with a different set of laws. Attention is also brought upon solving the problem of data alienation and the way how to perceive the risks and take appropriate action when needed. The consequences of espionage and alienating data present themselves as the loss of competitive advantage in the market, intellectual and material damage, in the extreme cases as the collapse of the company. Through presented hypotheses, I discovered that the area of economic espionage in Slovenia is poorly studied, as shown in the fact that not a single case of this has ever been recorded. Slovenian companies insufficiently aware of the problem of the risk that alienation of data represents and are in fact paying too much attention to physical protection. In Slovenia only SOVA has the power to obtain classified information and only in the context of ensuring and protection of national security. Victims of economic espionage are companies that produce important products and have a lot of competitors in the market. Companies can protect themselves against espionage by adopting appropriate security policy.

Obveščevalna dejavnost je zgodovinski pojav, ki je v družbi prisoten tako rekoč že celotno človeštvo. Eden od načinov izvajanja obveščevalne dejavnosti je vohunstvo. Obveščevalne službe vohunijo v tujih državah s pomočjo tajnih sodelavcev. Tajno sodelovanje je klasična in najstarejša metoda pridobivanja tajnih podatkov. Med obveščevalci in tajnimi sodelavci lahko izpostavimo nekaj posameznikov, ki so bili zelo uspešni v svoji dejavnosti in so dobili posebno mesto v literaturi. Med njimi je tudi Richard Sorge, vohun nemškega rodu, ki je v času pred in med drugo svetovno vojno zbiral obveščevalne podatke za takratno Sovjetsko zvezo. Mnogi avtorji knjig in romanov ga opisujejo kot enega najuspešnejših vohunov vseh časov, ker naj bi s svojim obveščevalnim delovanjem na Japonskem pomagal rešiti Sovjetsko zvezo pred napadom nacistične Nemčije. Sorgejeve izkušnje iz prve svetovne vojne, katere udeleženec je bil, so močno vplivale na njegovo življenje. Postal je komunist. Sovjeti so kmalu prepoznali njegovo nadarjenost in predanost komunizmu, zato so ga povabili, da je začel delati za njihovo organizacijo, ki je bila zadolžena za širjenje komunizma po svetu. Potem so ga premestili v sovjetsko vojaško obveščevalno službo. Največje obveščevalne uspehe je doživel na Kitajskem in Japonskem, kjer je deloval kot vodja agenturne (vohunske) mreže. Tajne podatke je pridobival s pomočjo japonskih tajnih sodelavcev in izkoriščal dober položaj na nemškem poslaništvu v Tokiu. V romanih in biografijah je prikazan kot velik ženskar in ljubitelj alkohola. Japonske oblasti so po osmih letih obveščevalnega delovanja odkrile Richarda Sorgeja in njegove sodelavce ter jih obsodile vohunstva in delovanja proti Japonski. Richard Sorge je bil skupaj z njegovim največjim sodelavcem Ozakijem Hotsumijem obsojen na smrt. Po uradnih podatkih je bil Richard Sorge usmrčen 7. novembra, leta 1944. Intelligence activity is a historical phenomenon that is present in the whole history of humanity. One of the ways of implementing intelligence activities is espionage. Intelligence services spy in foreign countries with the help of undercover agents. Covert operation by undercover agents is a classic and the oldest method of obtaining classified information. Between informants and undercover agents we can highlight a few individuals who have been very successful in their activity and are getting a special place in the literature. Among them is Richard Sorge, a German-born spy who before and during the II. World War gathered intelligence for the Soviet Union. Many authors of books and novels had described Sorge as one of the most successful spies of all time, because he helped to save the Soviet Union from the attack of the Nazi Germany with his intelligence operation in Japan. Sorge's experiance in the I. World War, in which he participated has had a strong impact on his life. He became a communist. The Soviets soon recognized his talent and dedication to communism, so they invited him to begin his work for the organization, which was responsible for the spread of communism throughout the world. Then he was transferred to the Soviet military intelligence service. He achived the greatest intelligence success in China and Japan, where he worked as the head of the spy ring. He succeeded in collecting secret informations with the help of his Japanese agents and exploited his good position in the German Embassy in Tokio. In novels and biographies he is shown as a womanizer and a big fan of alcohol. Japanese authorities discovered Sorge and his coworkers after eight years of their intelligence activities. They where soon condemned by espionage and actions against Japan. Richard Sorge, together with his closest coworker Ozaki Hotsumi was sentenced to death. According to official data, Richard Sorge was executed on the 7th November, 1944.

