Search

The article presents author's views regarding the research paper of Professor Wilbert E. Moore on industrial sociology. Professor Moore's paper begins with the inevitable apology apparently expected of all sociologists studying industrial phenomena. One point, which was not and which should have been more fully developed, in author's opinion, is suggested in the sentence: "The field of industrial sociology then is concerned with the application of or development of principles of sociology relevant to the industrial mode of production and the industrial way of life." The author refers here to the phase, "the application or development of principles." This, he believes, is a critical problem. Of course, a dichotomy here is to be avoided: it is not a question of either-or. But industrial sociologists should seriously consider whether or not the best interests of their field lie in "the development of" rather than in "the application of" principles. His paper repeatedly calls attention to the uses of comparative case studies.

A conference paper that discusses the results of a research study conducted to compare the efficacy and abrasiveness of five brands of toothpaste dentifrices is presented. The paper was read at a meeting of the Harriet Newell Lowell Society for Dental Research held at the Harvard University Dental School in Cambridge, Massachusetts on May 19, 1921.

The article discusses various tests and measurements for research purposes in the fields of intelligence, special aptitudes and personality. Connection between achievement test scores and various other variables was included and an indication was made so that tests should pay added attention towards students urging them to express their thoughts in their own language. It became evident that girls averaged higher on marks, whereas boys averaged higher on achievement tests. Papers presenting useful techniques for achievement testing still fall short as these tests fail to measure all the desirable products of teaching.

A conference paper on the density of bone and tooth structure is presented. It discusses the use of an x-ray method to study bone density and examines the effect of diet on bone and tooth structure. Details are also provided about the calibration sector-disk used in the comparison of bone and tooth density.

One of the most widely studied problems in experimental research on conflict processes is that of eliciting cooperative or non hostile responses from parties who have some instigation toward non cooperative or hostile behavior. The unusually long gaming section in this issue focuses on the effectiveness of various strategies which one player can use to induce cooperative choices by the other player in mixed-motive situations. The extensive concern with the effectiveness of various influence techniques and strategies, evident in the gaming papers, underscores that the costs of exercising influence have been relatively neglected in the study of social power. It also suggests a number of dimensions for measuring the costs of making influence attempts and the costs of complying or not complying with them. The main emphasis on the cost-asymmetry between threats and promises suggests the importance of comparative studies of threats and promises as influence techniques. It also suggests the potential value of expanding the paradigm from the dominant focus on coercive power to a balanced focus on both coercive and reward power, and of expanding it from its predominant focus on effectiveness to a balanced focus on both cost and effectiveness.

The study focused on the voluntary associations of Anglo, Black, and Mexican Americans in Austin, Texas. A sample of 380 respondents provided the data. An information interview was used; trained interviewers coining from the same ethnic background as the respondent were employed. Ethnicity proved to be an important variable in predicting social participation, with Blacks having the highest and Mexican Americans having the lowest participation rate. Using multiple classification analysis, a number of structural variables were introduced as controls; and these variables, particularly education, were found to be responsible for the difference between Anglo and Mexican Americans. Blacks continued to have significantly higher rates of participation in voluntary associations after controlling on other variables. Both isolation and cultural inhibition theories can be found in previous literature to account for low participation rates among people having a subordinate status, and compensatory and ethnic community theories have been used to account for high rates of affiliation among these same groups. The findings from this study tend to cast doubt on isolation and cultural inhibition theories and to support compensatory and ethnic community theories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Comparative research into the causes and consequences of variation in community power structure has been hampered by the absence of a reliable objective indicator of power concentration, in an earlier work, Amos Hawley suggested that the "MPO ratio" (the proportion of the labor force classified by the US. census as Managers, Officials and Proprietors), could be used as an index of power concentration in a community. The lower the MRO ratio, the more concentrated the power. This hypothesis is tested by computing MPO ratios for three groups of communities whose power structures had been previously studied by the reputational or decisional methods. The results show that MPO ratios are larger in communities with concentrated tower structures, directly contrary to Hawley's prediction. This may be due to the MPO's relationship to community stratification and type of political organization. The small amount of variation in power concentration "explained" by variation in MPO ratios leads to the conclusion that it is not a valid indicator of relative power distribution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article investigates the educational, statistical and practical appropriateness of two measures of association in comparative experiments that have been proposed in this paper. The statistics discussed were dealt within the context of the one-way analysis of variance and generalizations to multi-factor analyses. Correlational analysis is greatly concerned with how measures of the strength of the relationship between two variables are dependent upon restriction of the range of both variables and other problems in the selection of cases on which to measure the relationship.

