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The article presents information about the monetary changes that influenced Japan's economic conditions from 1871 to 1897. It discusses the adoption of gold standard in 1871, influence of Satsuma Rebellion in 1877 on paper currency, and changes in the value of silver against gold, in Japan. The base of the modern monetary system traces its foundation in the government ordinance issued in 1869. The ordinance was aimed at establishing a mint in Osaka to coin yen. It is told that the restoration in 1868 led to low quality currency paper in the country.

The article takes a look at the American attitudes toward Japan and China in 1937-38. The Chinese Cultural Society of New York published in October 1937 a reprint of 39 editorials from American papers on the Far Eastern crisis. The editor, M. Hsitien Lin wrote in the foreword "Of some 5,000 editorials which have been examined, there is none that justifies Japanese aggression or condemns Chinese resistance. In the American press Japan is almost universally treated as the aggressor and China as the victim in the undeclared war. As to American policy, the press generally favors neither extreme isolationism nor political entanglements or alliances, but a golden mean, whereby world peace, it is hoped, may be maintained." The present study is designed to test the validity of this impression as well as to test the utility of a method of attitude measurement by press sampling. It is impossible here to enter into a discussion of the relationship between beliefs as to facts and emotional attitudes such as are measured by the indices used, except to suggest that attitudes, which are at first accompanied by emotions, may in time become beliefs regarding "facts" which are taken for granted.

Information about several papers discussed at the U.S.-Japan Joint Conference on Arthropod-borne Plant Viruses that was held in Tokyo, Japan is presented. The aim of the conference was to have the direct exchange of information on the interactions between viruses and arthropods. The symposium featured several biologists including Paul W. Oman, Karl Maramorosch, and Teikichi Fukushi.

The article provides information on the economic conditions of Japan During World War I and the Armistice. When the war broke out, there was an initial depression followed by nearly four years of rapid manufacturing growth, intense industrial and commercial activity, high profits, speculative promotion and inflation. When the Armistice came, prices fell abruptly for a brief period then began to recover. Until the end of 1916, the relation of wages to prices remained about normal and in 1917, the rise in wages had become 105 percent since 1900.

The aim of this paper is to describe and analyze the processes of institutional transition--the break down of the old and the emergence of a new equilibrium. Specifically, it purports to show how the traditional Japanese family modifies its organization as it responds to economic, cultural, and moral forces at work in Hawaii. A comprehensive study of institutional transition requires a knowledge of what the institution was prior to its modification, and an understanding of the relevant factors which, by interacting with the traditional values, produce a new structure. A knowledge of the former gives a basis for an orderly description of the changes in institutional structure, a knowledge of the latter provides a conceptual framework for a systematic description of the available facts of changing institutional behavior patterns. The traditional family in Japan is, unlike the husband-wife centered unit of the society, essentially a parent-child centered unit. Herein lies the conceptual and ideological difference between the Oriental and Occidental family system.

The Japan-American revised Security Treaty of 1960 allows Japan to give notice in 1970 of her desire to abrogate the treaty. Does the present state of public opinion in that country suggest that such a notice will be given? This paper is a careful analysis of nationwide poll findings in Japan which by no means indicate that the United States can afford to be complacent regarding the answer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although the western world was made keenly aware of the racial ideas advocated by the Nazis, it remains still largely uninformed about racialism among the Japanese. The Nipponese wartime slogan of "Asia for the Asiatics" received some notice during the war but the fundamentals underlying this philosophy of oriental unification were never accorded by the West the serious attention they deserved. Despite the efforts of the Occupation to eliminate sources of racial and nationalistic ideas, currently in Japan the approach to sovereignty is being accompanied by references to such things as "our racial spirits, our racial energies, and the "racial integrity" of the Japanese as the things which can be counted upon to bring them through this trying postwar period of austerity and to return Japan once again to a prominent position among the nations of the world. Because of the significant role race played in recent world history and its current and future significance in the social relations of mankind, an analysis of race consciousness among the Japanese as a potentially tremendous social force seems both necessary and timely.

