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The article focuses on the attitudes of labor unions toward job evaluation and ingrade progression. Labor unions usually prefer to have rate range wage structures with rapid ingrade advancement as a means of securing wage increases. Although the new rate is accompanied by a job evaluation plan, the trade unionist never mind that at all. A spokesman of labor says the return of peace and the removal of wage controls exposed several problems concerning job evaluation which were overlooked during the period of war.

The highly skewed distributions of productivity among scientists can be partly explained by a process of accumulative advantage. Because of feedback through recognition and resources, highly productive scientists maintain or increase their productivity, while scientists who produce very little produce even less later on. A major implication of accumulative advantage is that the distribution of productivity becomes increasingly unequal as a cohort of scientists ages. Cross-sectional survey data support this hypothesis for chemists, physicists, and mathematicians, who mow strong linear increases in inequality with increasing career age. This increase is highly associated with a changing distribution of time went on research. Another implication of accumulative advantage is also corroborated: the association among productivity, resources and esteem increases as career age increases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper critically examines available theoretical models which have been derived front statistically established patterns of association between contextual and organizational variables. These models offer an interpretation of organizational structure as a product of organizational structure as a product of primarily economic constraints which contextual variable are impose. It is argued that available models in fact attempt to explain organization at one remove by ignoring the essentially political process, whereby power-holders within organizations decide upon courses of strategic action. This `strategic choice' typically includes not only the establishment of structural forms but also the manipulation of environmental features and the choice of relevant performance standards. A theoretical re-orientation this kind away from functional imperatives and towards' a recognition of political action is developed and illustrated in the man body of the paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on nursing homes that have expanded in the last twenty years to become a major component of medical care, although their rapid growth has been at the expense of quality standards. This article describes an attempt to improve one aspect of nursing home service through an educational program, the effects of which were measured. The initial problem for further research lies in the precise identification of the characteristics of nursing homes most likely to possess the most serious problems of adequate care. In the process of identifying such characteristics, knowledge would be gained concerning the organizational features of the homes that tend to create the problem to begin with. In order to design intelligent programs for increasing the quality of medical care in homes for the chronically ill and aged, investigation must be made of the differences of the level of care in terms of the organizational and economic features of the institution. In this way, educational programs can be developed which are realistic and directed to those institutions in greatest need. The investigation of the relationship between such a structural index as bed capacity and degree of ambulation and internal organizational features as they related both to present care and to the facilities to implement improved patient-care programs would, if the relationship were to be verified, provide a relatively simple method of selecting institutions for such educational programs.

This article presents information on the aim and purpose of the School of Education. The aim is to assist as far as possible in the solution of the problems of American education in two general directions, first, the extension of tested knowledge in education in all of its phases and at all levels, and secondly, the promotion of better application of tested knowledge in the improvement of educational practice. In order to accomplish the task which it has undertaken, the School of Education has been organized with the definite purpose of providing expert service of a high degree of excellence in these fields. Since no faculty could possibly be found whose members are equally at home and sufficiently expert in all of them, the carrying out of this purpose necessarily involves a kind of departmental organization, which, however, must not be confused with what has come to be characteristic of schools and colleges devoted to academic education. These two forms of departmental organization as functioning units within a faculty have some things in common but there are differences between them that are vital and must not be overlooked.

This article reviews the research on personnel programs in all areas. The research indicates that evaluation of programs is in progress and gives information concerning techniques and trends. The researches presented in this article has a definite bearing on a total program of personnel work. The review shows the expansion of personnel programs in various institutions. The result of the work of the larger agencies, particularly of the armed services, has had the result of promoting critical conferences on programs and emphasis on the evaluation of the research.

This article presents the modified ideas on experimental procedures which the educational experimenter should know. Some years ago the status of controlled classroom experimentation was compared with the plateau in a learning curve. While many of the experiments currently reported in the literature have limitations which have been condemned by competent critics for more than a decade, an increasing number show evidence of serious attempts to avoid this limitations. The typical problem investigated by means of controlled classroom experimentation calls for a determination of the relative effectiveness of two methods of teaching.

In a study of the role conceptions and quality of performance of 109 welfare workers in small, medium, and large organizational units of a state welfare department it was found that in the smaller units there was more role consensus, greater breadth of role conception, higher ethical commitment, and better quality of work performance. The last three of these variables reflect organizational effectiveness in providing services to families. It is concluded that the organizational goal of providing services to families was more effectively achieved in the small as compared with the larger welfare bureaus because the influences of the small community, where the smaller offices were located, encouraged a service orientation toward recipients. The effects of size alone are judged to be less potent than those of the community setting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article reports that during recent years American industry has shown a rapidly accelerating interest in management development. Today's business conditions have accentuated the need for superior management performance at all levels, from first-line supervisors to company officers. The basic elements of management development are not new. Most progressive companies have had well developed programs of employee selection, personnel evaluation, and supervisory training for some time. Advocates of the informal approach fear that the formal program may place too much emphasis on development for the future, at the expense of improving present performance. Appraisal and inventory are the initial steps of a management development program. They do not of themselves constitute development, but rather point out where it is needed. The objective of appraisal is to assess the strengths, weaknesses, and potential of the individual members of management. On the basis of this information development needs and training plans can be drawn up for each participant in the program and for the company as a whole.