Človek se je že od nekdaj zavedal, da je potrebno biti v koraku pred ostalimi, če želi biti uspešen in inovativen. Toda kako vedeti, da ni nasprotnik v razmišljanju, če ne celo v dejanjih že pred tabo? Za razblinjanje teh dvomov so tukaj nastopile osebe − vohuni, o katerih govori to diplomsko delo. Poskušala sem predstaviti pomembnost delovanja vohunov, še posebej pa sem se seveda osredotočila na njihov prispevek k razvoju sovjetske atomske bombe. Na samem začetku sem opisala pojme, ki so se mi zdeli ključni v diplomski nalogi. Tako sem opredelila pojem vohunstvo, podrobneje opisala razlike med agentom in vohunom, pojasnila pojem vohunske mreže ter opisala obe atomski bombi − plutonijevo in uranovo. V nadaljevanju sledi kratek pregled razvoja vohunstva skozi zgodovino, kjer sem prikazala začetke vohunjenja v različnih državah po svetu. Podrobneje sem tudi opisala, na kakšen način delujejo vohuni, s kakšnimi pripomočki si pri tem pomagajo in če za to potrebujejo ustrezna urjenja. Zanimiv je bil podatek, da jih pri vsem tem vodijo različni motivi − od denarja, maščevanja, idejnih in političnih nazorov … V samem jedru naloge sem se posvetila sovjetskemu jedrskemu projektu, se pravi podrobnejšemu opisu zbiranja podatkov o atomski bombi, o sami izdelavi ter njeni prvi eksploziji. V zadnjem delu sledi obsežen opis vohunov, ki so najbolj pripomogli k temu, da so Sovjeti v tako kratkem času razvili svojo prvo plutonijsko atomsko bombo in postali »enakopravni« Američanom, ki so do takrat edini na svetu imeli atomsko bombo. Man has always been aware of the need to be up against the other in order to be successful and innovative. But how do you know that the there is no opponent in thinking, if not in action ahead of you? For dispelling such doubts here are people - spies, about which is this study. I tried to present the importance of spies, focusing on their contribution to the development of the Soviet atomic bomb. At the beginning I defined the concept of espionage, clarify the difference between agents and spies, explained the concept of spy networks, and describe the two atomic bomb - plutonium and uranium. In the following chapters is a brief review of the history of espionage, where I described the beginnings of spying in different countries around the world. I also describe in detail how spies work, what tools they use and if they need the appropriate training for their work. Interesting was the fact that do spying because of different motives - money, revenge, ideological and political views ... In the main of the study, I focused on Soviet nuclear project, that is a more detailed description of data collection of the atomic bomb, the making of it and its first explosion. In the last part of the study I described spies, which were most important for the development of the atomic bomb. Because of them the Soviets developed their first atomic bomb in such a short and become "equal" Americans who had until then the only one atomic bomb.

