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It was theorized that brain-injured children who have poor handwriting are in fact trying too hard to write and using too much energy in the process. A n audio-taped relaxation program was devised and presented to 32 boys who were in special classes for minimally brain-injured children. A n equal number of randomly selected age mates were chosen as controls. Relaxation training was administered to the experimental group three days a week for four weeks. Results indicated that: (1) the program was effective in enhancing the quality of handwriting; (2) there was transfer effect to nonexperimental situations; (3) the changes were stable over time; and (4) there was very high interjudge reliability of handwriting quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The first part of this paper is a response to several recent critiques of labelling theory. The second part assesses the State of the evidence on the labelling theory of mental illness. The majority of the studies reviewed support the theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is in response to comments by the author G. Harvey on the research paper "Response Biases in Field Studies of Mental Illness." Most of his criticisms, however, concern issues which authors raised in an earlier draft of the paper and in more recent work. The study under scrutiny here was the first of a series of investigations authors have been conducting to explore bias and invalidity in survey research. It is important to note that the paper was not intended to answer all questions concerning response biases. Rather the purpose was to extend the work of author Bruce P. Dohrenwend, who in his provocative 1966 American Sociological Review article raised the spectre of response biases in field studies of psychiatric disorder. Harvey is incorrect when he claims that authors have taken the a priori position that association means error. A closer inspection of the paper will reveal that it was concerned with testing the two hypotheses outlined by Dohrenwend regarding the correlation between "social desirability" and symptom scores.

