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Traces the evolution of paper money in England. Circulation of fiduciary orders; Carolean paper orders; Promissory notes; Bills of exchange; Emergence of assignability; Earliest checks; Printing of money by the Bank of England.

This study of the 1973 Local Government Election in England and Wales shows that the position of a canal/date's name on the ballot paper can have an important effect in terms of the number of votes which he receives. In particular the lower-placed members of each party are quite seriously disadvantaged. Investigation into the relationship between this positional effect and other aspects of the election show that it occurs quite generally. A simple model is formulated which attempts to explain the phenomenon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article focuses on a study designed to determine effects of television on the reading of newspapers and magazines in London, England. According to the author, the methodological problem involved in this and similar studies of the effects of mass communication is that there was no available alternative to an ex post facto "experimental" design in which respondents themselves selected whether they were to be viewers or non-viewers. Moreover, since respondents could not be randomly assigned to the two conditions by the investigator, differences between the two groups on the dependent variable, frequency of newspaper reading, could be attributed either to the effects of television or to initial differences between the two groups. With regard to all these observations, it can be concluded that television may have had the effect of increasing the reading and buying of papers of popular press with their lighter, shorter material and of decreasing the reading and buying of the more serious papers.

This article presents the author's reply to Edwin B. Parker on his observations regarding the study conducted by the author towards the effects of television on magazine and newspaper reading in London, England. According to the author, while the process of matching in terms of the correlates of both dependent and independent variables has been used before, Parker has suggested, under the term "covariance procedure," a more formal and systematic use of the technique, a distinct contribution, practical development of which is more than likely. In addition to this, Parker is quite right in reminding a basic weakness in the use of matching as a means of isolating effects. One can and must build checks into the matching process but in the end some degree of doubt must remain about the efficiency of the matching achieved. If Parker had argued from this position in presenting his covariance method as a means of reducing uncertainty, there would have been no point of difference between him and the author.

On November 26, 1936, the Popular Front Ministry of France, of which Leon Blum was President of the Council, submitted to the Chamber of Deputies a series of proposed laws which would have completely changed the regulations regarding the press. With only slight modifications the Chamber accepted the proposals, but Senate amendments removed the bill's teeth, and a deadlock ensued between the two houses of the French parliament. This deadlock remained unbroken until establishment of government by decree. Subsequently several attempts were made to secure passage of bills which embodied certain features of the Blum proposals, or which in some other manner suggested changes in the existing press regulations, but they too were either rejected or postponed. To a considerable extent, press susceptibility to venality results from the fact that it is very difficult for a French journal to be a paying concern by using merely ordinary channels of revenue. Low prices for daily papers have become traditional in France, but, more important than that, advertising has never developed into the gold mine for the press that it has become in the United States and in England.

The article presents the author's response to a commentary made by economist F.W. Taussig on issues concerning international trade. According to the author, Taussig in his commentary states that the U.S. and England are two nations with paper money and in consequence of a loan of England to the U.S., English paper money suddenly depreciates relatively to American paper. According to the author, the diversification of value between two national currencies change in the same proportion the price of the wares imported to the two nations, but do not change the price of the home-made products. The author claims that if English exporters to the U.S. acquire, in exchange of the constant quantity of dollars immediately received for the exported products they will raise in the same ratio the price of these products in the British market; but then even the price of all other English. Moreover, according to the author the prices raised in the English market will be in exact proportion to the diminution of the external value of English money, while all prices will remain unchanged in the American market.

This article presents information on several papers and memorandums related to economic conditions in various countries. The Parliamentary documents for 1886 will contain a good deal of evidence of the increasing uneasiness as to the condition and prospects of the foreign trade of England. A Blue Book has been issued, giving the rates of duty levied on imports by the different European countries and the United States; and a second is to give the duties levied by the British colonies, these returns being on the plan of the similar documents published in 1882. The Commission on the Depression of Trade have also collected and published reports from the English consuls, showing the impediments to British trade in the different countries. Another snippet reports that the opening of fertile wheat lands in the United States, and the cheap transportation of grain to Europe have had an influence not only on England and Ireland, but on France, Germany, and Russia. French and German legislation has been invoked to protect the farmer. But now an interesting movement is in progress among the Russian peasants, by which the former serfs are becoming separated from the land. At the time of the emancipation of the serfs, Russia controlled the wheat markets of Western Europe; while the prices of agricultural products were high, and even rising.

