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The article presents an appendix note on a statistical question raised in the preceding paper.

The article presents a condensation of a paper given at the second Pugwash conference at Lac Beauport, Quebec in April 1958 discussing the problems of different approaches to permanent peace. It asserts that, Americans find it difficult to admit people's right are permanently deprived to choose what kind of economic and political system they want. It argues that the West must recognize the present political state in all parts of the world and admit it as a beginning for future development toward a stable and peaceful world. The article also includes the contribution of Dr. Skobeltzyn on the new fact of life in Eastern Europe to which the West cannot become reconciled.

Project appraisal has long been a difficult task in that a number of methods of worth assessment have been proposed which do not necessarily lead to the same conclusion. The purpose of this paper is to bring forth an assessment technique which is theoretically appealing to the manager and is at the same time easy to calculate.
It is felt that one of the disadvantages of conventional assessment techniques is that they neglect the fact that income is not generated as an end of period, lump sum amount but rather that it is distributed over time in some pattern. The method developed in this paper is sensitive to the time variable earning pattern of the project. This is accomplished by utilizing the concepts of a time variable earning rate and continuous compounding.
A number of examples are provided to illustrate the use of the method in cases of uniform, increasing, decreasing and cyclic earning rates, and comparisons are made with the conventional analyses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A group of Faculty members of the School of Industrial Management at Purdue University have for some time been engaged in studies of decision making in a large, decentralized American manufacturing company. These studies have investigated decisions at the mills producing raw material and the converting plants of this fully integrated company. Examinations have been made of decision processes within and between company plants with the objective of adding to theory of behavior in organizations, particularly theory of working relations and theory of cognitive processes in the carrying out of complex organizational tasks, and application of theory to the solution of practical problems, such as those of scheduling production and of formal organization.
This paper discusses one of these projects, an attempt to construct a behavioral model of the decision rules actually employed to schedule orders for production in one of the firm's plants. This project has sought to embody decision rules in a computer program which will, in fact, take incoming data on orders and plant capacity and convert this into an operating schedule in a manner highly analogous to that of the human schedulers who performed this task.[] The following discussion avoids technical details, since the aim of this paper is to give an overall picture of the major purpose and problems of this type of research; to describe its origin and to suggest possible future application as seen by the researchers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents some general relations for the selection of speed, feed and depth of cut to achieve optimum economic conditions in machining. The relations are based on the assumptions that a power law relates the machining rate variables to tool life and to cutting power. Consideration is given to single point tools removing material in both one and two passes, and to operations involving more than one tool. Methods of establishing numerical data for practical application of the relations, are outlined briefly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay is intended as an expository paper on how the seemingly abstract social choice models are related to the practical problems of formulating models of economic policy. The flexibility of the social choice models in dealing with the problem of relating ethical propositions to propositions concerning social actions is not widely understood. The paper is divided into five sections. In the first section, it is argued that an economic policy should be viewed as a decision process rather than a decision and that the social choice models are a natural framework for the representations of the concept of a decision process. In addition, it is argued that Arrow's controversial 'Independence of Irrelevant Alternatives' axiom is actually a defining property of a political-economic process. Problems of 'policy formulation' are viewed, then, as problems of 'systems design' with the axiom being used as the defining characteristic of a 'system.' The second section contains a discussion of the concept of an 'ethic' as related to political economic processes.

The article addresses the problem faced by developing countries in applying scientific and technological innovation to achieve economic growth. It cites the problems of developing countries in meeting the requirements of such innovations, such as the number of people with technical skills and knowledge on science and technology. According to the author, developing countries can effectively use technology and science in achieving economic progress through the establishment of an institution that would formulate problems and organizational instrument to find applicable solution to the problem.

