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In a paper which the author had the honour of writing for the "Sociological review," the author attempted to describe the regional and vocational influences that produced the ancient architecture of Mesopotamia, Egypt, Greece, Rome and medieval Europe-the place, work and folk, and the resultant habitations. The river and the clay buildings of Mesopotamia, the river and the clay transmuted into granite for the buildings of Egypt, the mountain stone and marble buildings of Greece and Rome and the forest and timber buildings, afterwards translated into stone of Northern Europe. In all countries throughout the ages, the great building people have always been the agriculturalists, the peasants. Their settled place of abode-the regular routine of their seasonal duties gave a permanence to their works that the other vocations missed. If the sailor has not the high spiritual imagination of the shepherd, he has many other valuable qualities, and an imaginative range that even exceeds the shepherd's. His vocation brings him into contact with foreign countries and men of all nations; he is a trained observer and has ample time during his long voyages to meditate and digest what he has seen.

The article highlights the topics discussed in the Fourth Middle Eastern-Mediterranean Pediatric Congress in Athens, Greece from September 27-30, 1964. The program consisted of two sessions and a three-day series of short communications. The first day reporters were A. Prader, the representative of Zurich, Switzerland in the conference, and A. Minkowski of Paris, France. According to Minkowski, the apneic spells of dysmature children have been found to be related to hypernatremia and to cerebral edema found at postmortem examination. Meanwhile, J. H. P. Jonxis of Groningen, Netherlands called attention to the factors in the therapy of the respiratory distress syndrome in premature infants.

Attitudes toward law, legal institutions, and law enforcement authorities may indicate a level of criminality. Such attitudes are the internalized residues of critical experiences fed back into the arena of behavior. A pioneer study found that attitudes toward law varied in expected directions with criminal and noncriminal samples in the United States and that a very definite and discernible gradient existed when the attitude inventories of maximum-security prisoners, probationers, lab or-tin ion members, and Mormons were compared. Does a similar gradient exist among criterion groups in other countries, based on their assessed attitudes toward law, law enforcement, and legal institutions? After the American research schedule was pretested in Greece, it was administered to a sample of two hundred prison- ers, two hundred laborers, and two hundred police officers (known to be the most law-abiding of Greek groups). A gradient was also discernible among the three Creek samples in the expected direction: the prisoners were the most unfavorable in attitude, the laborers favorable, and the police most favorable. The Greek police sample had scores similar to those of the Mormons in the United States. A criminality level index or measure, if it can be refined, would make a very important diagnostic and predictive tool in the field of crime control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents observations on elections held in 1946 in Greece. It states that a chapter in quantitative political science and international relations was written in the spring of 1946 when allied governments of Great Britain, the U.S. and France sent a mission to Greece to observe the parliamentary election of March 31, 1946 for obtaining quantitative information concerning compliance of that country's inhabitants with their own election laws. The organization, officially known as Allied Mission to observe the Greek Elections, was formed specifically to carry out provisions of Varkiza Agreement. This agreement, which was signed on February 12, 1945, a day after the publication of the Yalta Declaration, required in part that Greece should hold both a plebiscite and parliamentary elections and stated that "representatives of both sides agree that for the verification of the genuineness of the popular will at these elections, the great Allied Powers shall be requested to send observers." Basing its decision largely on its quantitative findings, the mission reported to its governments that the election proceedings were on the whole free and fair and that the general outcome represents a true and valid verdict of the Greek people.

Herr Spengler's striking application of the theory of a cyclic movement in history to the present state of Europe in his now famous book "The Decline of the West," has become the focus of general interest and discussion. Spengler's aim has been to create, not a philosophy of history in the old sense of the term, but a new, historical, kind of philosophy. It is by his intense feeling for the world as a living process, that the modem Western European differs most profoundly from the men of other ages and cultures. World history means infinitely more to him than it meant to the thinkers of ancient Greece or of India. To the latter at any rate, "time" and consequently "history," were without value or ultimate significance, to the modern European they are the very foundation of his conception of reality. In Spengler's view World History is nothing less than a "Second Cosmos," with a different content and a different law of movement to that of the first Cosmos, nature, which has hitherto absorbed the attention of the philosopher.

Philosophies are really waking dreams, and their thought-forms are to be explained largely on the principles of dream interpretation. The article tries to show how the prevailing spirit of the age, the Zeitgeist, tends ever to run parallel in social and medical theory. Ancient Greece was not a country in the modern sense, it was a lot of little communities scattered about the eastern Mediterranean and united by trade, by racial kinship, by a common language and civilization. When Greece was at her best, she was not a political unity at all, political centralization first followed the need for repelling the Persians; later, under Alexander III, it signified nothing but the Greeks' loss of freedom. During the golden age of Greece, the unit of community life was the city-state or polis. The polis was the actual locality in which the Greek resided, worked, and spent his daily life, all citizens took part in the daily life of their town or district. The polis, in fact, had not yet become a metropolis.

The article examines the condition of slavery in the Greek civilization. There is one region of slave work in particular, where the theory can only be applied with great reservations--the household. In speaking of slave masters, chattels, and apprentices, theory tends to assume the chattels working in mines and quarries, the apprentices in manufacturing workshops, and the masters as modern business men. Serfs were always recognized by the ancients as being in a different status from ordinary bought slaves, and they bore a distinctive name in every locality. Serfs are apprentice-slaves working with a peculiar and specialized motive. Among Greeks, serfdom falls under the head of chattel-slavery, and the states which are dependent upon it for the whole or the greater part of their labour are slave-states, while among the barbarians it falls under the head of apprentice-slavery. Mining may be taken as the typical industry for the employment of chattel slaves. Thus the Greek society was not a slave-society, but it contained a sediment of slaves to perform its most degrading tasks, while the main body of its so-called slaves consisted of apprentices haled in from outside to assist, together and almost on equal terms with their masters, in creating the material basis of a civilization in which they were hereafter to share.

Describes several cases of choanal atresia in infants at the Alexandra Maternity Hospital in Athens, Greece. Signs and symptoms presented by the infants who had the condition; Procedures used to establish diagnosis of choanal atresia; Options available to treat the condition.