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The article offers information about the proposal intended for national security in the U.S. The proposal is the outgrowth of a series of informal, entirely unofficial meetings between Herman Kahn of Princeton University, James E. King, Jr. of Washington Center of Foreign Policy Research, Evron Kirkpatrick of the American Political Science Association and others. The author stresses the paper is his interpretation and explanation of the discussion, rather than being a formal report approved by all participants.

The article reports on the vulnerability of United States to atomic attacks of Soviet Union. It is important for the federal government to notify the people of America as to the degree to which they are and will be susceptible as well as the procedures to be done to reduce the vulnerability. In connection to this, research papers are being developed by the Defense Department, Atomic Energy Commission and private groups acting with them. Certain facts on these papers are made available to the public but these papers have been categorized as classified information, in which case the Americans are almost completely unaware of the facts and are not permitted to know. Reports that President Dwight D. Eisenhower is going to deliver an address regarding the issue is a possible first step.

The article presents a bibliography of periodicals and papers on the history of the American labor. According to the author the scope of this bibliography is, in fact, somewhat narrower than the title suggests, as it has been confined, with one or two exceptions, to learned periodicals. The list of papers on the period of labor development in the U. S. includes "Labor and the Federal Government: 1850-1933," by Albert A. Blum, , "Labor and the Radical Republicans: a Study of the Revival of the American Labor Movement, 1864-1868," by David Montgomery, "Cooperative Community in the North: Brigham City, Utah," by Leonard J. Arrington, "The Experimental Utopia in America," by Maren Lockwood, "The Failure of the Movement by the Unemployed for Public `Works in 1873," by Herbert G. Gutman, "Economic Growth and the Opportunities of Minorities: an Analysis of Changes in the Employment of Negroes and Women," by Dale Leroy Hiestand, and "The Poles and Anthracite Unions in Pennsylvania," by Victor R. Greene.

This article describes the Soviet Atomic Power Cooperation Program by A. N. Lavrishchev, a Soviet Union delegate at the Geneva Conference on the Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy which was held in Geneva, Switzerland on August 8-20, 1955, in a paper prepared for the conference. In response to an invitation from the Soviet Union government, delegates from various countries visited the Soviet Union in order to see first hand their atomic projects and to discuss the proposed agreements. According to Lavrishchev, all countries signing the agreements will receive radioactive isotopes produced in the Soviet Union. The agreements include provisions for assistance by scientists in the training of personnel.

The article describes the activities of the British Parliamentary Group for world government. The first step which the British government has been asked to required by the Parliamentary Group has been to issue a solemn declaration, rather in the manner of the Atlantic Charter, to which all governments would be asked to associate themselves, proclaiming that the creation of a world federal government would be the agreed common goal. The primary work of the group is expected to be study of a world investment code. The interest of the project from the world federalist point of view is that, if successful, it could set up a recognized framework in which in the economic field capitalism and communism could work together for mutual advantage.

The article presents the statement of Secretary of Defense James Forrestal on the potentialities of biological warfare in the U.S. According to Forrestal, the Armed Forces of a democratic nation is responsible to inform the public of their activities related to the national security. With the responsibility in view, the War Department released a report by George W. Merck to the Secretary of War on January 3, 1946. The release informed the public of the combined efforts of American scientists and industry working with the Armed Forces to develop means for defense against possible enemy attacks using biological warfare.

The article reports on policies and programs concerning the national security in the U.S. An independent high-level commission has introduced a resolution calling for a twelve-member bipartisan commission comprised partially of members of Congress to study not only the Federal employee clearance program but also security procedures in defense plants. However, President Dwight D. Eisenhower continued to defend his administration's security program and said he saw no need for a special commission.

The article focuses on issues and topics related to a federally-funded supersonic transport (SST) project in the U.S. This project was first advocated by the aircraft industry and agencies concerned with the aviation capabilities of the U.S. Air Force. The program obtained full federal commitment as a result of a general conviction that the supersonic transport represented the next inevitable advance in commercial aviation and the fear that Soviet or Anglo-French domination of the SST market would be a blow to American prestige. Upon examination of the policy-making process which led President John F. Kennedy to decide to go ahead with the project, one can find the seriousness of two of the major environmental problems associated with the SST, including sonic boom and engine noise.