This paper gives a simple method for improving joint replenishment systems. The method is typically applicable to the batch processing industry where a batch is blended (manufactured) and subsequently packaged into various types of containers. The objective is to package items economically. A problem has been solved for illustrating the method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is two fold: first to provide a method for evaluating projects which have an income pattern describable by a polynomial function of time, and to provide a means for evaluating projects which exhibit a yearly growth or decline in earnings while maintaining the ability to account for the time pattern of earnings, and second to bring forth ah assessment technique which will reflect the possibility of attaining various levels of income for each of the periods of interest. Methods utilized in developing the various models are based on the concept of dynamic return. The future and present worth of a project are calculated for the case in which the earnings follow a pattern of the form given by either Ct[m] or C(1 - t)m. Two types of growth patterns, geometric, in which earnings increase or decline by a fixed percentage each year, and arithmetic, in which earnings increase or decrease by a fixed amount each year, are analyzed. Finally, an income model based on the binomial distribution is developed for evaluating projects which could have two income levels, each having an associated probability. Upper and lower confidence limits for the present and future worths of the project are calculated. Extensions are noted which will permit the inclusion of any of a number of levels of profit for each year of the project. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper extends existing quantitative methods for the economic evaluation of alternative investment proposals to the arena of decision-making within economies characterized by inflationary trends. The models developed may be used in transactions involving one or several countries each having a differing rate of inflation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Apart from the conventional theory of the minimum-cost or maximum-production cutting speed, a new concept of the machining conditions for maximizing the profit for the manufacturing enterprise was presented. Based upon this concept, a n analysis of the maximum-profit cutting speed was made and the theoretical expression for it was deduced.
The first step for economical machining is to select the most suitable type of machine tool for the production purpose. The next problem is to discuss the economics of machining itself, and high-production and low-cost tooling should be considered. Regarding the optimal machining conditions, Gilbert and other investigators analyzed the minimum-cost cutting speed at which the production cost per piece of products is minimum and the maximum-production cutting speed at which the rate of production is maximum.
In this paper, apart from the above concepts, the authors present a new concept of the maximum-profit machining conditions at which the profit for a manufacturing enterprise becomes maximum. Based upon this concept, the economics of machining was analyzed and developed. The expression for the maximum-profit cutting speed was deduced theoretically. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Experimental design considerations have been virtually ignored by economists who have conducted computer simulation experiments with models of economic systems. The objective of this paper is to spell out in detail the relationship between existing experimental design techniques and techniques of data analysis and the design of simulation experiments with economic systems. We begin by defining the problem of experimental design as applied to computer simulation experiments. With the aid of an example model, we explore several techniques of data analysis and a number of specific experimental design problems. Although this paper is oriented towards the design of computer simulation experiments in economics, the techniques which are discussed are of a general nature and should be applicable to the design of simulation experiments in other disciplines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two recent papers have pointed out that living costs are not only affected by the prices and qualities of products but also by the number of forms in which each product is offered.¹ Moreover, a tentative procedure has been outlined for measuring the economic significance of changes in product variety and for adjusting cost-of-living indexes accordingly. The present article is intended to explore the points covered in the earlier papers more fully and to answer several questions that have been raised concerning them.² [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, the author will talk about researcher R.A. Fisher's contributions to statistics. It is well-known that his work in genetics was of comparable status. It is largely represented by his book "The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection," though in his subsequent work his further association with ecological and experimental studies in evolutionary genetics, and his share in the development of studies in the human blood groups, might especially be recalled. Fisher's contributions to statistics began with a paper in 1912 advocating the method of maximum likelihood for fitting frequency curves, although the first paper of substance was his 1915 paper in the journal "Biometrika," on the sampling distribution of the correlation coefficient. Fisher tried to pose problems of analysis as the reduction and simplification of statistical data. He put forward his well-known concept of amount of information in estimation theory, such that information might be lost, but never gained, by analysis. His concept has been of great practical value, especially in large sample theory.