1. Ashurst and Bromer's classification of ankle fractures is a useful one, but falls into the complexities of subdivision into sequential progression of severity, i.e. ‘degrees’ of fracture. 2. A similar criticism can be made of the Lauge-Hansen classification which has an added semantic disadvantage. Doubts are also cast upon the validity of the direct application of experimental results in cadaveric specimens to a clinical series. 3. A third classification, essentially a modified form of those preceding it but with both an anatomical and a functional basis is presented, in the belief that it can provide evidence of: (a) the mechanism of production and hence the achievement of reduction; and (b) the recognition of significant ligamentous damage, i.e. the recognition of major from minor, stable from unstable injuries—when used in association with radiographs taken while straining the ankle under anaesthesia. 4. An Appendix to the paper (pp. 210-211), giving a more detailed account of our revised classification, is included. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

THE unemployment experienced by redundant employees has been, at least in Britain, the subject of more investigation than any other single aspect of labour market behaviour [D.E.P. (1970), Kahn (1964), Wedderburn (1964, 1965), Thomas (1959)], but the methodology of these studies makes it difficult to establish the separate influence of the different attributes and variables which might affect length of unemployment after redundancy. Moreover, relatively little attention has been paid to job-search strategy or to the ways in which labour market experience might be conditioned by manpower policy instruments. The latter omission is particularly important in view of the introduction of statutory redundancy payments in 1965 and wage-related unemployment benefits in 1966. This paper examines through multivariate analysis the unemployment experience of male employees declared redundant from 23 engineering plants in the West Midlands of England over 1966-68. It has three main objectives: (i) to examine the independent influence of such variables as personal characteristics, labour market conditions, job search strategy, etc., on labour market behaviour; (ii) to see whether unemployment benefit and redundancy pay have a significant effect on length of unemployment and to throw some light on the "discontinuity" in the national unemployment statistics which appeared in 1966 and has persisted since that date [Bowers (I970), Cairncross (1970) pp. 172-3, Gujarati (1972)]; and (iii) thereby to ascertain whether these measures achieve the objective of compensating those who bear the burdens imposed by redundancy. The paper has five further sections. Section I briefly presents some data on the sample, Section II discusses the model used, Section III the results obtained, and Section IV attempts a more detailed explanation of the effects of manpower policy. Section V gives a summary of the conclusions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Discusses the developments in trade unions and labor politics between 1827 to 1837 in the U.S. Effect of Contribution of England and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in development of trade-unionism; Beginning of trade unionism in Manchaster, England and Philadelphia; Year in which trades' union existed in New York; Labor movements in New York and Philadelphia; Origin of humanitarian and reform movements.

This paper traces the development of the Social Survey movement in England and the United States, with particular emphasis on the latter, and also attempts to delineate the reciprocal influence it had upon American sociology. In looking at the history of this movement an attempt is made to show how it must be approached in terms of contemporary ideologies. Research of this kind was characterized not only by a previously absent concern with the understanding of the total community by empirical means, but also by a search for the source of social problems which looked not to the individual but to the larger society. During the early decades of this century the Survey movement affected sociological research and writings in the areas of both methodology and community studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Analyzes the details of the shipping industry in London, England in the year 1601 to 1602, through the use of discovered evidences by L. R. Miller. Series of shipping cleared from England in foreign trade during the period of Restoration; Entry points at the port of London; Sizes of vessels used.

SUMMARY This paper describes an investigation, the purpose of which was to derive estimates of the total number of people who are in a position to see advertisements on the outside of London Transport buses. Two separate but complementary surveys were carried out: a Greater London interview survey which recorded time spent on roads that are bus routes and a photographic study in which were counted people present on the routes as seen from the bus. By relating the results of the former survey to the frequency with which buses traverse the routes, estimates were derived of the numbers of "opportunities to see" advertisements on the outside of buses. These primary estimates were then refined, using the photographic survey, to produce estimates of "full-face" encounters with buses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents an examination of existing ideas and theories about television's effects as they are presented in the research literature, as claimed by the press and as gathered in extensive interviews of a non-directive kind with viewers and non-viewers. The investigation was to be limited to London, England and it began in 1953. The study tests theories postulating that television affects certain mental states and processes. The main theory within this system was that there has been a loss through television of identification with or concern for those interests about which viewers were formerly oriented. The second central theory that television's direct treatment, in its programmes, of various interests has not made up the loss hypothesized in the first theory. The first two theories postulate changes in identification. Identification is a motivational concept implying that an object or activity has a positive valence for people. The study of television's effects upon interests would be incomplete if it did not deal with the behavioral expression of the identification.