The article discusses the author's perspective to the foreign policy of the U.S. federal government after the war in Vietnam. He points that the highest levels of decision making in the country are directly involved in local conflicts with its own military forces. He adds that it is possible to expect the difficulty that the country may experience, once it decides not to use its military forces in deciding on any purposeful action. He also notes that one of the positive exercises of its policy would be a fresh appraisal of the whole notion of sides and the imperatives of conflict-control.

The article discusses of lobbying efforts of professionals and army of effective amateurs on their opposition to the plan of the U.S. federal government of deploying the antiballistic missiles (ABM). Scientists play an important role in the lobbying effort by giving information and advice through pamphlets, newspapers, and magazine articles. The evolution of the public debate over the ABM can be divided in three phases which include the occurrence of rapidly increasing congressional concern, the widespread of the public lobbying.

The article discusses the move of the U.S. government in response to the increasing number of people who died because of the lung cancer and other diseases caused by the metallic elements found underground. One of the uranium miners, John Morrill had died of lung cancer, who was a uranium miner for almost a quarter century. He was actually the 18th victim of underground exposure since the start of the Atomic Age and that experts believed that there will be about 1,000 men who will die from the radiation they absorbed from mines. The federal government was the only consumer of such element but has done nothing to save the lives of the miners, instead they pass back and forth the responsibility to the bureaucratic channels.

The article reflects on the feasibility of the formulation and implementation of a nuclear-test-ban. The information released by the Federal government regarding the detection of underground explosions, based on the Nevada tests of last October 1958, has caused the public to question the feasibility of a truly effective bomb test detection system. Some experts assert that seismologists can only hope that the reliability of available inspection systems can be restored through improved instrumentation.

The article offers a look on the public hearings relative to civil defense in the U.S. conducted by House subcommittee, headed by Representative Chet Holifield. The author stresses that the immediate purpose of the hearings was to poll opinion on two resolutions which had been referred to the Subcommittee and which addressed with a new organizational structure for civil defense. She believes that the real intent of the inquiry was much more comprehensive and far-reaching. For her, it was an attempt to discover what was being done about civil defense by the federal government.

The article discusses the development of research and development programs in the United States. The National Science Foundation has issued a series of reports on how it has carried out its statutory responsibility in developing the national policy for the promotion of basic research and education in the sciences and in evaluating the scientific research programs by the agencies of the federal government. An action has also been completed by the Congress on the appropriation bills to picture out the financial structure of science for the past years and to know its prospects in the future.

The article presents a discussion on the loyalty program of the U.S. The concern about loyalty in the public service is considered to be as old as the government itself. George Washington during his administration requires loyalty to the new Constitution from the federal employment aspirants. Some of the considerations of the U.S. employment policy include the provisions that working in the government is a privilege and not a right, and that the government has the right to expect loyalty from its employees.

The article reports on the Senatorial debate on the confirmation of David Lilienthal's nomination as the Chairman of the Atomic Energy Commission. Lilienthal won by only 19 votes with 57 to 38 (counting the pairs). The debate also considered the issue on whether the control of atomic energy could lead to dangerous breach in the private enterprise economy, the field where Lilienthal is deemed to lack a strong belief. Senator Taft of Ohio states that the nation ought to have persons who believe in private enterprise and what Lilienthal wants it to let the Federal Government run everything, a deed which the Congress does not want. Other Senators' reactions on the matter are presented.

The article analyzes several problems faced by the U.S. federal government on scientific research coordination. According to the Subcommittee on Reorganization and International Organizations' study led by Hubert H. Humphrey, the U.S. federal government's financial support for scientific research, development, and testing amounted to $8.1 billion a year. However, the federal government found out that no complete inventory exists of the program in research and development. Furthermore, there is no central inventory of projects and no attention was given to the lack of information on project control. Another difficulty, is the increase in administrative work necessary to make published results available, as financial support also increases.

The article the business of urban renewal and its social implications in New York. Creative federalism, the term most applied to joint ventures among all levels of government and private enterprise, has been responsible for the emergence of the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development. Its activities extend from vest-pocket housing projects at the local level to metropolitan and regional planning at the interstate level. Creative federalism is the milieu within which urban renewal is now being effected. It differs from the older concept of federalism which assumed that the totality of power was constant, any increase in federal power thus lessened the states' share of power. Creative federalism, in contrast, assumes that with economic growth there is a parallel expansion in power, both individual and organizational. Both neighborhood rehabilitation and neighborhood conservation had their inception with the Federal Housing Act of 1954. A citywide community renewal program provides the criteria for government officials to make choices among the various objectives that can be served through urban renewal action. Community renewal is effecting significant changes in project innovations and in planning techniques.