According to the psychiatric perspective, social and economic resources facilitate tile disturbed individual's entrance into psychiatric treatment In contrast, the societal reaction perspective views resources as enabling the individual to avoid being channelled into the role of the men tally ill. This paper examines the role social arid economic resources play in mental hospitalization, comparing the societal reaction and psychiatric perspectives. The information contained in the literature, as well as data obtained from 258 state hospital patients, indicates that the psychiatric perspective comes closer than the societal reaction perspective to describing what typically occurs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hypotheses relating family socio-cultural background to behavioral retardation of children are examined in this paper. Data obtained from a stratified-random sample of all Anglo and Mexican-American households in a southern California city of about 100,000 population are used in the research. Generally, the data support the existence of a relationship between family socio-cultural factors of ethnicity, social status, community of origin, and residential mobility and the behavioral retardation of children. When ethnic groups are considered separately, more variance is explained by socio-cultural factors for Mexican-Americans than for Anglos. For both Mexican-Americans and Anglos, the single most important variable explaining families with and without a behaviorally retarded child is mother's education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper evaluates and describes methods for making psychiatric distinctions. It is by means of psychiatric distinctions that individuals are labeled mentally ill or mentally well. Within the mentally ill category, patients are differentially placed according to the severity and type of their mental illness. The placement of individuals into psychiatric categories is an essential prerequisite not only to the clinical treatment of patients but also to any research where the objective is to determine empirical regularities associated with mental illness. Until the patient is categorized, the practitioner has no logical guide for how to perform treatment or even whether he should treat the patient—i.e, the patient may not be a patient. Similarly, unless the psychiatric researcher has categorized his subjects according to some notion of mental illness he has no way of making comparisons or of assessing change, the two essential processes in research. Thus, the logical first step for arty discovery of new knowledge in the field of mental illness is to appraise the reliability and validity of methods for making psychiatric distinctions. No research findings can be more reliable or valid than the psychiatric distinctions used in carrying oat the research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper endeavors to assist the pediatric practitioner in determining when to refer a patient to a clinical child psychologist, and to give him some idea of what can be expected from a psychologic evaluation. The more specific the referral questions, the more meaningful the answers the pediatrician receives. Included are some pointers on preparing a child for a psychologic examination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the past few years, the author has developed a classification of children's emotional disorders and, in Part I, has presented and discussed the place of school achievement problems in this classification. A recapitulation of Part I will be found in the summary. The categories of the classification suggest a direction of management. Part II continues the analysis of the case records of the 162 consecutively referred children who are the subjects of these papers. It describes the treatment methods applied as determined by the classification categories, the case management decisions made at the end of the evaluation period, and the results of a two-year follow up study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is concerned with the question of response biases in field studies of menial illness. Following a discussion of the possible influence of two response biases which may affect the validity of social science measures-social desirability and acquiescence-the results of a pilot study concerning a psychiatric inventory used by several investigators are presented. Analysis of data from this study reveals that people's evaluation as to the "social desirability" of the inventory items is related both to their position in the status hierarchy and to their reports as to whether or not they have experienced the various symptoms constituting the psychiatric inventory. Thus, the relationship between socioeconomic position and mental health is affected by people's evaluations as to the desirability of mental health inventory items. However, the findings also confirm that the existence of a relationship between socioeconomic position and disorder is not just a result of the hypothesized distortions arising from a response bias. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is concerned with testing the hypothesis that women will report more psychiatric symptoms than will men with an equal number of physical illnesses. Our hypothesis arises from an assessment of the societal definitions of what is "appropriate" or "inappropriate" behavior for someone occupying the status of male or female. In our view, men are expected to be less expressive than women in their emotional behavior. Analysis of data collected from a sample of 278 adults in 1965 and 1966 provides strong support for the hypothesis. On two indices consisting of what are judged to be psychological and psychophysiological symptoms, a greater percentage of women than men have "high" scores. Two other indices, containing physiological and ambiguous items, show a tendency for men to have slightly higher scores. Since the first two indices contain 15 items and the other two only 7, not unexpectedly women are higher than men on the over-all mental health inventory. This pattern is revealed in the analysis of data for both 1965 and 1966, and is also shown in analysis of "turnover" during the one-year period. A further finding is that women are more likely to seek medical care than are men with the same number of physical illnesses and similar psychiatric symptoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research paper focuses on an attempt to validate a measure of mental health. The subject of the investigation is a scale included in a study of mental health in an urban area of southwest Michigan. The twenty-two questions used in the scale had been designed to assess the mental health of respondents in the New York Midtown study. Responses to these questions had correlated with the mental health ratings given by the Midtown study psychiatrists. One of the aims of the present study was to appraise the concurrent validity of a mental health scale derived from the questions used in the Midtown study. The scale was based upon a simple addition of the number of questions that were answered positively by the respondent. A summary score of "0" represented best mental health while higher scores were indicative of progressively poorer mental health. This scale will be referred to as the 22 Item Mental Health (MH) Scale. Two main techniques were used to evaluate validity. The first was the known groups procedure, in which the questions were administered to samples drawn from populations whose mental health was known or might be estimated. The second was the independent criteria method, in which other measures of mental health were compared with the results obtained from the 22 Item MH Scale.

This paper attempts to examine the decision-making process in a small, institute type of psychiatric hospital in terms of the differences in real, perceived, and ideal influence patterns of 53 mental health specialists. It was hypothesized that these decision-making patterns would reflect the influence of a dual criteria system with respect to the organization and functioning of the hospital. These criteria are, first, the traditional medical bureaucracy and, second, the currently emphasized "team" or equalitarian approach regarding the care and treatment of patients. Under investigation were the nature and implications of this organizational dualism for both the involvement of staff members in the on going decision-making process and their evaluations of this process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A small part of the juvenile delinquent population has been treated clinically since the establishment of the multi-disciplinary approach to children's behavior problems at Chicago, Illinois, in 1909. The special working relationship between psychiatry and criminology effected at that time soon was duplicated in courts and clinics in many cities. Ultimate goals of these courts and clinics were defined as the prevention of crime by appropriate treatment of juvenile delinquents. This paper reports on an evaluative study of one such court-affiliated clinic, the Wayne County Clinic for Child Study, in Detroit, Michigan. It is not pertinent here to recount the various treatment methods utilized during the past 40 years. Viewpoints relative to the etiology of delinquent behavior dictated therapeutic trends. Etiological theories of psychiatrists generally emphasized that delinquent behavior is a symptom with psychological roots. For example, in psychoanalytic theory, the most dominant position found in many clinics, delinquency is viewed as the acting out of an unconscious mental conflict formed by the impact of certain actions and events occurring within the family upon the biological strivings for libidinal satisfactions.