In the economic literature concerning the money and capital markets of less developed countries, one half-truth has persisted, namely that L.D.C. governments face a long and difficult task if they attempt to create bill markets. This paper presents a startling bit of counterevidence from Colombian experience, where a functioning government bill market arose almost before the government was aware that it was issuing bills. The implication is clear: it is only Difficult to establish bill markets when the effort consists of the attempted creation of an artificial demand for bills at unrealistic interest yields. Finally, it is argued that L.D.C. governments may not have been foolish in so long ignoring the virtues of functioning bill markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Beginning with Ogburn, the place of economic factors within the modem conjugal unit has been minimized. It has been argued that the major dimension of the current nuclear unit is the affective, the emotional, the expressive. The very term "marital adjustment" connotes that external constraints are less vital than the "ability" of the couple to "work out" interpersonal problems. The observers leaped from the data-the decrease of joint economic participation between husbands and wives-to the inference that modern marriage coheres or collapses almost solely on the basis of affective elements. Parsons has recently restated and expanded this position by asserting that "it is of course a commonplace that the [my italics] American family is predominantly … an urban middle-class family … there has emerged a remarkably uniform, basic type of family." For Parsons, this "uniform family" rests chiefly on personality variables which he analyzes in a psychoanalytic context. It may be that except at the most general structural level, Parsons' "uniform family" may be as unfortunate a term as was his "isolated family" of a decade ago. For it is also possible to leap from the data to the alternative hypothesis that economic factors still play a vital role within the conjugal family albeit in a differentiated form. Is it not strange to realize that an inherent feature of modern society is complexity, specialization, and differentiation, and that this can be seen in every part of society-every part, that is, except the conjugal family system? Here we are told that there is "remarkable" homogeneity based on the "indispensable function" of expressive gratifications. It seems just as simple and perhaps more logical to assume the opposite, viz., that increasing societal complexity should be related to a more complex family system. In any event, given the ever increasing complexity of our society, the burden of proof is on those who argue that the conjugal family is going the other way occupations of the last century. Yet while agricultural occupations were supposedly inextricable from the family, the impact of modern occupations is largely ignored and thus unexplored.Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to set forth a conceptual schema which indicates that there is significant differentiation among types of conjugal families, and that this differentiation is based on differing relationships to the occupational structure. First, we will outline the five sets of variables within our schema; second, we will attempt to present a rationale for these particular kinds of variables; and finally, we will try to link them in ways that meaningfully demonstrate differentiation between conjugal families. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the discrepancy between recorded unemployment and real unemployment in the regions of Great Britain. The study was prompted in part by the numerous attempts made to measure hidden unemployment for the US economy (see MINCER(5)), but it differs from earlier studies on two counts. First, unlike these earlier studies, which have concentrated on measuring hidden cyclical unemployment, an attempt is made here to explore the possibility of measuring the structural variety of hidden employment. Second, a different method has been used to calculate hidden cyclical unemployment than in earlier studies.
The paper is in five parts. Part I examines the gap between real unemployment and recorded unemployment, and argues for a division of this gap into cyclical and structural components. The second part-describes operationally useful methods of measuring hidden unemployment. In parts 3 and 4, the methods of measuring hidden unemployment are applied to the regions of Great Britain and to a sample of North-West localities. Part 5 compares the findings with two earlier studies (CORRY and ROBERTS (2) and STILWELL (8)). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ECONOMETRIC model as one method of forecasting have been available for a relatively short time. The economy has not, in that interval, provided enough observations to test hypotheses about the predictive value of alternative forecasting methods with any satisfactory degree of precision. However, a few observations are available and the first part of this paper provides the results of one kind of test of an econometric model's forecasts compared with the forecasts of a group of business economists. The results of the test are favorable to the econometric model, tentative as such a conclusion has to be. We are likely, in view of evidence such as this, to see more frequent uses of econometric models in private and public decisions. The second part of the paper deals with the question of whether it is possible to splice a regional, sectoral submodel onto a national econometric model, thus making available the detail needed for particular decisions without each decision maker constructing a vast complicated system.
It is useful for our purposes to think of an econometric model as a system of equations relating endogenous variables determined by forces within the model to exogenous variables determined by forces outside the economy, and to past values of endogenous variables. Each equation attempts to capture the main features of some behavioral, technical, institutional or definitional relationship. To the decision maker about to use a model for purposes of making a forecast or trying out a new policy, a further classification of variables into controllable and noncontrollable categories is valuable, and instructive. As background to this point consider the general setting for an ' optimal ' decision. If the decision maker desires to act so as to serve his interests best by his decisions, he may be advised to proceed in the following manner. He ought to review his knowledge of the present relevant economic environment; for example, he ought to have knowled... [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the welfare economics of water resource allocation over time. Consideration of dynamic resource allocation models has drawn renewed interest in economics, especially with the adoption of techniques from optimal control theory. This paper will consider the case of technological externalities in a dynamic setting. Two producers, one upstream from the other, are considered. The externality is assumed to be effluent discharge by the upstream producer which causes damage to the downstream producer in the form of increased production costs. The usual static argument is extended to the dynamic case: first, the two producers act independently and the upstream producer ignores the social cost over time of his effluent discharge; second, the case of joint production is considered to see what the solution would be if social costs are accounted for; third, paralleling the Pigouvian theory, an optimal tax is derived. The fourth case indicates a new direction which arises in the dynamic case. While the second and third cases deal with a social welfare or Pareto solution, the solution is optimal in a limited sense only.