Examines the impress of effective central authority upon the landscape in the United States. Phenomena of economic geography; Security as a product of effective central authority; Features of boundaries; Expressions of governmental activity.

The article looks at the state of education in Germany, focusing on the Institut fur Bildungsforschung in der Max-Planck-Gessellshaft. It examines the public concern over the dangers inherent in the state of German education. The article considers one of the basic factors of German educational policy to which the present state of emergency is to be ascribed. It explores the constitutional principle of cultural federalism within the Federal Republic which coupled as it is with a high degree of central control by the Lander and local authorities. The article also considers the relationship between research, planning and policy. A comparative study on the strategy of educational reform is presented.

Geographers have paid little attention to the study of federalism, despite the fact that it is the most geographically expressive of all forms of government, and spatial interactions in the functioning of federal States are most easily recognized. Though a particularly complicated form of government based on Western-style democracy, federalism is a dynamic process and not a static phenomenon. Although specially relevant to political geographical study. Federalism seems of interest also to social, economic, and historical geographers. Here is a research frontier which provides great scope both for students of regional political geography and for theory-minded political geographers who want to think in terms of concepts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Approximately eighty-six percent of Nevada's land area is owned by the federal government. Although limited in productive capacity by widespread aridity, these federally owned lands serve a variety of uses and constitute an integral part of the state's overall resource base. Federal grazing allotments, indispensable to the privately operated range livestock industry, may provide the basis for something like forty percent of all farm market cash receipts. In recent years both the Homestead and Desert Land acts have been used to bring new acreage under irrigation. Recreational lands, mineral lands, and lands used for national defense purposes exert strong influence on the livelihood structure of various cemmunities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The political boundary between Victoria and South Australia has passed through two stages during which its significance as a landscape feature has differed distinctly. In the colonial period, 1851-1901. it was legally an international boundary with the capacity to regulate the movement of persons. goods, capital. even ideas. But because the boundary separated two British colonies rather than two independent national states, such powers were not strictly performed. Nevertheless the boundary did present sufficient obstacles to the development of the border zone that border residents became the strongest supporters. in the 1890's, of the federal movement which promised a decrease in the boundary's functional power. Since 1901 the boundary has possessed a much-reduced capacity to influence the landscape which it traverses. It no longer poses a direct barrier to movement and communication between states, although studies of business and social interaction between towns in the two states indicate that the boundary acts indirectly as a deterrent. In the federal period, the main significance of the boundary has been its role as the line by which the differing administrative policies of the two state governments are areally limited and at which the different results of such policies are most clearly witnessed in the landscape. There arc no indications of a radical future change in the boundary's present functions and landscape significance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article focuses on African geographies. The fact and velocity of political change must now profoundly influence geographies of Africa and its regions. The consequences of political change upon studies in African geography might have been more easily anticipated than their impact upon studies in African history. The past five years have seen more advance in the history of black Africa than the previous one hundred years. The old and stable colonial order offered opportunities for the extension of economic development from the industrialized nations to outliers, as branches of the central government.

This article presents information on adult education in German universities. In Germany ,the development of the university into a State institution was an historical necessity. They did not spring up spontaneously but were founded by the governments. Later, however, in the same work when they entered upon the paths of scientific research under the leadership of a long line of celebrated men, the universities gradually ceased to be mere State institutions for the training of officials and grew further and further away from bureaucratic control. On the whole, academic liberty was never greater, least of all in the days of the medieval corporations of scholars when the pressures to which the thought of the time was subjected by the church was still further increased by the jealousy of the corporative bodies. Most other authorities also seemed to consider that on the whole, the German universities, despite their official links with the State, have exercised a very considerable degree of independence.

The article provides views on regionalism concerning the ordering of human affairs. In a managed economy, the activities of the country are supervised by central government departments, or statutory bodies responsible to them. Meanwhile, a series of compromises towards the regional view are made on an ad hoc basis, such as in the government regional organisation, in the formation in certain cases of Joint Boards and Joint Advisory Committees for planning purposes in the declaration of Development Areas. Moreover, the pattern of local government divisions has been constructed, and various provisions for adjustment of status and extent of power have been made.