The article provides information about cross-national studies of children and adolescents. The goal of this comparative studies is to discover and explain differences of behaviors and development between human beings of different national and cultural groups. Among the cross-national studies which have been made include cross-cultural studies of child development, cross-cultural studies of educational performance, and cross-national studies of social functions of school systems. Most of cross-national studies works on an exploratory phase, adaptation, and interpretation of social psychological instruments.

In this research paper data obtained by two researchers who used different methods of clinical examination on the same group of individuals was compared. The first examiner (A) used a slow method of research for the visual diagnosis of dental caries. The second examiner (B) used a quicker method for his clinical research.

The article focuses on the pH of saliva. The authors state that few comparisons of the pH of saliva during health and disease have been made. Saunders studied the saliva of eight epileptic patients and two controls every 15 minutes from five to seven hours. A chart is also presented which gives the pH range of saliva.

A comparative study revealed that erythrosin (1.0% and 0.5%) inhibited a variety of microorganisms representative of the oral microflora in contrast to fast green (5.0% and 2.5%), which was essentially devoid of antimicrobial activity. These observations suggest that fast green may be preferable to erythrosin as a disclosing agent for quantitative studies of dental plaque. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The comparative method can be a powerful instrument in understanding the complex relationship of institutions and human behavior. This article describes an attempt to apply this method to the study of labor markets. The authors compare the sources and areas of recruitment for different occupational groups in Perth, Australia with those observed in the San Francisco Bay Area by F. Theodore Malm ind reported on in the July 1954 issue of this Review. The results reported in this article refer, however, only to the two areas chosen for comparison. While Perth may be typical of Australian urban labor markets generally, because of the peculiarities of the San Francisco Bay Area—for example, the high degree of unionization and relatively small size of employing units—the results cannot be taken as necessarily representative of differences in recruiting patterns elsewhere in the two countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article refers to one of the two Libyan provinces, Cyrenaica, and is chiefly concerned with the single feature of policy towards the Arab population as shown in the various Royal Decrees and Laws defining its civic status. To understand the general in the development of Italian colonial policy in Cyrenaica it would be necessary to make a comparative study of policies in other Italian colonies and in the colonies of other European Powers. To understand the particular in this development it is, of course, import ant to know about local conditions in Cyrenaica itself, and it is no less important to know, in outline at any rate, the political circumstances in which the metropolitan country found herself at the time. The Italians had expected little opposition and were disagreeably surprised to find that the Arabs assisted the Turks and did so, particularly in Cyrenaica, with the blessing of the Sanusiya religious order to which almost all the Bedouin, and it was they who stood up against the Italians, adhered. In October 1912, the Turks, involved in difficulties in the Balkans, made peace with Italy, leaving the Arabs to resist the invader as best they could and, in Cyrenaica especially, they resisted with such determination that the Italians, exhausted by their efforts in the European war, were glad of a truce, and they would not even have got a truce if it had not been for British pressure on the Sanusi.