The present paper is concerned with isolating certain ecological conditions requisite for the development of capitalism defied as an activity pattern characterized by the acquisition of profit through exchange transactions. In particular it is hypothesized that the emergence of capitalist activity will vary directly with the extent of competition for sustenance. Verification of this hypothesis is attempted by demonstrating that the rise of capitalist activity in western Europe was associated with such competition, whereas in China-- where capitalism did not develop--agricultural conditions did not call forth such competition. It is further hypothesized that a difference between western Europe and China in type of agricultural system accounts, in part, for variation between these two areas in the development of capitalist activity. The argument is developed that the practice of large scale irrigation agriculture is an inhibiting factor in the development of capitalist activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The iron and steel manufacturing apparatus in mainland China has been developed through several major stages, each of which manifests a distinctive pattern underlined by certain overriding factors. From the embryonic period at the turn of this century to World War II, transportation, capital availability, and market condition were alternately the chief determinant in the location of this industry. Since the Communist take-over and through the various construction and expansion programs, particularly as a result of the development of new resources, a new pattern has taken shape which tends to guide the future growth of this industry. This paper offers a locational analysis of the major nuclei in the emerging pattern and their effect upon the development of the secondary centers in the various regions of China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mining has usually been regarded as the simplest case of the location problem, to be explained, at least at the level of the producing district, largely in terms of the least-cost principle. This approach would also appear to have some relevance to the examination of the location of individual pits within a particular coalfield. This paper outlines a simple model for the development of an hypothetical coalfield, then considers the changing patterns of pit location on the main New South Wales coalfields in relation to this model. It would seem that there is a close coincidence between the hypothesized situation and the main evolutionary stages of these fields. There are, however, some significant departures from the idealized scheme, particularly during periods of industrial or economic recession. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective in the foregoing study is to construct a model to assess the impact of state to local grants on student achievement. This framework can be used to determine which type of state grant to local school districts, if any, will facilitate most efficiently the achievement of goals set for (or by) the students of the state. The organization of this paper is as follows: (1) a review of related research, (2) an explanation of the model, (3) two applications of the model, and (4) conclusions on the efficiency of typical grant programmes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Among available economic data of less developed countries, foreign trade statistics are known to be most reliable and are used extensively. This paper, concentrating on Southeast Asian countries, examines the extent and variation of discrepancy in export and import recordings of their own and of their trading partners. The ratio of corresponding trade records exhibit varying heights and irregular patterns suggesting a larger degree of inaccuracy than generally assumed. Inter-Asian trade of Southeast Asian countries show a greater discrepancy than that of their trade with developed countries, and the trade ratio variance of the former is significantly larger than that of the latter at the 5% level. The rank coefficient of correlation between the level of discrepancy and the absolute size of trade value is found to be insignificant for most countries. Also the adjustment of trade figures by exchange rate overvaluation does not narrow the inconsistency in the bilateral trade recordings. The recordings of commodity-by-country trade data show a larger discrepancy than that of total trade. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses measures of industry concentration--the concentration ratio, the Herfindahl index and a new measure developed by the authors--both analytically and empirically. The analytical analysis consists of developing a set of properties which we argue all measures of concentration should possess. Although the concentration ratio is shown to be deficient on analytical grounds it appears to yield estimates of concentration not too different from the Herfindahl index and the measure devised by the authors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes the economic effects of air pollution. While the concept of an air shed is elusive, the idea is a useful conceptual device for both the scientific analysis and the control of air pollution. The various problems associated with the concept can be resolved pragmatically as they are encountered. It is also worth noting, this approach lends itself to regional analysis with the air shed defined as the region. Atmospheric conditions can be linked to the composition of pollutants emitted to determine the concentration of the pollutants. The value of damages associated with various levels of concentration can be estimated. The damage information for each level of concentration combined with the frequency of meteorological conditions leading to these levels of concentration would enable an estimation to be made of damage-frequency in the absence of abatement measures. Damage-frequency information can be ascertained for any degree of air pollution prevention and compared to the damage-frequency information in the absence of control. This comparison identifies benefits accruing to the control program. Benefits can be compared to costs of the control measures utilizing either the benefit-cost principle or the margin principle and an optimal combination of measures can be determined. The article also discusses the types of data and computations which would be required for using empirical tests under this method.