Prior to passage of the National Mental Health Act in 1946 there existed, within the U.S. Public Health Service, a Division of Mental Hygiene whose responsibility was largely confined to research on narcotic addiction and to administration of the two U.S. Public Health Service Hospitals at Lexington, Kentucky and Fort Worth, Texas, which are primarily concerned with treatment and care of narcotic addicts. Although on paper the Division had some responsibility for research into nervous and mental diseases, the research program was never really implemented by an adequate allotment of funds. The act of 1946 constituted a declaration of intent to provide funds for a broad program of research, training and aid to States for the development of means of dealing with mental health problem. A brief review of the evidence presented and the individuals and groups participating in Congressional hearings which resulted in the final formulation of the Act reveals at least four forces which helped to convince the Congress that action in this field on the part of the federal government was imperative.

The article presents a list of papers related to educational research which appeared in various journals. The papers include "Effect of Climate on the Incidence of Hearing Loss," by Duane Anderson, "Adolescent Deaf Students Referred to a Mental Health Clinic," by Kenneth Z. Altshuler, "Application of Programmed Instruction to Remedial Reading for the Deaf," by Theodore Beckmeyer, "Programming Instruction in Written Language for Deaf Children," by Jack W. Birch and E. Ross Stuckless, and "Use of the Deaf in Language Studies: A Reply to Furth," by Marion Blank.