The author reflects on the engineers' quality of work in various lines of industry. According to the author, school people had been believed to be criticized for failing to be as modern as trained engineers. The author has also stated that big businesses naturally pay vast salaries for the best trained engineering brains.

The article focuses on the issues regarding teachers' evaluation in the U.S. The treatment of the teacher is not intended to be vitriolic, and is not intended to convey the idea of dereliction on the part of our committees. Its purpose is to hold the ,mirror up to reflect what ought to be in the mind of the teachers, unless they deserve to be appraised as many of us think they do not deserve to be appraised.

The article provides information on how superintendents measure the performance of the teachers. The results of their works has always been measured through examinations called standard measurements. In this examinations, teachers set their own standard and marks the answer according to their own judgment.

The article presents the views of school presidents and professors concerning the relevance of college education among the students in the U.S. Charles W. Eliot of Harvard University said going to college enables the students to discover their powers and use them. Francis L. Patton of Princeton University stressed that through college education, students may be able to attain success. Austin Scott of Rutgers College believed that college training gives finer standards for life's questions.

The article presents information on a study related to the ill effects of tobacco on high school students. To make aware of the tobacco's effect two lists of twenty-five students were prepared. The first list consisted of boys who smoked and the other list consisted of boys who not smoked. The study results revealed that the smokers were irregular in attendance due to illness and were less efficient in work than non-smokers. These findings clearly demonstrate the ill effects of tobacco on a growing mind.

The article describes people's concern regarding inefficient standards of teachers in the public schools in Chicago. A few school board members intends to remove the promotional system of teachers. Some even have consented it as the right step as this would prevent teachers from getting higher pay as compensation for age and infirmity. The teachers tend to incorporate better measure of values and also advance themselves depending on their valued work.

The article presents a perspective on the problems facing teachers inside the classroom. Teachers sometimes expect excellence and good behavior from their students. However, they should be suspicious of themselves and all the things they were warned about in training. Furthermore, they should be more suspicious of their actions toward pressure.

The article discusses developments related to education in northern New Jersey. In Montclair and East Orange, educator Vernon L. Davy had expressed his concerns on the educational system in his area. Newark has been announcing the national reputation made by various educators as model of excellence. In Paterson, good work of Addison B. Poland has been recognized as school superintendent.

The article discusses on the number of working hours required for each individual. For the previous years, the working day in factories was fourteen hours. After some time, it was reduced to twelve hours, and later, it became eight hours. Today, eight hours is the legal day on all government contracts, on state work in sixteen states in the U.S. It is found out that the more a person is interested in what he is doing, the longer he can work profitably.

The article reports that more individuals have shown interest on pursuing careers as public school teachers in the U.S., according to Ned Dearborn of the New York State Department of Education. The supply of teachers being greater than the demand for it implicate problems of selection for those engaged in teacher-training work, but eventually such opportunity for selection will raise the standard for public school teachers. Dearborn also suggested for a 4-year teacher training curriculum.

The article states that the large impact of a single error by a train switchman in Brooklyn, New York one evening rush hour illustrates the need for workers to do things perfectly and to train pupils to achieve high standards of accuracy and dependability. The switchman pulled the wrong lever, diverting tired employees to a destination far from their families who have been waiting for them for the family dinner.

The article presents the outline of policy applied in Vermont in achieving high professional standard of teachers in Vermont. The policy includes the increase of $75 in the compensation of teaching personnel that had completed a certified three years of summer school courses. An additional $75 will be given also for special attendance at summer school. Furthermore, it suggests circumstances of salary deduction.

This article reflects on the need for having special honors for distinguished service in the teaching profession in the United States. Paying teachers on the basis of their personal merits remains an unsolved problem of educational administration. However, the teachers' association of Detroit has illustrated a way that recognizes individual talents and efforts. The association honored one of its members by naming her "Teacher of the Month."

The article presents a checklist of questions for teachers in evaluating the quality of their work.

The article reports on the plan to group the teachers in Detroit into probationary teachers and regular teachers. The probationary group consists of teachers who have been in service for less than a year and those who showed unsatisfactory performance. If performance is still unsatisfactory, actions will be taken. The regular teacher will be given a continuing contract and will receive each year the regular schedule increase for the class of position held.

The article shares the author's perspectives on workers' productivity. According to the author, if workers in each industry set their aim doing more of everything, then there should be more for everybody. He believes that the secret of social advancement is in increased production. For example, instead of targeting fifteen bushels of wheat to an acre, the worker should set a goal of thirty.

The article presents quotes from notable people related to education in the U.S. George Howland states that those who restricts oneself to pedagogy can become the best pedagogue. S. Barter said that a workman's skill degree in operation cannot be measured in manual training. A. H. McKay states that the average knowledge of history is a knowledge on the quarrels of school-boys' heroes.

The article presents information on the periodical "Journal of Education." The periodical's office gets regular positive feedback from readers, which makes people associated with it, very proud. Yet, they are never satisfied with their own performance. The nice thing is, the growing appreciation of their work to make it an enjoyable periodical. Some very interesting manuscripts are going to be published in the forthcoming issues. There is sure to be an element of surprise for the readers.

The article presents the view of president Cloyd H. Marvin of George Washington University on the need for teachers to comply with various standards in the U.S. Marvin criticizes the restrictions set upon the attitude of teachers. He further emphasizes that a teacher should set up his or her own standards.