Diplomsko delo govori o hladni vojni, obveščevalni dejavnosti in delu agentov obveščevalnih služb oziroma vohunov. Poskusili bomo tudi razložiti vlogo in pomen vohunov v času hladne vojne, ter našteli nekaj »najuspešnejših« vohunov tistega obdobja. Hladna vojna se je pričela takoj po koncu druge svetovne vojne leta 1945 med dvema bivšima zaveznicama in povojnima velesilama-Združenimi državami Amerike in Sovjetsko zvezo. Med njima je potekal neprestan boj za teritorialno prevlado v svetu, tekma v oboroževanju in posledično tekmovanje v razvoju informacijske tehnologije. Konec hladne vojne pa je vezan na dogodke perestrojke in Gorbačova, ter na razpad Sovjetske zveze. Ko govorimo o obveščevalni dejavnosti, naletimo na veliko razlag, ki se nanašajo na obveščevalne organizacije, dejavnost in celotne obveščevalne sisteme posameznih držav. V večini primerov uvrščajo obveščevalno dejavnost kot dejavnost zbiranja, analize, proučevanja in interpretacije vseh razpoložljivih podatkov. Obveščevalne službe so se razvijale skladno z razvojem družbe, po drugi svetovni vojni pa so se vzpostavili nadnacionalni obveščevalni sistemi. Vohunstvo ima politični pomen (vsaka dejavnost, s katero se skuša priti do tajnih podatkov posameznika, ustanove, države), pravno pa je definirano kot kaznivo dejanje (predstavlja 10-20 % delež obveščevalne dejavnosti), ostali del pa predstavlja pridobivanje podatkov iz ostalih virov, predvsem javnih. Agent oziroma vohun je po definiciji oseba, ki jo vodijo določeni motivi, da neprofesionalno, tajno in organizirano, na zahtevo in za potrebe obveščevalne službe zbira tajne informacije in jih posreduje obveščevalcu. Izmed množice vohunov, ki so delovali v obdobju hladne vojne, lahko izpostavimo naslednje: Heinza Felfeja, Hansa Clemensa, Alfreda Frenzela, Gordona Lonsdala, Georga Blaka, Williama Vassala, Roberta Leeja Johnsona, Gunterja Guillaumeja, Olega Kalugina, Klausa Emila Juliusa Fuchsa, Harryja Golda, Juliusa in Ethel Rosenberg, Igorja Gouzenka, Cambridgeške štiri: Harolda »Kima« Philbyja, Guya Burgessa, Anthonyja Blunta in Donalda Macleana ter najslavnejšega med slovenskimi vohuni, ki je deloval v obdobju med drugo svetovno vojno in v začetku hladne vojne, Vladimirja Vauhnika. Vohuni so bili pomemben vezni člen v tekmi med povojnima velesilama-Združenimi državami Amerike in Sovjetsko zvezo. Iskali, zbirali in posredovali so tajne informacije svojim nadrejenim. Te so se večinoma nanašale na oborožitev, pa tudi na razvoj tehnologije in industrije. Vohuni so imeli pomembno vlogo in pomen za napredek (oborožitve, tehnologije, politike in drugo) države, za katero so vohunili, ter za izdajanje skrivnosti nasprotnikov svoje države. The main aspect of the graduation thesis is the Cold War, Intelligence Services and the work of Intelligence agents or spies. We will also try to explain a role and meaning of spies during the Cold War and describe some of the “most successful” spies of that period. The Cold War started immediately after the end of World War II in the year 1945 between two ex-allies and post-war superpowers-United States of America and the Soviet Union. Among them there was a constant struggle for territorial domination in world, contest in armaments and consequently contest in developing information technology. The end of the Cold War is tied to events of perestroika and Gorbachev and the collapse of the Soviet Union. When talking about Intelligence Services we can find many explanations, which relate on Intelligence organizations, activity and entire Intelligence systems of individual countries. In most cases Intelligence activity is considered as activity of collecting, analysis, aggregation and interpretation of the available data. Intelligence Services were developed in accordance with the development of society and after World War II transnational Intelligence systems were established. Espionage has political meaning (any activity which is trying to get to the classified information about individual, institution, country), lawfully is defined as criminal offense (it represents 10-20 % Intelligence activity), the other part represents receiving information from other sources, particularly public. By definition an agent or spy is a person led by certain motives, to unprofessional, secretly and organized, on request and for needs of the Intelligence, collects classified information and provides them to informant. In the mass of spies who were operating during the Cold War we can highlight the following: Heinz Felfe, Hans Clemens, Alfred Frenzel, Gordon Lonsdale, George Blake, William Vassal, Robert Lee Johnson, Gunter Guillaume, Marcus Wolf, Oleg Kalugin, Klaus Emil Julius Fuchs, Harry Gold, Julius in Ethel Rosenberg, Igor Gouzenko, Cambridge four: Harold “Kim” Philby, Guy Burgess, Anthony Blunt and Donald Maclean and most famous of Slovenian spies, who worked during World War II and in the beginning of the Cold War, Vladimir Vauhnik. Spies were important link in contest between two post-war superpowers-United States of America and the Soviet Union. They searched, collected and provided classified informations to their superior. Informations were mostly related on armament, but also on technological and industrial progress. Spies had important role and meaning for progress (armament, technology, industry and similar) of country they were spying for and for providing secrets from opponents of their country.