The relationship between two types of alienation -- alienation from work and alienation from expressive relations -- and two structural properties of organizations -- centralization and formalization -- are examined in a comparative study of sixteen welfare organizations. Both alienation from work and alienation from expressive relations are found to be more prominent in highly centralized and highly formalized organizations. Multivariate analysis is introduced to determine the relative importance of the relationships between measures of centralization and formalization and alienation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the course of a general comparative study of work organization in nonindustrial society, the data under analysis quite unexpectedly yielded a highly consistent pattern of relationships between certain "bureaucratic" organizational characteristics. If these relationships prove to have general validity, they imply a possibly highly fruitful reformulation of the Weberian model of "rational bureaucracy." Therefore they are presented here, despite the small number of cases on which they are based and the peripheral, "accidental" nature of the findings. The analysis is based on 25 examples of bureaucratic production organizations in 19 different societies, using data collected from the Human Relations Area Files, supplemented by additional ethnographic materials. The 25 cases utilized here represent a portion of a larger sample of 321 nonindustrial production organizations, used in the broader study referred to above. Owing to gaps in the data, as well as to the fact that bureaucracy is in any case fairly rare in nonindustrial production systems, only 38 of the original 321 cases could be definitely classified as bureaucratic according to criteria which we shall presently discuss. And only 25 of these 38 examples offered sufficiently complete data on all relevant points to enable their use in the present analysis.

The social class theories of scholars W. Lloyd Warner and Richard Centers exhibit striking differences both with regard to theoretical underpinnings and research methodology. Regardless of important differences, however, the two approaches aim at a common goal, the ranking of individuals on a continuum designated 'social class." Warner perceives social class in terms of status hierarchies, differentiated by types of interaction and objective status characteristics. His most widely-used instrument, The Index of Status Characteristics, provides a ranking of individuals on the basis of scores computed for occupation, source of income, house type, and dwelling area. Thus the class position of individuals in given communities may be ascribed by the researcher. Although the empirical studies of Warner and his associates are oriented to- ward single community analysis, the goal of the approach seems to be the delineation of the class structure of the U.S. Even in the case of those status characteristics which apparently would be subject to variation by locality house type and dwelling area an attempt is made to provide abstract definitions which purportedly are applicable in a variety of communities.

The article presents a description of the method of analytic induction in sociological research. Analytic induction is discussed as a research procedure, as a method of causal analysis and as a method of proof. As a research procedure, analytic induction begins with an explanatory hypothesis as well as a definition of something to be explained. The hypothesis is compared with facts and accordingly, modifications are made. As a method of causal analysis, analytic induction consists in taking a number of instances in which the phenomenon occurs and finding certain conditions which always accompany that phenomenon. As a method of proof, analytic induction is regarded as a method of proving that the generalizations to which it leads will be applicable to all instances of the phenomenon.

The article presents a review of current research on marriage and the family in the U.S. It is reported that interest in family research by sociologists has been substantial since the first censuses of reported research by the American Sociological Society. Since 1942 there has been virtually a 700 per cent increase in the number of projects reported. Sociologists now rank marriage and the family second out of 23 fields of sociological inquiry in frequency of research projects. It is stated that the history of family research record shifts in focus from macroscopic comparative analyses to present day explorations of the internal workings of families in their home neighbourhoods.

The article presents information on several conferences related to sociology. The sixth world-wide meeting of the International Conference of Social Work (ICSW) will be held in Madras, India in December 1952. The Oslo Institute of Social Research is planning a Conference and Seminar on the problem of comparative social research in Northern European countries in September 1951. The Spring meeting of the Committee for the Social Scientific Study of Religion was held at Harvard University on April 21, 1951 when it was decided to change the name to the Committee for the Scientific Study of Religion.

This article focuses on the research that deals with the content and the process of health education. Measurement of the achievement of health education objectives continued to receive considerable attention in the form of comparative effectiveness studies. The theory underlying the conceptual approach to curriculum development in health education is that the identification of major concepts and supporting generalizations from a discipline facilitates the organization of its knowledge and forms a structure for developing relationships. The research found that classroom teachers appear to be more flexible and better able to deal with some kinds of health problems than might be expected.