A prospective epidemiological study of the Neonatal Hepatitis Syndrome in S.E. England showed Alpha-1-Antitrypsin Deficiency (Pi ZZ) to be present in seven out of fifty-two patients. Data are considered from these seven patients, and from a further six cases from outside this area. The nature of acute illness, pathological changes on early liver biopsy, and short-term prognosis show considerable variability, but in general the hepatitis is more severe in patients with Alpha-1-A.T. deficiency than in those in whom no aetiological factor was found. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article focuses on the author's experiences as the first general secretary of the National Association of Local Government Officers in England. His responsibility was to inform the general public regarding the facts of municipal and county administration in England. The service conditions of local government officers in the past were uneven and without form or plan. The experience has been invaluable. Negotiations which the author had conducted with councils for the improvement of salaries, or to ward off a threatened attack on existing salaries, taught him a great deal about the mentality of those who had the economic welfare of local government officers in their keeping. There was a complete absence of any sense of the national importance of the public health services, of the administration of education, or even of child welfare, maternity care, and decent housing. Because there was no known formula for measuring the economics of a decent life, local government appeared to have no value except to provide a job for men and women who were lucky to have been appointed.

The article presents information on the social problems that exist in England and France. In reading the symptoms of the social malady there is general agreement. There is wide disagreement in the treatment proposed. One remedy is socialism, or the communal ownership of land and capital and the instruments and machinery of production. But socialism makes two capital blunders. In the first place, it proceeds on the assumption that society is a mechanism, and if it is found not to function properly, all that is needed is to shake the bundle of injustices and inequalities to pieces, and then put it together right by act of legislature, brutally to rights, if necessary. On the contrary, we know that society is an organism, and its features and activities are the result of a vital growth. Shaking it to pieces means its death. A more serious blunder of socialism is this, it ignores the root of moral evil out of which all social wrongs spring. One concludes that there is no hope in socialism. Prussianism, or the rule of might, has been offered as a method to settle antagonistic interests. The strong ought to rule the weak, and war is the final test of strength. If persons, classes, or nations disagree, let them fight it out, and let the strong hold by right what they win by might.

Between 1 January 1965 and 31 December 1967, 206 episodes of carbon monoxide poisoning were known to the coroner or the city hospitals in Newcastle upon Tyne. The mortality rates were: suicidal exposure 38·2%; accidental exposure 39·7%. In 21·3% of suicidal and 18·9% of accidental exposures recovery was complicated by prolonged delirium suggesting that all degrees of functional or structural neurological damage may have occurred, yet oxygen therapy was given in only 43·8% of suicidal and 34·5% of accidental exposures. In view of the risk of persistent neuropsychiatric sequelae it is suggested that current patterns of management should be revised. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Analysis of data on illegitimacy in England and Wales for the 25 years ending in 1962 reveal: (1) a tripling of the rate with a new high in excess of the postwar high, (2) greatest increases in the rates are not found in the very youngest groups, (3) some parallel with the rise in U.S. illegitimacy rates, and (4) a more moderate rise in premaritally conceived legitimate maternities. An examination is made of various personal, social structural and cultural factors which may be contributing to the rise in illegitimate births. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concept of social control generally seems inadequate, at least in regard to the interracial situation, for most authorities in this specific field' seem to have neglected two important aspects. In effect, they define the white techniques for keeping the Negro "in his place," but they do not carry the concept of social control far enough. Two conceptual modifications of the theory of social control appear to be necessary. First, the theory assumes the influence of human agents but neglects the effect of such impersonal factors as different cultural and regional back- grounds, different behavior patterns, differences in living conditions and relative numbers, and so forth. Secondly, while the theory mentions the control a group exercises over its own members, it does so only in passing; the main emphasis seems to be on the controls emanating from the dominant group. The possibility of self-imposed control by the subordinate group is largely ignored. To be sure, some social psychologists have stressed the conditioning of the individual, but conditioning on a group basis has been largely overlooked.