The article presents information on the paper "Malignant Melanoma in Japan," by Yoshio Yoshida. The paper states that malignant melanoma is less frequent among Japanese than in the white races, but a higher proportion are found on the lower extremities, especially on the soles.

This article narrows the gap between the growth in real output and in the aggregate of real factor inputs in agriculture in Japan from 1880 to 1965. By estimating the aggregate agricultural production function using cross-prefectural data, factors have been identified that could influence the level of agricultural output. With the estimates of production elasticities, the major portion of the growth in agricultural output and productivity for 1880 to 1965 has been explained by the four conventional factors--land, labor, capital, and fertilizer--and the two categories of nonconventional inputs--rural education, and agricultural research and extension. Overall, about half of the long-term rate of growth in agricultural output has been accounted for by changes in the four conventional inputs; one quarter by an increase in the level of education; and another quarter by an increase in the public expenditure for agricultural research and extension. A large gap between the growth in output and the growth in conventional inputs, as measured by the total productivity index, has been closed and accounted for in roughly equal magnitudes by adoption of the estimates of production elasticities for input aggregation, the contribution of education, and the contribution of research and extension. The divergence between the production elasticities and the factor shares has been interpreted as arising from a lag in the adjustment of farmers to biased technical progress corresponding to changes in relative factor prices. Our approach has proved insufficient for explaining the emergence of distinct phases or technical epochs in the modern agricultural development of Japan. Significant residuals in the growth accounting have remained for subperiods.

Presents the book "Economic Picture of Japan 1967," a recent development of the Japanese economy.

The article presents information about the book "Growth and Cycles in the Japanese Economy," by M. Shinohara. Shinohara examines post-war recovery factors, export growth potential and the effects of the concentration of capital in large firms against the background of the 20-year Kuznets cycles.

Geometrically perfect circular scaly patches in Japanese patients were described under the title of Pityriasis rotunda. We report this condition in four West Indian negro patients seen in London and suggest that it may be a special form of acquired ichthyosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Investigates changes in money wage earnings in manufacturing industries and in consumer prices in Japan from 1955-1962. Presentation of a model for explaining the changes; Analysis of the Phillips-Lipsey hypothesis in the Japanese economy; Effect of prices on wages and wages on prices.

This article focuses on the changes in the industrial sector in Japan during the period from 1930 to 1951. Japanese industry has undergone major structural changes during the period from 1930 to 1951. These changes are mainly due to the Second World War, and the shifts in the whole world economy during this period. The article focuses primarily on the machinery, chemical, and textile industries. These industries employ over half the workers in Japanese manufacturing industries. The prewar period of industrial development in Japan was marked by growth of the chemical and machinery industries at the expense of the lighter industries. Fabricated basic materials declined from 36 to 27 percent of all Japanese exports during the period from 1930 to 1936, while manufactured products increased from 47 to 58 percent. The output of machinery and chemicals continued to increase, although textile production was reduced to decrease nonmilitary imports. The difficulty of importing raw materials and the diversion of the chemical industry from fertilizers to explosives resulted in a 50 percent decrease in chemical output.

It should be noted that, with industrial and diplomatic developments multiplying in complexity throughout the world, increasing numbers of Americans other than the military are taking tours of duty in foreign lands for extended periods of time. The husband may represent an American company, or may have a position with the American government, or under a government program. In leaving the United States and coming to Japan, all members of a family find many of their normal functions and relationships disrupted or having to be modified. Housing becomes a major problem for many service families from the day of arrival in Japan. The service is unable to provide quarters on military installations for most families immediately upon arrival; the serviceman, prior to leaving the United States, agrees to live on the economy of Japan when it comes to housing. An overseas tour is usually less emotionally demanding on the serviceman than on his wife. He often has his assignment determined for him prior to coming abroad. Reporting for duty and working in an atmosphere that is familiar to him are reassuring. He soon gains the satisfactions that come from performing tasks and knowing that his services are needed.