This paper examines the validity of the 'uneconomic culture' thesis. A common assertion is that livestock have limited commercial value to the African, being accumulated mainly for social reasons. Two hypotheses are tested: (1) livestock accumulation can be profitable to the individual even if society incurs losses by such behaviour and (2) livestock purchases are the African's best investment opportunity. Support of the first hypothesis is found by indicating that the property system leads to divergences between private and social benefits. Support of the second hypothesis is indicated by calculating the present value of cattle in farming. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using a model where the company income tax base is a function of levels of economic activity, it is shown that there is no basis for the widely held view that the built-in effect of the British company tax system has been destabilising. The model, synthesized from separate models of gross profit and depreciation, was estimated for eight industry groups using annual data for the period 1950-66. A comparison of the lags in the model with the length of business cycles between 1950--66 showed that the automatic effect of the tax is likely to have been stabilizing.
This paper examines in detail the cyclical behavior of the company income tax base under the old system of income and profits taxation, and then assesses the automatic stabilizing qualities of the system. No evidence is found to support the view that the built-in effect of the tax on the level of economic activity was destabilising. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the comovement of company earnings. Part 1 suggests that the variation in earnings has reflected significant common and industry influences. There are considerable differences in the importance of these factors. On the one hand, cosmetic, food and brewing companies have been very successful in isolating themselves both from the fortunes of their immediate rivals and from those of the rest of the corporate sector. At the other extreme the earnings of tyre manufacturers and department stores have been closely dependent both on the general level of economic activity, and on the degree of prosperity within their industry. Such differences, it is argued, reflect the cross-elasticities of demand for the companies' products. The relevance of these findings for investors is emphasised by the fact that the differences in the importance of the common factor are paralleled by similar differences in the behavior of the common stocks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Economists are sometimes heard to say that there is general agreement on the necessity of discounting, and that any disagreement among them relates only to the magnitude of the rate of discount[4]. If this is true, then why is it that such an allegedly empirical question should have remained unsettled for so long? It is the contention of this paper that there is no valid theory of discounting, even apart from the question of the 'appropriate' rate of discount, outside the
area of marketable investments[5]. Furthermore, as a rule of thumb, there is no evidence that the present value criterion performs here as rules of thumb are supposed to, namely, provide a convenient and inexpensive way for making correct decisions most of the time.
In the following section, we review the economic meanings of the discounting operation and the present value criterion. In Section 2, we show that these two concepts cannot be meaningfully applied to non-marketable investments. In Section 3, we evaluate the informational content of the present value cost of non-marketable investments. Section 4 examines the use of discounting to evaluate the 'technical efficiency' of production functions. In the last section, by way of summary and conclusion, we offer an appraisal of the problem of discounting as one among many that plague decisions in the public sector[6]. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There has been increasing recognition of the cost of the automobile in recent years. With few exceptions (see GALBRAITH, 1958), economists have not quarreled with the resource expenditure on producing, maintaining, and providing operating facilities for automobiles. These choices are made by consumers in a free society and to disagree with them is to disagree with consumer sovereignty. Associated with the automobile, however, is another cost: the destruction of people and property in accidents. In U.S. auto accidents in 1965 over 32,000 people were killed and about 2,400,000 were injured severely enough to lose time from work. These figures are increased to 50,000 fatalities and 3,600,000 injuries when all motor vehicle accidents are taken into account. In addition, the National Safety Council estimates that $3.1 billion of property damage was done in motor vehicle accidents in 1965.
Such groups as the National Safety Council, casualty insurance companies, and the U.S. Congress have concluded from these observations that something must be done to diminish the number and severity of accidents. In this paper we perform an economic study of the value of four automobile safety features: padded instrument panels, (lap type) seat belts, energy absorbing steering columns, and dual braking system. Our aim is an assessment of the benefit and cost of each of these features.[1]
The safety devices which we consider in this study are four of the mandatory safety devices on 1968 automobiles. Government intervention is certainly one way to decrease the number of automobile accidents, but this accident reduction is not an economic justification for government intervention. Any sort of interference with the market has a cost which must be weighed against the possible benefits. The economic justification for government intervention is a substantial market failure. There is not sufficient evidence to conclude that various safety features ought to be mandatory. The ... [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article focuses on the contribution of marketing on study of consumer market behavior. It considers in part some of the basic principles of consumption theory and in part recent findings of empirical studies in economics, and the relation of both aspects to consumer market behavior. To give the paper a more definite focus, the discussion will concentrate on what consumption economics has to offer with regard to the study of the relationship between attitudes and product purchases, a subject of great current interest, with reference to explanation as well as prediction of purchase behavior. Five aspects of this subject are explored : the nature of attitudinal variables, the specification of variables, segmentation, specification of models for studying attitudes and product purchases, and using attitudinal information to forecast product purchases. According to psychologists, attitudes are states of mind. In practice, there are as many definitions of attitudes as the number of empirical measures developed. Making use of knowledge from psychology, economists have made progress in segmenting attitudes into components and relating these components to purchase behavior. This has been done in at least two respects.