The article focuses on the concentration of industries in the South of London, England. The migration of industries to the South is less striking when opening of new considered, but a routine inspection of the material is justified because it brings out a number of important and interesting features. The article highlights the distribution of new factories, closed factories, and factory extensions for the years 1932 to 1938, grouped by regions. 65 of the 463 new factories in the year 1932 represented transfers from other areas, but only six came from other regions. The causes for selecting a particular location varied a good deal. 35 factories gave "accessibility of raw materials" as a reason for migration and 5 out of 35 were engaged in canning and were therefore located in the South and South East. In 1934, of 19 interregional migrations 17 were to the South. The reasons given for the migration are generally the same as those of 1932s. The article also presents the number of new and closed factories and of factory extensions for the years 1933 to 1938.

The article examines regional differences in rates in terms of local taxes between England and Wales. In these regions, the gross annual rent is used as a basis of the calculation of assessable value. It was discovered that the relative position of a town in a list of towns of a region did not change. Also, the dispersion of the rates of towns was quite small. Moreover, the clustering of the averages in the prosperous regions was the result of a fall in the level of rates of all the averages.

The article analyzes actual and potential coefficients of expansion for the banking system in England since 1925. The absence of legal reserve requirements, except for note issue, makes the maximum coefficients of expansion in a sense indeterminate, but these coefficients can be estimated on the basis of reasonable assumptions. The expansion power of the system is considered under two general headings, that of commercial banks and that of the banking system as a whole, which embraces the Bank of England and the British Exchange Equalization Account in conjunction with commercial bank. Although many banking institutions maintain London offices, a very high percentage of the loan-deposit business in England is conducted by the ten London clearing banks through their network of branches. Despite the absence of statutory limitations, the actual reserve ratios of the large commercial banks have probably varied less during post-War years than have average ratios in the United States. The practice of "window dressing" greatly increases the difficulty of estimating coefficients of primary expansion. Inspection of the Bank of England Return in conjunction with the monthly clearing bank reports reveals a wide discrepancy between the amounts reported on deposit with the Bank of Eng! land and the amount of Bankers' Deposits shown in the Bank Return.

The article discusses the implications of the English unemployment insurance acts on the unemployed who are provided relief under the Poor Law. The first unemployment insurance act was passed in England in the year 1911. When this act was passed England had a policy of giving poor law relief to able-bodied persons only in workhouses. The question of aiding the unemployed could not be solved by this policy. The leniency of certain Boards of Guardians has been cited as one of the main reason for the large number of unemployed persons supported by the Poor Law. The amount of unemployment along with the character of the unemployment insurance acts determine the total number of unemployed persons in receipt of Poor Law relief. In the final analysis, the major reason for the present acceleration of Poor Law relief figures is laid on the fact that the insurance law does not cover all unemployment. There is an enormous demand on the Poor Law for the aid of the unemployed in England, in spite of the fact that a wide unemployment insurance system has been in force since the beginning of the period.

Explores the currency note issue in England. Currency and Bank Notes Act of 1914; Cunliffe Committee's attitude toward the Bank of England and the Bank Charter Act of 1844; Power of the Bank of England; Regulation of the fiduciary note issue.

Presents articles on the evolution of Christmas clubs in United States banking and on shipping and imports in London, England, during the years 1601-1602. Operations of Christmas clubs across the United States; Factors which influence Christmas club patronage; Magnitude of London's trade with France during the period; Nationalities of the ships that came to London; Source and nature of the imports.

The article discusses the use of index numbers of the total cost of living and the methods employed in the development of the English and U.S. index numbers. Index numbers have been published by the bureaus of labor in industrial countries to shed light upon changes in the cost of living. In June 1916, Board of Trade in England published an index number which included all groups of expenditure. The development of the index number of the total cost of living in the U.S. was a result of a clause in the agreement between the unions in the shipbuilding industry and the Emergency Fleet Corp.