Decision-making is an important cultural feature of any society. It may be regarded as a synthesis of a society's beliefs, an epitome of its ideology, the action product of its thinking. This article is an attempt to describe decision-making in Japan and to show the interaction between Japanese thinking and the Japanese manner of reaching group decisions. Whether one is dealing with democratic or undemocratic societies, it will be found that most people use, almost without thought and without question, the processes which have been handed down to them as part of their cultural heritage. This is particularly true in hierarchical, authoritarian societies where approved practices are not challenged, but in any society decision-making processes tend to become a fixed and unthought-of part of the culture. Foreign observers are likely to find the facade of Japanese decision-making difficult to penetrate. In this article, it is impossible adequately to describe all the complexities of the subject, but it may be possible to draw a broad picture of Japanese decision-making and to show how it is conditioned by Japanese thought and culture. The impact of the U.S. occupation of Japan on decision-making methods will then be briefly described.

This article presents a historical sketch of the development of Japanese sociology. The history of sociology in Japan may be roughly divided into the following three periods: Early developments, Institutionalization, and Cross-Currents. The period of early developments lasted some forty years, beginning in the 1870s and continuing until the time of the First World War. After the First World War, came the era of institutionalization. From this time onward, sociology in Japan came to be acknowledged as an independent, well-specialized branch of learning, and in 1919, an independent Department of Sociology was established at Tokyo Imperial, in Japan. What characterized this period was the introduction and diffusion of psychological sociology. This period lasted till early 1930s. From the early 1930s to 1945, came the period of Cross-Currents. This period was mainly characterized by a reaction to the preceding period with its psychological and more analytical inclinations. At the same time, the contents of sociological studies became more diversified. The last period of its history showed a fruitful intermixture of theoretical and methodological tendencies developed in the Western countries.

Though the world has learned not to belittle Japan's military strength, it still underestimates the effectiveness of the propaganda campaign it is waging, particularly among the peoples of eastern Asia. Most of the people are both ignorant and apathetic regarding that campaign. It is time one makes a more accurate appraisal of Japan's psychological techniques, in order to deal with them realistically. Tokyo's propagandists, because of their location, are better able to reach the ears of half the human race, the Asiatic peoples, than are the propagandists of the United Nations. In radio broadcasting, as in military warfare, the Nipponese operate with the tremendous advantage of inside lines of communication. Japan proper boasts some forty broadcast stations, from which shortwave programs emanate 24 hours daily on fifty or more frequencies, in all the principal languages of Europe and Asia. As one country after another has been conquered, new transmitters have been added to the lineup. Radio Saigon, run by the Japanese army of occupation in French Indo-China, shamelessly broadcasts instructions to restless India on how to sabotage the British war machine there.

The article focuses on Japan's prison system. For sixty years Japan has been going to school to the Western World. In nothing is this more apparent than in her prison system. Under the leadership of her great Meiji Emperor and his advisers commission after commission was sent to Europe and America to study western ways of doing things. They came back and the government put into operation what they had learned. Japan has followed the English system rather than the American, although certain features of the American system have been adopted. In the Japanese system there are four kinds of prisons: the prison for penal servitude, the prison for imprisonment, the house of detention and the prison for confinement. The first is for those who under the law are sentenced to penal servitude, much as in the English system. The second is for those guilty of less serious offenses who are sentenced to imprisonment. The third is for still less serious offenders who are sentenced under the law to detention. The fourth is intended for the confinement of accused persons awaiting trial, and for those under sentence of death.

There have been many studies of local community power structures in the United States. This study is of special interest because it was made in a small community in Japan, and gives opportunities for American-Japanese comparisons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the question of how economic growth begins, with a general theory applied to Japan. Many words have been uttered, and a few university departments merged, to the end of integrating anthropology, sociology, and psychology, or two of the three. The author says that by economic growth he mean continuing rise in per capita income. Continuing rise in per capita income is due to continuing progress in techniques of production. For economic growth, technical advances, large and small, must be widespread and recurrent in the economy. Growth cannot come about because of the introduction of a few large central projects. Psychological needs that are most important in the complex are six, as need for achievement, for autonomy, for aggression, for dominance, for affiliation, and for dependence. As definitions of these needs suggest, a person will be an effective and consistent innovator only if he has fairly high need achievement and need autonomy, and fairly low need affiliation and need dependence.