The article discusses theory of commodity-monetary relations. Significance of economic reform in the society; Conceptions of the commodityists and the anti-commodityists; Evaluation of the position of economic press.

Malthusian pessimism was singled out as the most vulnerable expression of the dominant, classical school of economics. Boston idealists, who saw the Malthusian concept as `a curb to all reform', searched for a rebuttal in the study of institutional economics. The Pennsylvania protectionists, centred about Henry C. Carey, attacked the Malthusian concept as a barrier to the proposed `American system' which was designed to increase population densities by promoting industrial growth. The fusion of these two schools of thought with the Free Soil elements in the Republican party brought about what many at the time considered a decisive defeat of the Malthusian philosophy in America. Clearly this was not so, for Malthus was never more popular than in post-Civil War America. Why this was so is the subject of this paper. There are various possibilities: The growing influence of Spencer, Mill and Darwin was certainly a factor, and four years of civil bloodshed appear to have reconciled many to the tragic view of life found in the Malthusian concept. Also, the wage-fund doctrine was widely accepted during this period of industrial growth. Whatever the reasons, Malthus again proved his curious vitality after being buried by his enemies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article describes the activities of the British Parliamentary Group for world government. The first step which the British government has been asked to required by the Parliamentary Group has been to issue a solemn declaration, rather in the manner of the Atlantic Charter, to which all governments would be asked to associate themselves, proclaiming that the creation of a world federal government would be the agreed common goal. The primary work of the group is expected to be study of a world investment code. The interest of the project from the world federalist point of view is that, if successful, it could set up a recognized framework in which in the economic field capitalism and communism could work together for mutual advantage.

This article provides some corrections to the numerical results obtained in a recent paper by Duncan [2] and suggests a more efficient procedure for determining the optimum control parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents explanation of economists K.P. Pordromidis on the comments of economists J. N. Robinson's on the paper submitted during the year 1972 in the journal of "Applied Economics," on the two alternative criteria that was proposed or conjectured for selection, among different development plans. As he admits, these criteria were taken up at the end of the analysis. Therefore, they have nothing to do with the variation of desired values and of weights, as he contends they have. The constrained minimization procedure used in Prodromidis (1972) was logically prior to the discussion of the criteria in question and was not affected by them. In Robinson's words, an examination of the implications of each criterion shows that neither provides a useful means of selection.

Presents a response to Frank W. Gery's paper "Mathematics and the Understanding of Economic Concepts," published in the September 1970 issue of the "Journal of Economic Education." Discussion on the impact of mathematics training on economics achievements; Explanation for the coefficient of mathematics training; Arguments on the use of mathematical equations; Estimation of biases in the mathematical coefficients.