The article compares the book trade associations of Germany, England and the United States. Disorganization and depression in the retail book trade, due to the introduction and increase of the discount given to customers, led to combination as a means of remedying the situation. The publishers in Germany and England were at first unwilling to cooperate when urged by the booksellers to assist in maintaining prices, while the publishers in the United States took the initiative. The maintenance of the publishers' price was the aim in each country. The United States is the only country that has the copyright been utilized to enforce fixed prices. It is believed that any uniform price system will unavoidably work injustice upon consumers. Finally, there is constantly the danger in the fixed price system, thus detrimental to the public.

The article discusses the financial situation in London, England, highlighting the status of the Bank of England, during the first month of the first World War. As an introduction, Great Britain's peculiar position as a creditor country with regards to external payments is analyzed. This position has been the reason and justification for the bank to hold one of the smallest gold reserves in Europe, while building the largest volume of business on the basis of it. And with expensive charges for gold carried by sea, the Bank of England boldly addresses this scenario by opening depositories for the receipt of gold outside Great Britain.

Discusses the origin of the National Customs-Revenue of England. Review of customs theories; A priori theories of customs origins; Customs in 1275; Chain of errors in the price theory; Periods in the development of local customs; Customs experiment of King John; Classification of customs; Efforts to create a national system; Influence of the local system on the national system.

Discusses about yeoman farming in the Oxfordshire, England from the 16th century to the 19th century. Decline in the independent farming in England; Definition of the term yeoman; Explanation on the decline in yeoman farming; Connection between enclosure prior to 1760 and the disappearance of the independent farmers.

Focuses on the cotton industry in England. Poor in the spinning and weaving of cotton wool.

Focuses on the history of the English Court of piepowder, which settled disputes of law merchants. Organization and jurisdiction of the court; Procedure of working and decision-making of the court; Influence of the court on law merchants and its procedure of royal courts.

This article presents information on the commercial legislation of England and its effect on the U.S. It also discusses economist Adam Smith's interpretation of economic activity. One cannot be surprised that the first generation of American historians writing, as they did, before the passions provoked by the great struggle had time to subside. It compelled them to pay more than their "fair value" for the commodities they imported, and to accept less than their "fair value" for the commodities they sold. But a like opinion is not confined to American historians, it has come to be very generally accepted by English writers and upon its side it has the authority of the most painstaking and the most widely read of the historians of the eighteenth century. It is, undoubtedly true that the commercial policy of England had established a real opposition of interest between the mother country and her colonies. The laws of England, affecting the trade and industry of the American colonies, fall, with one notable exception to be dealt with by and by, into three groups and it is essential to bear in mind the differences between them. There were, in the first place, the Navigation Laws proper in the second place, what one may conveniently christen the Enumeration Laws and lastly and of far less significance, the Law concerning Manufacture.

The article discusses the history of the free trade policy of Tory writers in England. The author says that enough has been said to indicate the natural connection during the period 1673-1713, between the advocacy of a " free trade" policy and the Tory party. According to the author, during the whole period 1695-1712, the writer most worthy of attention was Charles Davenant. Davenant, according to the author, was not only the most voluminous, but also the most considerable of all the Tory advocates of " free trade. The author says that in Davenant's work, one can find many utterances, which, if they stood by themselves, could be interpreted as implying a thoroughgoing free trade theory in the modern sense.

The article presents information on the agrarian and agricultural changes that took place in England during the early sixteenth century, as quoted under various laws and literature of that period. Land transfers included documentation of final concords by the agreed parties in the Court of Commons Pleas. Written agreement that contained description of the alienated property was given to each party following the lawsuit and their chirographs which was known as feet of fines was kept in the royal treasury. Feet of fines distinguished, pasture, meadow, arable and waste land and was an important source in the agrarian history.

The article describes the ancient topography of a typical Middle Age English village. Oxfordshire was one of those midland counties which were not generally enclosed until the last century. When Arthur Young wrote his Survey of the agriculture of the county, close upon the end of the century, the work of enclosing bad already gone far; and just about that time an attempt was made to get the necessary act of Parliament to introduce the new system into our parish. But the parson, an old character of whom odd stories are still told, seems to have done all be could to oppose the project, and to have succeeded. He lived till 1836, and in his time no second attempt was made. The enclosure actually took place in 1843. There are men still living in the village who remember the look of the open fields before the parish was divided into the compact and well-hedged farms of which it now consists; and one of these, who as a lad took part in the work of enclosing, seemed to take huge delight in strolling with the author about the land, and explaining the changes that had been wrought on it since his boyhood.