Gospodarske poizvedbe so v slovenski teoriji in praksi še zmeraj precej nepoznan in malo raziskan pojav. Glavni cilj prispevka je opredelitev in seznanitev z različnimi zvrstmi gospodarskih poizvedb ter taktikami in metodikami dela gospodarskih poizvedovalcev. Poseben raziskovalni interes je namenjen empirični raziskavi na področju zaščite pred business intelligence v slovenskih poslovnih subjektih – ozaveščenosti podjetij/ usposobljenosti gospodarskih poizvedovalcev. Poleg tega je namen prispevka nakazati možnosti odkrivanja, preiskovanja in dokazovanja obravnavanih pojavov ter opozoriti na nujnost vzpostavitve zaščitnih mehanizmov, potrebnih za obvladanje negativnih pojavov.

Komuniciranje je del našega vsakdana saj je nujno potrebno za funkcioniranje same družbe. Brez obveščanja in s tem tesno povezanih obveščevalnih služb bi države le težko funkcionirale, saj ne bi bilo pretoka informacij, ki so v današnjem svetu in času najdragocenejši vir moči. Samo diplomsko delo je kratek prerez obveščevalne službe, pojmov povezanih z njo ter nastanka in razvoja ruske obveščevalne službe od začetka pa do danes. Na samem začetku je predstavljen pojem obveščevalne službe. Opisane so vse podskupine povezani z obveščevalno službo prav tako kratka zgodovina samega nastanka obveščanja. Kasneje v naslednjih poglavjih se besedilo prevesi v jedro diplomskega dela saj začne predstavljati začetek ruske obveščevalne službe KGB. Podrobneje se dotakne začetnikov obveščanja v rusiji od Ivana Groznega pa vse do številnih varnostnih služb kot so Opričina, Tajni biro, Preobraženski biro, Tretja sekcija in Ohrana. Glavni del diplomskega dela pa je namenjen podrobnejšemu opisu predhodnic KGB, samemu razvoju, funkcijam ter organizacijski strukturi KGB. Predhodnice so slovele predvsem po svoji krutosti. Med najbolj znane predhodnice sigurno spada CHEKA katero je vodil Felix Dzerdzinski, ki je imel zelo dobre vodstvene sposobnosti obenem pa je bil tudi zelo hladen in krut. Za najbolj kruto izmed vseh pa je veljala NKVD saj v času njenega delovanja ni obstajala nobena druga kazen razen likvidacija. V zadnjih poglavjih pa se diplomsko delo dotakne še aktualne obveščevalne službe FSB, z njo povezane politike in Vladimirja Putina ter odmevnih primerov Aleksandra Litvinenka in Ane Politkovske. Communication is part of our lives because it is necessary for the functioning of society itself. Without communication, and the closely related intelligence the functioning of countries would be very difficult, because there would be no flow of information and in today's world and time those are most valuable source of power. This study is a short section of the intelligence services, concepts associated with it, and the formation and development of the Russian intelligence service from the beginning until today. At the beginning is presented the concept of intelligence, describing all the subgroups relating to the intelligence service and also a brief history of the emergence of information. Later in the following chapters, the text turns into the core of the thesis begins to representing first steps of the Russian intelligence service KGB. There is a detail description of beginnings of intelligence in Russia from Ivan the Terrible through to a number of security services such as Opričina, Secret bureau, bureau Preobraženski, Third Section, and Ohrana. The main part of the thesis is devoted to a more detailed description of the precursors of the KGB, the very development, functions and organizational structure of the KGB. Predecessors were famous primarily for his cruelty. Among the most famous predecessor certainly belongs Cheka which was headed by Felix Dzerdzinski, who had a very good management skills while he was also very cold and cruel. For the most cruel of all, it is considered the NKVD, at the time of its operation there was no other penalty than liquidation. In the last chapter, the thesis turns to current intelligence service FSB, the associated policies and Vladimir Putin, and high-profile cases of Alexander Litvinenko and Anna Politkovskaya.