This paper deals with the relationship between suicide and other forms of deviance. One objective of the paper is to assess the evidence concerning the relationship of suicide to mental illness, alcoholism, homicide and economic failure. The paper also presents a conceptual framework within which all of these relationships may be expressed. In this paper, a theory has been outlined which expresses most of the facts concerning the deviance suicide relationship and additional lines of investigation are suggested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 22-item scale developed through the Midtown Manhattan Study is considered from methodological, substantive, and theoretical perspectives. This paper concludes that the instrument is, at best, a very incomplete measure of mental illness. A review of previous literature suggests a more reasonable interpretation is that it measures psychological stress and physical malaise, although even for these purposes it is a less than ideal measure. Use of the instrument examining the relationship between stressful life experiences and mental illness is further discouraged due to a conceptual confounding of the independent and dependent variables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The first part of this paper, published last month, argued that the convergence of a number of distinct intellectual and therapeutic mental health traditions produced a conception of non- professional, quasi-therapeutic communities that profoundly influenced contemporary American communes. The convergence of these various traditions led to an increasing emphasis on non- professional, on-going and continuous, multi-functional, quasi-therapeutic experiences for "normals" --for relatively healthy affluent upper middle class Americans-in transient, age-graded, sheltered workshops. This second part of our analysis argues that the structural blueprint of social organizational arrangements needed to provide the underlying pattern for concrete inter-personal relations in contemporary communes derives from the radical Christian branch of the Nineteenth Century American communal tradition. Furthermore, it suggests that the ideological model that provides an over-arching symbolic reality system that both guides and justifies the structure and content of concrete communal relations comes from utopian thought. More specifically, the ideological-intellectual model for today's communes comes from the post- Freudian-Darwinian psychological utopianism of Maslow and the Rogerian-Existentialist-Humanistic psychologists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The convergence of a number of distinct intellectual and therapeutic traditions in the mental health field has produced a conception of non-professional, quasi-therapeutic communities that profoundly influences contemporary communes. One of these traditions started with Freudian psychoanalytic theory and the dynamic, individually-oriented psychotherapies built upon it. A second, initially-independent tradition that influences the contemporary situation is the social- community psychiatric tradition, particularly the concept of "therapeutic communities." Another tradition that impinges on contemporary communalism stems from the sensitivity training- encounter movement. This tradition has given rise to numerous quasi-communal Growth Centers and further accelerated the national trend toward mass "psychotherapeutic populism," currently reflected in the popularity of "leaderless encounter groups" and "marathon groups." A final, more derivative influence can be found in the Rogerian-Existential-Humanistic psychology associated with writers such as Rogers, May, and Maslow. The central working hypothesis of this paper is that these therapeutic traditions began to converge during the Post-World War II era. By the early 1960s the various originally independent traditions were increasingly indistinguishable and had, in effect, blended around certain common themes. A crucial common strand underlying the convergence of these various traditions was an emphasis on non-professional, on-going and continuous, multi-functional, quasi-therapeutic experiences for "normals" - for "relatively healthy" affluent upper-middle class Americans. From this perspective, present-day American communes are seen as transient, age-graded, quasi-therapeutic sheltered workshops. By providing a temporary psycho-social moratorium from competitive conventional society, contemporary communes facilitate individual-psychological re-orientation, growth, and re-integration into non-communal contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When do people see a doctor? At one extreme, blatant pathology and extreme pain will, with few exceptions, bring one to a doctor in those societies where doctors are available (with the possible exception of mental illness). At the other extreme, a small portion of the visits are accounted for by a preventive health orientation, where no symptoms have been perceived. But, as Zola points out (1966, 1968), "we find that the vast bulk [of a physician's load] is concerned with quite minor disorders." There is, on the other hand, he notes, a great body of data which show that there is much illness, defined as such both clinically and subjectively, which is not brought to the attention of the physician. What Zola is saying, then, is that the potential for entry into patienthood is extraordinarily widespread and continuous. One can be ill, clinically speaking, without going to the doctor; or one can go to the doctor, either without any particular change in one's clinical condition or even without any particular justification from the point of view of the physician. If variations among individuals, social subgroups, or societies in visiting rates cannot be explained, within limits, by variations in clinically-determinable morbidity, what are the factors that can predict such variations? It is the purpose of this paper to present a model which, though derived from the case of Israel, should be applicable to other societies as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The patient's perspective of mental illness is a topic that has heretofore been accorded only passing concern by social scientists. In this paper, data from an investigation of mental patients' perceptions of the causes of their illness are presented and four paradigms developed for the interpretation of these data. The Taxonomic Method is a procedure for classifying the motley replies patients give into categories denoting problem areas. In the Medical Model emphasis is placed on the gamut of psychiatric symptoms patients call forth in their explanations. The defining categories of the Behavioral Model, rather than represent different types of problems or symptomatology, symbolize configurations of behavioral deviations from normative standards. A fourth means of interpreting patients' views is the Motivational Approach, whereby consideration is given to the motives or rationales behind the replies and categories consist of various linguistic devices. Methodological problems involved in the utilization of these models are discussed and several theoretical perspectives for empirical analysis are suggested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diagnosis and counseling are one continuing process. Counseling should begin with the diagnostic procedure, and diagnosis should continue throughout the counseling interview. The diagnosis-counseling process should include the entire family. It is the purpose of this paper to explore some of the salient phases of the diagnosis counseling procedure which are of practical importance to all in the health professions who work with children and their families.

The article comments on the research paper "Response Biases in Field Studies of Mental Illness," by Derek L. Phillips and Kevin J. Clancy. Authors suggest that two forms of response bias, social desirability responding and naysaying, gravely distort scores on the mental health inventory. They suggest that such distortions may be nonrandomly distributed across levels of SES, and thus explain numerous findings of negative correlations between social class and mental illness. Authors do not clearly define "response set" or the general range of implications they might draw from correlations between mental health and response set indicators. Rather, a priori position is taken that association means error. Authors apply their social desirability index to a problem which it cannot resolve, that of estimating bias in actual responses. Researchers conducting field studies of mental health, or other surveys, recognize that certain precautions will greatly reduce response error. Response error is also reduced by strong interviewer-respondent rapport.