This article focuses on the contribution of public opinion polls to the to the understanding of the 1953 elections in Italy, West Germany and Japan. In each case the relevant public opinion polling data are presented and evaluated in terms of their contribution to our understanding of electoral behavior. It seems that the Italian have been particularly valuable in explaining the opinion of the people on the new and controversial electoral law sponsored by the Christian Democrats. The polls show that the electoral law, despite the mass of publicity surrounding it, did not reach and thus directly move the great mass of the people. The lukewarm to antagonistic attitude of tile supporters of the small parties in the center coalition to the measure is of great interest. It may be that the relaxation of tensions between the East and the West does account for some of the increase in the Nenni Socialist ranks, but the polling data is not conclusive. The polls clearly indicate that the Nenni Socialists are the party with the highest proportion of people who feel that coexistence between the East and the West is possible. The polls also indicate that the death of Joseph Stalin, Marxist revolutionary and dictator of Russia raised the hopes of many of the Italians that a lasting peace might be achieved. Whatever may have been the unconscious effect of these factors, few of the leftist voters consciously attribute their gains to any such international factor.

Group meetings, carefully planned and democratically run, can be particularly useful instruments for inducing behavioral changes. In this article, the author draws upon his experience as a civil information officer in occupied Japan to formulate a systematic program of information meetings as an important part of the reorientation of the Japanese people towards democratic values and procedures. Audience centered meetings and the use of behavioral criteria in their evaluation are recommended. A large part of the occupation program in Japan was concerned with reforms in the education system which would help make a new generation of citizens, imbued with democratic ideals and practiced in democratic behavior. In the field of education, channels for instruction were fairly well determined and the occupation experts had in mind some rather specific policies and programs calculated to bring about the desired changes in citizens' behavior. To reorient the adult population, information activities of various sorts were carried out, but since there was no established institution such as the school system through which adults might be reached and since no comprehensive principles of communication had been developed, the information programs were not too well coordinated and methods developed on a trial and error basis.

Since the beginning of the Korean war, American observers in Japan have published an increasing number of comments on the current state of Japanese opinion. A majority of Japanese felt that Japan should keep out of the Korean war, but the present time shows considerable good will toward the U.S. and fear of the Soviet Union. When it comes to the possibility of American military bases in Japan and a Japanese Army, opinion is less favorable, but at the same time the idea of cooperating with the United Nations seems to be gaining in popularity. In a survey, the Japanese were asked whether their government's diplomatic policy should be pro-American, pro-Soviet or neutral. Fifty-five percent were pro-American, a number which far over-shadowed the number in any of the other categories. One of the earliest measures of public opinion on the subject of a Japanese army was made in the early part of August 1950 when the North Koreans were nearing Pusan. A nationwide sample revealed that opinion was divided almost evenly, with 38 per cent in favor of a defense army and 34 percent opposed.

A majority of American people think that Japan is essentially a war-loving nation and would like to impose on her a hard peace. According to a poll conducted in June 1944, by the National Opinion Research Center, 57% of the people in the U.S. feel that Japanese people will always want to go to war, 30% believe that Japanese people may not like war, but have shown they are too easily led into war by powerful leaders, and only 13% think that Japanese people do not like war and, if they could have the same chance as other peoples, would become good citizens of the world. But these figures represent American people as a whole. It is interesting, and may be significant, to contrast the reaction of a special group, the college and university professors of the U.S. A good indication of the attitude of American professors may be drawn from replies of 52 faculty committees in half states of the U.S. to a suggestive syllabus "The Postwar Treatment of Japan," issued by Universities Committee on Postwar International Problems.

Education has been systematically and deliberately used in both Germany and Japan to force minds of young people and adults alike into the rigid mold of Axis ideology. Since the Imperial Japanese Department of Education, through its Bureau of Thought Supervision, has dispatched "thought supervisors" to the various provinces "for inspection, for guidance and for supervision in connection with thought matters." Japan has thereby woven a net in which the intellectual powers of her people are entangled. Germany has been equally zealous. No room is left for private opinion. The life and sports of students as well as the thought and conduct of teachers are brought within the system of regimentation. The declared purpose and program it again. When this war is won, the United Nations should be able to choose whether the educational systems of the Axis countries shall be allowed to lead into another war by the continued teaching of lies and false attitudes and values, or whether they shall be compelled to mend their ways.