This article evaluates advertising-marketing relationships using marriage as an analog. Client-agency interactions are discussed within the context described by Nena and George O'Neill in their bestseller, Open Marriage. Two types of husband-wife alliances, closed marriage and open marriage, are used comparatively to trace developments in client-agency marriages through the last three decades; the "product era" of the 1950's, the "creative era" of the 1960's and the "position era" of the early 1970's. The article concludes with recommendations to clients and agencies for initiating and achieving open marriages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article the author discusses advertising in developing countries and their potential as markets. The author presents an examination of the behavior of consumers in these markets and discusses the challenges that advertisers face in reaching them. He notes that advertising messages need to be tailored to their social and cultural differences and that great attention needs to be given to packaging. He notes that in order to carry out this type of strategy advertisers need to conduct in-depth market research. The author also discusses the importance of creating primary demands for basic products that will improve the consumer's life. He notes that this is the job of the mass-communicator.

The article proposes the establishment of forensic science groups of mixed disciplines to be responsible in preparing critiques of technologies which affect the future of society. It cites that forensic science can be used to remedy the defects in society brought about by the moderation of technology. The proposal is based on several premises which include change is dominated by technology, the absence of an institution to monitor the general implications of a specific technology, and competitive pressures in politics and economics do not guarantee the exploration of the societally significant implications.

The author reflects on the impact of Cultural Revolution on the economy of China. He assessed that the Revolution could be considered as a temporary interruption to the development programs of the country. High labor-to-land ratio led to the adoption of labor-intensive production methods causing high yields per unit of land but low yields per man. He argued that it disrupted the transportation of inputs and controlled the agricultural sector though no intervention has been done within the sector.

The article presents the author's comments on the proper role of a political scientist or an economist in politics, war, and taxation. The author believes that these experts should look for problems in the society and not merely wait for the questions that are asked of them, for indeed, there will likely be a biased selection of the questions, which would lead the people farther from the truth than biased answers. Furthermore, in order to maximize their value as economists, they should not be loyal to any leader or party, but rather strive with the skills they have and should always seek to improve, to be true to themselves and the people to which they are serving as economists.

The article presents a conceptual scheme for the political analysis of social and economic change. The author takes the Middle East as his case in point and his purpose is not only to improve reporting of the events but to bridge the gap between theory, reporting, and formulation of policy. He says that there are two general categories of social analyses, one category relates primarily to horizontal divisions between classes and the other category relates to groups of people within a given society. He emphasizes that political and economic programs can only be carried out in practice with a far greater degree of coordination and cooperation between the various agencies of the American government.

The article focuses on reliability of statistics in the Soviet Union. The author reflects that the distortion of statistics by party-line philosophy in Soviet Union is clearer in theoretical interpretation than in practice. He narrates on the problem of distorted statistics and independence of mathematicians in Soviet Union. He assumes that statistical data are biased in such a manner that result favorably to the communistic way of life. These biases are often used in interpreting statistical indexes of industrial production and national economy and income. He further elaborates on Soviet theory of statistics and on recent conferences on statistical theory.

The article presents a report to the Secretary of War. It is noted that the prime reason to treat nuclear power differently from all other discoveries in the field of physics is the potential of its use as a means of political pressure in peace and sudden annihilation in war. In the United States, the development of nuclear power not only comprises an essential addition to the technological and military power, but also creates serious political and economic problems for the future of this country.

The article examines individual responsibility in a cybercultural society. Man's way of life is based on the conditions created by the discovery of cybernetics in a cybercultural society. The science of relationships is called cybernetics. In literature, utopias are known as the good places, while dystopias are the opposite. Freedom is meaningful if there is economic independence, and economic independence is possible with cybernation. A constitutional framework for a cybercultural society is discussed.

The purpose of this article is to examine some of the literature in Economics that concerns itself with the economics of advertising and to present some of the public policy implications of the results of these studies. It is found that it is unlikely that advertising expenditures are subject to increasing returns to scale, thus probably do not lead to an increased concentration of industry for this reason. A study is presented that deals with competition by advertising expenditures and product differentiation in the U.S. cigarette industry. It is found that advertising expenditures, during the 1956-68 period, were not effective in obtaining sales from competitors, although they may have had the affect of inducing new customers to buy the product. The effect of anti-smoking commercials is examined, and it is found that, although they may have had some effect on cigarette smoking, it is doubtful that they provide the impetus for the decreases in advertising expenditures in this particular industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]