The article presents the author's response to the comments made by sociologists H. Warren Dunham and David Mechanic, to his article "Societal Reactions As an Explanation of Mental Illness," published in the October 1970 issue of the journal "American Sociological Review." According to the author, while he feel the societal reaction explanation of mental illness is largely incorrect, he is in agreement with Dunham that the social expectations of others are important in determining behavior, including deviant behavior. Moreover, according to the author, regarding Mechanic's comments, he would like to note that he does not consider patient flow as static, and he doubts that anyone familiar with the recent history of psychiatric hospitalization would. Probably the most drastic change in patient flow has been the recent increase in the admission rates that has been associated with the marked improvements in psychiatric treatment. According to the author, Mechanic's clarification indirectly gives further support for his position that the societal reaction perspective does not provide an adequate general explanation of mental illness.

This paper coin pares the conceptions of mental illness held by a group of psychiatrists and a random sample of the general public in the same locality. The hypothesis was that the public, but not the psychiatrists, would tend to consider troublesome behavior as being more indicative of mental illness than non-troublesome behavior. Statements representing five pairs of troublesome non-troublesome types of behavior were rated by both groups as indicators of mental illness. Analysis of the data, using the statements at face value and with a weighting system, did not support the hypothesis. Both public and psychiatrists appear to have similar views but not in the expected order. Most notably, manic behavior ranked very low among the conceptions of mental illness. This finding accords with recent reports of a decline in the incidence of manic- depressive psychoses. Is this decline due to changes in modern society that alter public and psychiatric conceptions of mental illness? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditional psychiatry for a long time emphasized clinical description. It was Kraepelin who first insisted that a patient's thoughts, so long as they remained abnormal, were of interest only for purposes of diagnosis. Undoubtedly, the description of symptoms facilitating diagnosis is important. The classification of the American Psychiatric Association contains twenty-two broad categories of mental disorder. These categories subsumes some eighty sub-varieties. Because this classification is based on an overlapping symptomatology, it will probably be revised in the next few years; but a classificatory system of some kind will always constitute the essence of clinical procedure. Besides nosological descriptions, we must have knowledge of environmental pressures affecting abnormal behavior. We must know more about the role of factors that come within the range of human ecology, dealing with the adjustments of groups and communities to their various habitats; cultural anthropology, dealing with the adjustments of individuals to the cultures of their groups; and social psychology, dealing with inter-individual adjustments, or the responses of individuals to social situations. Knowing the range of clinical variation, and the role of these factors in abnormal behavior, we can discover the environmental settings linked up with the appearance of the various clinical entities.

This article presents information on the relative effectiveness of various techniques by managers to stimulate subordinates to improve their job performance. Several writers on the appraisal system have suggested that some of the problems of threat and defensiveness could be overcome by utilizing more participation on the part of the appraisee in planning improvements in his future performance. Accordingly, a second part of the study of the appraisal system consisted of a field experiment on the effects of participation on the subordinate's performance, his attitudes toward his manager, his attitudes toward the appraisal system and his self-actualization on the job. It is the purpose of this paper to report the findings on participation. The experiment was carried out in a company which is noted for its successful appraisal system. In a number of the large decentralized departments of this nation-wide corporation, there had been intensive audits of the effectiveness of the appraisal program. We chose for study the department in which there was the most favorable attitude toward the program, where the top management gave it strong backing and where at least 90 per cent of the exempt persons received a systematic appraisal of performance annually and then discussed these appraisals in interviews with their managers. In this department, the appraisal program is associated with a salary plan based on a `pay for performance' philosophy. Accordingly, the salary decision for the individual was also discussed in this interview with his manager.