The article focuses on comparative research efforts in the field of teacher education. Countries participating in the studies would have the opportunity to draw inferences from the results obtained, with a view to improving their current teacher preparation programs. These efforts were pioneered because educational expenditures have become one of the largest items in the budgets of various nations and teaching is recognized as a culturally determined pattern of activity. Other reasons include the requirement of a broadly-based person in institutions and the usefulness of measurement instruments for teacher education program products.

The article focuses on the application of the Emotional Climate Scale and the Observational Schedule Record (OScAR) were used in investigating the relationship between personality and classroom behavior. Significantly, the OScAR have been originally selected to define emotional climate in precise, operational, behavioral terms. The author assesses the details of the scaling system and the subscale intercorrelations used. Furthermore, the observation schedules were analyzed to see the frequency with which certain behaviors occurred and to assess if the intern groups were different on an intem-by-item analysis. The Analysis of Variance for a Completely Randomized Design One-way Classification was used in the calculation of the analysis of variance.

The article discusses the efficiency of antibiotic substances in dental caries. The white rat and the cotton rat are used in comparative studies on the influence of different antibiotics on dental caries. 10 experiments were conducted using animal protein factor concentrate, crystalline aureomycin hydrochloride, bacitracin, chloromycetin, indole, penicillin, streptomycin sulfate, subtilin, crystalline terramycin hydrochloride, and tyrothricin. Penicillin was found to be the most effective.

The article discusses the presence of fluorides in purified bone meal powder, defluorinated phosphate, and sodium fluoride. Details are provided about the effect of fluoride on dental enamel and its usefulness in dental caries prevention. Comparative studies were performed on the effect of fluoride on the teeth of dogs.

Odontogenesis is the earliest expression of ectodermal-ectomesenchymal inductive interaction in the vertebrate fossil record. Other vertebrate integumental skeletal structures are later expressions of homologous interactions, which differ in details but use similar developmental processes. These interactions are specific examples of a more generalized interrelationship between epithelium and mesoderm, which may have phylogenetically preceded the origin of odontogenesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seven morphologic traits of the mandibular second premnolars were compared in 32 pairs of like-sexed twins to determine their value in diagnosing twin zygosity. Homolateral comparisons of the mandibular second premolars were accurate enough to be used as an aid in the diagnosis of monozygosity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a comparison of the calcification by saliva from human beings with light and heavy calculus formation. The in vitro calcifying potentials of saliva of light and heavy calculus formers were examined. Two tables are provided which list the statistics for the research on dental calculus.

The article studies the effect of estrogen, thyroxin, and their combination on dental caries and salivary glands in ovariectomized and intact female laboratory rats. It has been reported that estrogenic hormones increase the development of dental carious lesions. The results of these experiments are also provided.

The article focuses on research projects currently in progress or envisaged by the International Labor Office Social Institutions Development Department. "Settlement of Labor Disputes" is the topic of research program intended to submit to the Tripartite Technical Meeting on Labor Disputes. The preparation of a comparative study on methods of preventing and settling labor disputes is under way. The Department is proceeding with a comparative study of recent developments, trends, and practices in collective bargaining. The comparative study "Social Participation in Development in Latin America," will be completed shortly. Its purpose is to show the various organizational and institutional methods whereby different groups in a society contribute to and participate in the development process, both in rural communities and in urban industrialized areas. A preliminary study "Structure and Functions of Labor Relations Institutes," highlights problems and difficulties faced by such institutions, factors influencing their development, the variety of the objectives they pursue, and the diversity of structure and organization found among them.

The article examines the amount of fluoride that was found in the cementum of rat molars after they drank fluoridated water. 53 Sprague-Dawley female rats were separated into seven groups. The results showed that there was an increase in the amount of fluoride in the cementum of the experimental rats compared to the rats in the control group.