The materials upon which this study is based are leaflets and posters collected while the writer was in residence at Peking, China from September 5, 1937, to July 25, 1938. They consist of approximately a hundred items, for the most part actual documents but in some cases official Japanese army photographs of the material. These documents and photographs were easily secured. In fact some of them were showered down by the thousands from Japanese airplanes, and others were scattered from military trucks driven through city streets. Such items as were not distributed in Peking were to be secured there from Japanese army officials. The official army propaganda agencies began functioning immediately on occupation of Peking by the Imperial Army in July 1937. Such were the Propaganda Division of the Tientsin Army and the Propaganda Division of the North China Expeditionary Force. Their efforts were directed toward three groups of people, the Chinese masses, the foreign neutrals in the occupied areas, and the Japanese on their own home front.

Systematic study of role conflicts in the modern Japanese family has not received the emphasis it deserves. This suggests that the institution of ie, albeit no longer recognized in the law, was and still is par excellence social. A sociological concept of ie is important in understanding the process whereby ascribed statuses change to achieved statuses. It is in this process that role conflicts emerge and realistic adjustment is achieved in the modern Japanese family. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the past decade, there have been a number of studies of Japanese personality which have tried to point out motivating sources of Japanese behavior. The most influential of these have been written in the United States by persons who have never been to Japan. The main difficulty with most of the studies, it is believed, has been the application of specifically Western psychological concepts and frames of reference to a personality structure which does not fit into such a framework. Another serious difficulty is that there has never been any careful scientific field study of Japanese behavior for the specific purpose of determining what constitutes Japanese personality and what factors in Japanese culture contribute to that personality. There are scholars who would say that it is impossible to study Japanese personality, that there is no such thing as a national personality. While this viewpoint has some validity, it is both urgently necessary and clearly possible for such study to be done.

The article discusses a report describing the Amphibian Facility of the University of Michigan and outlining those procedures which have been found effective for maintaining laboratory strains of amphibians in large numbers with a minimum expenditure of time and effort. As reported, support was obtained from the U.S. National Science Foundation to establish the Amphibian Facility. Also, the aid was provided by a U.S.-Japan Cooperative Science Program. It is also reported that a major objective of the Amphibian Facility is to develop genetically defined strains. It is further reported that the motivating objective in developing the Amphibian Facility is to establish an animal resource at the service of the scientific community at large.

The article presents information on several meetings of societies and associations related to biological sciences. The "International Symposium on Animal Toxins" will be held on April 8-11, 1966 at the Dennis Hotel in Atlantic City, New Jersey. The "Eleventh Pacific Science Congress" of the Pacific Science Association will be held from August 22, 1966 in Tokyo, Japan, for a period of three weeks. A conference on the preservation of natural areas, in conjunction with the 16th Annual Meeting of U.S. Nature Conservancy, was held at the Buffalo Museum of Science in Buffalo, New York on September 11, 1965.

The article presents information on various meetings related to bioscience. The third international symposium on Bioastronautics and the Exploration of Space will be held on November 16-18, 1664 in San Antonio, Texas. The 23rd International Congress of Physiological Sciences will be held during September 1-9, 1965 in Japan. The fifth annual convention of the Underwater Society of America was held during June 17-22, 1964 in Mexico City. Eugenie Clark, Director of the Cape Haze Marine Laboratory at Sarasota, Florida, described how the captive sharks were taught to press a white square target in the convention. She listed 27 unprovoked shark attacks during the calendar year 1963 on humans in the world.

Information on the symposium on plant groups common to Japan and North America that was held from September 3-6, 1969 at the botanical facilities of Oregon State University in Oregon is presented. The symposium was sponsored by the U.S.-Japan Cooperative Science Program of the National Science Foundation and the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science.