A correlation analysis was used to assess the similarity between mental health need priority systems set up under the Community Mental Health Centers Act, and priority systems developed using a simplified scheme of mental health indicators. Data came from Community Mental Health Centers State Plans for six Southern states. Results indicated that the simplified. scheme provides adequate replication of the priority systems. Hence, time and effort need not be expended on elaborate schemes for developing priority systems (or sets of mental health indicators for research) unless it can be demonstrated that they have superior validity. A second implication developed from the data concludes that sets of techniques, like other procedural systems may, if not evaluated, tend to be perpetuated when in fact they should be replaced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This is a preliminary report on relationships between changes in life events and changes in psychiatric symptomatology in a community sample of 720 adults in New Haven, Connecticut. Over a two-year period it was found that the greater the net change in life events the more likely was the individual's mental status to have changed. A net increase in life events was associated with a worsening of symptoms, while a net decrease resulted in improvement. Similar patterns were found for most of the 64 individual life events [or which information was gathered as well as for events categorized according to type of social activity, changes in the respondent's social field, and degree of desirability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In evaluating the importance of sampling definition in relation to consistency of epidemiological research results in schizophrenia, four samples of patients from various combinations of inpatient and outpatient facilities in Monroe County, New York, were selected for study. The purpose of the study was to provide empirical data which would specify degrees of representativeness and, hence, the limits of generalization that would probably be associated with specific sampling strategies. The results of distributions across and analyses within samples indicated that variations in sampling source can produce highly divergent research findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of mental health status and social participation are examined to determine the extent to which each of these two factors contributes to the level of happiness which people experience. The findings indicate that happiness is contingent both on people's state of mental health and the extent to which they participate in social interaction with others. Each of these two factors exerts an independent influence on happiness, and the two relations are maintained under controls for age, social class position, and sex. The implications of these findings for psychiatric help-seeking are then briefly discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents periodical articles and pamphlets related to retarded mental development including "Toward a new Definition of Mental Retardation," by E. Paul Benoit, "Diagnostic Problems in Mental Retardation: A Report of a Workshop at Long Beach and San Francisco State Colleges, June 17-30, 1957," by Eli M. Bower and Jerome H. Rothstein, "Rhythmic Discrimination Ability in Mongoloid and Normal Children," by Gordon N. Cantor and Frederick L. Girardeau, "Arraignment, Examination, and Confinement of the Mentally Defective Delinquent," by Charles S. Chandler, Albert J. Shafter and Rodney M. Coe, and "A Comparison of Psychological Measures in Mentally Retarded Boys Over a Three-Year Period as a Function of Etiology," by Mortimer Garrison Jr.

The article presents information on periodicals related to the development and assessment of physically challenged children in the U.S. Bruce T. Jewel and Wurstein Helmut published the results on the program evaluating the mental and emotional development of children having cerebral palsy in New York. Dorothy R. Hartman wrote in the publication the issues concerning the training on how to become profitable among partially blind individuals in Philadelphia. In Maryland, Charles R. Hayman describes the hearing conservation program and presented a comparison on the hearing improvement between treated and untreated subjects.

The paper discusses how to set up a child evaluation clinic in a medium-sized community in the United States. The key person in such a venture should be a pediatrician who has a special interest in child development, mental retardation, and the psychologic problems of children. The next step should be to find an organization in the community which can be made interested in mental health. The services of a clinical psychologist were secured by persuading the Director of Special Education at the local Board of Education to relinquish one-fifth of a psychologist's contract in order that she might work one day a week at the proposed clinic. After recruiting the staff, the project was presented to the local County Medical Society for their approval. The services of the clinic are available to all children of the county who have behavior disorders, emotional problems, developmental problems, difficulties in school, or mental retardation.

