Search

The relationship between one's own personality traits and the traits he attributes to photographs of people and to known persons was used as a study of projection. Hypotheses based on Freudian theory were not confirmed. Tentative reasons for the absence of confirmation were given. The reasons were believed to lie in the unreliability of the ratings and diagnoses, although the possibility of the lack of validity of the hypotheses was considered. Within the theory, contradictions that lead to different predictions were noted and some of these contradictions were tested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the increasing medical uses of radiation. The X-rays from various types of machines and the radiations from radioactive isotopes provide an invaluable and unique means of diagnosis and treatment of disease. The indispensable benefits of radiation are associated with possible hazards due to its biological action. The diagnostic procedures are the major source of medical X-ray exposure. X-rays are used diagnostically not only by radiologists but also by many other medical practitioners. The radiation can produce leukemia, cataracts, cancer and may shorten life. Other effects include the production of sterility and epilation.

The article focuses on announcements about books and their authors. Some of the books are "Deviant Children Grown Up," by Robins, Lee N. The book is a longitudinal study that traces the social and psychiatric outcomes in adulthood of 524 child guidance clinic patients and compares them to those of a control group of 100 normal children. The childhood factors that appear to predict which disturbed children grow into adults with antisocial behavior diagnosed as the sociopathic personality are examined in detail. The next book is entitled "Auf der Suche nach Wirkllichkeit. Gesammelted ätze," by Helmut Schelsky. The book is a collection of Schelsky's most important papers and works with focus on the future and the development of society. The next book is entitled "The Forest of Symbols," by Victor Turner. The book is based on field work among the Ndembu of Zambia. It combines a very detailed description of the Ndembu with a theoretical analysis of the semantics of ritual symbolism. The Ndembu are a matrilineal, virilacal people with a high spatial mobility. Villages as well as individuals and families have a high rate of mobility.

A sample of 1137 Negro males between the ages of 6-15 were classified according to type and degree of color-vision defect. The Hardy-Rand-Rittler Pseudoisochromatic Plates and a Schmidt-Haensch anomaloscope were used. Findings may be summarized as follows: 1. The H-R-R Plates classified 75 subjects (6.77 per cent) as red-green color deficient. Anomaloscope testing reduced this number to 34 (2.99 per cent), a general incidence which closely approximates that reported by other investigators. 2. The discrepancy between the two tests is primarily due to (a) a disproportionate number of screening-plate failures at the lowest age levels, and (b) subject difficulties with a single screening plate (Plate 1). 3. The Negro sample yielded no protanopes and proportionately more protanomalous trichromats than reported for Caucasian groups, although total incidence of color defect is about three times greater in the latter population. 4. Two subjects (.18 per cent) were classified as blue-yellow defectives. This represents an incidence about 900 times greater than that estimated for Caucasian populations. The results indicate that Negro populations are a more fruitful source of blue-yellow color defectives, and that an age factor may be important in color-vision screening tests. With respect to the latter, follow-up studies of very young children diagnosed as color-blind should be conducted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article identifies the psychological mechanisms which are active in diagnostic and therapeutic interviews and suggests a few examples of how these mechanisms assert themselves. It has been stated that the purposes of the diagnostic and therapeutic interviews are to discover the conditions underlying certain behavior patterns and to alter these patterns. The first type of interview employs many different techniques: questioning, free association, observation of motor reactions, and responses in more or less standardized situations. The latter type employs techniques of suggestion, direct advice, discussion, giving information, and listening. The diagnostic and therapeutic interviews are used professionally by several types of workers: psychiatrists, social workers, psychologists, personnel workers, and psychoanalysts. The broad purposes of the psychiatrist are no different from those of the workers in the other fields. Diagnostic and therapeutic interviews often deal with different phases of the individual but they are all dynamic patterns of personality interactions in which some or all of the same psychological processes occur.

1. The Thurstone Personality Schedule in Chinese translation was given orally and individually to 617 Chinese male subjects including 127 medical patients, 224 neurological patients, 62 applicants for non-professional work in the hospital of Peiping Union Medical College, 101 mental patients of the Peiping Municipal Psychopathic Hospital, and 103 addicts of the Peiping Municipal Treatment Center for Drug Addiction in the years 1933-1935. 2. The mean personality score for the total cases was found to be 51.82. The score of the neurological patients was significantly higher than that of the medical patients, applicants, and the addicts. The score of mental patients was significantly higher than applicants, and the scores of addicts and medical patients were significantly higher than applicants. 3. When the subjects were regrouped according to their occupation, the scores of the student, teacher, and clerk groups are significantly higher than that of the coolie group. The score of the teacher group showed an excess over that of the officers. 4. When the patients were grouped according to medical diagnosis, the psychopathic, both with and without demonstrable "organic" basis, and the schizophrenic groups were significantly higher than the presumably adjusted group. The schizophrenic group and psychopathic patients without demonstrable "organic" basis showed a significantly higher score than that of the addicts and manic patients after the period of their excitement. The coefficient of contingency between clinical diagnosis and the neurotic score was .47. 5. A list of the most common and the least common traits is determined (Table 5). The most common traits are items 16, 23, 49, 62, 77, 95, 121, 188. The least common traits are 55, 56, 97 134 149, 176, 204, 217. 6. The contradictory answers of the applicants was 70.77 per cent, addicts 64.18 per cent, mental patients 52.79 per cent, neurological patients 45.79 per cent, and the medical patients 45.67 per cent. 7. By applying the criterion of Internal Consistency the diagnostic value of each item was determined. The most diagnostic items (Table 8a) are found to be 52, 80, 127, 136, 138, 139, 152, 153, 177, 178, 197, 202, 206. The least diagnostic items are 18, 49, 62, 91, 95, 121, 183, 188, 192. 8. A high proportion of similarity was found in the most diagnostic items between the Americans and Chinese. This fact points to the usefulness of the schedule among the Chinese. 9. It seems that this schedule cannot be applied diagnostically with certainty to psychotic patients. It may still predict trouble but not the type of mental illness. 10. The correlation between the number of years of schooling and the neurotic scores based on 321 cases is .31±.033. The correlation between the IQ and the neurotic score of 99 cases was found to be .028±.071. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents methods of procedure in diagnosis and therapy for all allergic nasal problems, in an article 'The Allergic Nose,' by Karl Musser Houser, published in November 1946 issue of periodical 'Archives of Otolaryngology, XLIV.'