The article discusses the history of attempts made in England during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries to deal with the problem of finding employment for those who will not or who cannot find work for themselves. In general, a distinction was made between "vagabonds and strong beggars" and "other poor and needy persons being willing to work." The former were dealt with in houses of correction, while the workhouse furnished employment for the latter class. The statute of 1575 ordered that houses of correction should be provided in each county for punishing and employing unsettled poor. In 1609-10, an act of Parliament once more ordered the establishment of houses of correction, and made the justices responsible for the erection of these houses, and liable to a fine of 5 pounds for every case of neglect of duty. In addition to the workhouses and houses of correction there were other more or less organized efforts to provide work. In Southampton, in 1601, the town permitted tradesmen to set up in the town on the understanding that they should take one or more of the town's children.

The article discusses the issue of the English railway rate. The chief stages in English railway history may be described as follows in various stages. There was the period of doubt and suspicion as regards the national advantage and probable financial success of railways. This period was short. It really extended only from the promotion of the Liverpool and Manchester Railway in 1824 until about 1840. The great change in the attitude of public towards railways came about in the second period, when "the extreme of determined rejection or dilatory acquiescence" was exchanged for " the opposite extreme of unlimited concession." The Regulation of Railways Act of 1844 gave powers to the Treasury to revise the scale of "tolls, fares, and charges" of any railway company, when the dividends of the company exceeded 10 per cent. During the period from about 1840 until 1854 the railway network of England was practically created. It is true that this network was built on no definite plan, that it was financed on no very sound principles, that there was much chicanery in promotion, and much mismanagement afterwards.

The article examines old age pension schemes in England as of January 1892. Every English advocate of old age pensions endeavors to show, in spite of the immense service of Benefit Societies, how sharp are their limits. To those born with a little property, to the skilled, and to the strong, the self-help societies in every form have been an unmeasured good; but to the skill less, the stupid, the weak, to those families in which sickness has been constant, such associations have neither brought advantage nor are they likely to do this. The new trades-unionism is just trying its uncertain hand with the unskilled, but has as yet given too scant evidence as to its ability. The older unionism has a membership of some 750,000. If it be once conceded that the masses are to be insured, few would trust to this source. The Friendly Societies have a commanding record. If we include, besides the Affiliated Orders, the Railway and Mining Associations, collecting societies like the Victoria Legal, we have the imposing result of more than five million persons who are of their free choice insured against sickness. It is idle, however, to deny that public confidence has been shaken in the ability of these institutions to insure the very part of the labor world, which needs security most. Such provision, moreover, as these societies have made for old age pensions has practically failed.

The article focuses on the implementation of university settlements systems. The University Settlement movement has always had two sorts of critics as well as two sorts of admirers: first and foremost, naturally, the critics and admirers who know least about it; secondly, those who know it best. The extreme praise and the radical criticism have almost always come from the former party: on the one hand, this extravagance which, lapses into insipid praise of this evangel of aestheticism and good will in what people are pleased to call the slum of a great city; and, on the other hand, the cynicism which characterizes the whole movement as rose-water for the plague, or, at the best, as a sort of philanthropic picnic in a wilderness of misery and sin. The best known example of the so-called University Settlement work is Toynbee Hall. Chronologically, and in quantity and variety of work done,--no less than, in popular estimation,--it stands first; and, since points of resemblance are for present purposes more important than differences, one may proceed by the study of this typical experiment.

The article focuses on the book "The Gild Merchant: A Contribution to British Municipal History," by Charles Gross. The gild merchant was an institution by which the citizens of the English boroughs profited from combined trading and buying. Gross's work of historical study of the towns of England is praised as Gross has himself researched for data. The author informs that the data of Gross's research come from the municipal documents of the towns of England and hence is more dependable than the other contemporary researchers. Gross's differentiation among various country's gild merchants and the accuracy in using the scholarly terms is also appreciated by the author.

This article focuses on the development of co-operative production in France and England. The second phase of co-operation, marvelously developed in England, is but little known in France, though it is already beginning to appeal to the socialistic imagination of the distributive societies in Belgium. As yet, there is nothing in France corresponding to the wholesale societies of England; but a movement at this moment on foot at Paris gives reasonable grounds for anticipating the development of a French wholesale some time in the twentieth century. The third form needs but a word of explanation. It is simply an extension of what is known in France as deferred participation; that is to say, of the various schemes of profit-sharing which retain a part or the whole of the dividend allotted to labor for the purpose of forming provident or pension funds. Deferred co-operation, therefore, is a still further application of more or less involuntary thrift to the gradual acquisition of capital shares by the accumulation of a portion of the dividends allotted to employees.