The Manpower Research Branch of the Air Force Personnel and Training Research Center, Montgomery, Alabama, hosted a conference on Air Force manpower problems from March 23, 1955 to March 25, 1955. Participating consultants were Frank G. Dickinson of the American Medical Association; Rupert B. Vance from the University of North Carolina; and Lloyd G. Humphreys from Lackland Air Force Base. Child Study Association of America has appointed Orville G. Brim from the University of Wisconsin, to conduct a three-year study of the relationship between social science and parent education. Trustees of the Ford Foundation have allocated $15 million to strengthen and extend research in mental health. In initial stages of the program, applications will be entertained to support work several research areas including social and community aspects of mental health; children's disorders; biological, physiological and somatic problems in mental illness; personality development and functioning; and studies in therapy.

The article presents a list of articles related to the writings of Alfred A. Strauss published in several journals. The articles include "Mototische Untersuchungen bei Progressiver Paralyse," "Diagnostic cinematografic d'une lesio cerebral", "Approaches to a Functional Analysis of Mentally Handicapped Problem Children With Illustration in the Field of Arithmetic Disability," "Problems and Methods of Functional Analysis in Mentally Deficient Children," and "Types of Visuo-Motor Activity in Their Relation to Low and High Performance Ages."

The article presents abstracts of several articles on hearing impaired children. They include "The Deaf," "Differential Diagnosis of Auditory Deficits: A Review of the Literature," "Teaching Deaf Children to Talk," "Teaching Reading to Deaf Children," "Research with the Deaf: Implications for Language and Cognition," The Psychology of Deafness: Sensory Deprivation, Learning, and Adjustment," "Family and Mental Health Problems in a Deaf Population," and "Advisory Committee on the Education of the Deaf.

Properly employed, the techniques of psychiatry can make important contributions to the tasks of producing goods and services. The usefulness of industrial psychiatry may be impaired, however, if employers and psychiatrists fail to understand the limitations of the techniques and the kinds of problems for which they are inappropriate, Temple Burling examines the role of the industrial psychiatrist, particularly with respect to the problems of employee morale, selection and placement, and the maintenance of cooperative relationships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the mandatory law related to handicapped child education in Wisconsin. Wisconsin is the latest state to enact a law requiring that a suitable public education, including special education where necessary, be provided to all children. For this policy to be implemented, the legislature has charged the state with creating a flexible program of special education geared to meeting children's individual needs as determined from frequent evaluation. The law, Chapter 89, Laws of 1973, which defines a child with exceptional needs as any child with a mental, physical, emotional or learning disability which, if the full potential of the child is to be attained, requires educational services to the child to supplement or replace regular education. Other specific provisions regarding appeals including hearings are detailed in the law. If after public hearings it is found that a school district has denied equal educational opportunities to handicapped children, the state superintendent may force the school district to accept a remedial plan. If the plan is not adequately implemented he can request the state attorney general to proceed against the school district for injunctive or other appropriate relief.

This article presents information about the book "Report of the International Study Group of the World Federation of Mental Health," vol. 2, "Mental Health and Contemporary Thought," and vol. 3, "Mental Health in the Service of the Community," edited by Kenneth Soddy and Robert H. Ahrenfeldt. In June 1961 the World Federation of Mental Health assembled a study group of twenty-four experts for an extended period of extempore discussion. The participants prepared working papers in advance of the meeting and tape recordings were made of the discussions. Using these materials two members of the Study Group have produced a three-volume report of the proceedings. In his Preface the Chairman of the Study Group seeks to anticipate criticisms from the natural science purists of such an unsystematic, unorthodox approach to problem solving. In vol. 2, social, demographic, diplomatic and military problems get some decidedly amateurish handling. About ninety pages of introduction and bibliography are common to all three volumes.

Focuses on the psychological implications of scrotal sac and testes defects for the male child. Significance of scrotal sac and testes in the psychological development and continuing mental health of a boy; Factors influencing retractions in male child development; Reasons for the generalized omission of education regarding the scrotal sac and testes;