The article discusses the economic movement in England. In England, for the last quarter of a century, the movement of economic thought has been one of steady and continuous evolution. Perhaps the most effective of the influences which gave a new direction to economic study was that exercised by the rough but inexorable logic of events. The first corrections which economic theory received in England were rather negative than constructive. They were prompted by the obvious discord between the supposed results of the science and the facts of every-day experience. The second of the influences which have determined the recent development of political economy is so conspicuous, so powerful, so emphatically the characteristic influence of the age, that it has somewhat put into the shade the other co-operating agencies, and has often been wrongly taken to stand for all that distinguishes the new economy from the old. There is a third economic influence, not infrequently confounded with the historical, but which deserves to be clearly distinguished from it, not only on account of its well-marked individuality, but still more on account of its growing and resistless political power.

In this article, the author investigates the revolution in political economy in England. The new movement, then, on the whole, although represented by impassioned advocates as a revolution which is to sweep the ground clear and give the world a new political economy, is, in fact, a development of the existing science, under the influence of a strong reaction against tendencies which had prematurely checked its advance. So far as this development is historical in character, it means a fresh impulse given to the study of the social fabric, past and present, in its origin and its results, but not at present the adoption of any new method of investigation, even if, in dealing with this subject-matter, any real change of method is practicable, a point which may at least be held in reserve until further proof. And, so far as the new development is social or ethical, it means an increase of weight given to obligations which have been ignored oftener than denied, and the consideration of which can neither supersede nor control any reasoning, deserving the name of scientific, upon economic questions. The importance of the movement, even in this view of its scope, as tending to direct the attention of the economic world, for the present generation at least, to new problems, and perhaps to revive its interest in topics too easily neglected, can hardly be overrated. But this new direction of thought is, after all, not the absolute break of continuity so often proclaimed.

This article reports the findings obtained from the solicited views of one hundred and fifty of demonstrators in mid-July 1963 when the Greek royal family visited London, England. Interviews were conducted while the demonstrations were in progress and ideological questions were by-passed. The demonstrations continued for three days and this made it possible to get two sets of random observations on separate dates. One hundred observations were taken orally on the first day of the demonstrations and another fifty on the last day, mainly because the first day's results were believed at the time to be extraordinary. Often several persons had to be approached before individuals capable of articulate conversation could be located. It should be emphasized that demonstrations can be a valuable tool to both emerging and established minorities. A demonstration makes it possible to inform, perhaps shock, and often educate public opinion with regard to relatively ignored issues. It would be unfortunate, therefore, if demonstrations based on ignorance, violence and hatred jeopardized this indispensable means of expression. This is a complex problem which the social scientist, together with the press and television, will probably find useful to probe more intensively in the future.

The core proposal of the Nixon welfare plan-wage supplementation for the "working poor"-is discussed In relation to a relevant historical model, England's Speenhamland Act of 1795, with a view to predicting possible consequences of the proposal. Among the questions considered are the cost of the program, who actually will benefit from It, and whether full employment will result. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article describes the biological flora of the British Isles, with focus on Dryas octopetala. Dryas octopetala is restricted to a few sites in the north Pennines and the Lake District in England, but it has a wide distribution in North Korea, Japan, Alaska, the Yukon region and in the Swiss Alps. Described are Drays octopetala's geographical and altitudinal distribution, habitat, substratum, soil analysis, response to biotic factors, effect of frost and drought, physiological data and the growth of Mycorrhiza plants.

The article describes the grassland vegetation of the Sheffield region in England. Sheffield lies on the boundary between highland and lowland Britain, with access to the climatic and biological expressions typical of each zone and with an unparalleled range of geographical strata, altitude, aspect and land use. Also discussed are floristic variation, surface soil on separate geological strata and the frequency of occurrence of ten species most commonly recorded in grasslands such as Festuca ovina, Deschampsia flexuosa and Agrostis tenuis, Festuca rubra and Luzula campestris.