The article discusses the coming failure of mission-oriented social research. There is a new fashion in social research among those who dispense the funds and those who guard the public treasure. The fashion is mission-orientation, a view that research should have a product and that this product should be closely related to the goals of the funding agency. By this approach, the spenders can be relieved of anxiety when congressional investigators question the utility of their research support. It is a pragmatic approach, an approach in terms of immediate problems and issues. The social scientists lack the knowledge base on which the applied developments must rest. Social scientists are prone to excuse this lack of basic knowledge, or the lack of consensus as to what the key variables are, as a product of recency, lack of resources, or lack of personnel. None of these backgrounds for failure will be removed by an increase in commitment on the part of the federal government to support mission-oriented research, at the expense of basic science. The sheer volume of research will increase but the knowledge payoffs will be minimal. Social scientists will do well to remind themselves that their major contribution to their society, their pocketbooks, their students, and their social goals will most likely come via the route of development of their discipline. The shortest road may still be long.

The article comments on the "Effective Use of the Sea" report of the Panel on Oceanography in the U.S. The report focuses on issues concerning the U.S. Federal involvement in ocean science and technology research. According to the author, Federal involvement in the research relates to national security in military sense. An example of which is the U.S. Navy, which is responsible for all defense efforts involving the ocean environment, and thus, requires specialized oceanographic data for specific devices being developed and a better understanding of characteristics of the ocean environment in which it operates.

The article discusses the question whether the federal government can improve the flow of the scientific and technical information on the research in the U.S. it was released in the Bulletin issue of March that the federal government supports two-thirds of the total research and development in the country. In the fiscal year of 1963, the federal expenditures for research and development expected to outmatch the $12 billion allotted budget. Senator Gordon John Humphrey has accused the U.S. Department of Defense with wasting over a billion dollars a year by alteration of public funds in the handling of scientific and technical information. Scientists demonstrate understandable hesitance to accept controls concerning scientific and technical information.

The author reflects on the role of the U.S. federal government in research and scientific works. He discusses how science works become part of the country's politics and how scientists find themselves in a political position. He also comments that the commercialism of government and private interest in military science degrade the potential exploitation of the modern scientific knowledge.

The article discusses the impact of science and technology in the U.S. Developing excellence in science and technology fosters mental discipline, respect for truth, objective inquiry, and constructive criticism which are important in maintaining political and individual freedom. Also, science and technology searches for ways to feed the growing population of the world in pursuit of peace. However, one way tends toward federal control and direction of science and technology. Scientific creativity has the tendency to over-organize and centralize the administrative power. It has been suggested that efforts of the government should be headed by a Secretary of Science in the President's Cabinet. Approval of the suggestion, however, would diminish creative scientific activity.

The article offers news briefs related to security. The U.S. Court of Appeals ruled that the State Department must note what part secret information plays in the denial of a passport of physicist Weldon B. Dayton. A year-long study by a House Committee concluded that over a 30 year period an attitude had developed that officials will determine what the people are to be told about their government. The Scientists' Committee on Security, Inc. was formally organized on January 1, 1956.

The article reports on issues and topics related to the national security in the U.S. The directors of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, in a formal policy statement, called for radical change in the Eisenhower Administration’s basic concept of security. The Bar Association of New York, under a grant of $100,000 by the Ford Foundation's Fund for the Republic, will make a thorough inquiry into the Federal loyalty and security program. The Supreme Court has agreed to review the dismissal of Dr. John P. Peters, senior Professor of Medicine at Yale University, from government service because of reasonable doubt as to his loyalty.

The article reports issues and topics related to investigation conducted by the Federal governmental concerning espionage and disloyalty at Fort Monmouth in New Jersey. The much-publicized hearings conducted by Senator Joseph McCarthy on espionage and disloyalty at Fort Monmouth have again become prominent news as a result of the televised Army-McCarthy hearings. During the hearings, the findings of McCarthy's subcommittee have been used as further evidence that the Army has been soft on communism.

The article reports developments related to civil defense in the U.S. Colleges and universities suggest that the Federal government adopt a comprehensive program against atomic, biological and chemical warfare to achieve an effective civil defense. The Federal Civil Defense Administration Advisory (FCDA) has defined conditions of warnings which were disseminated to inform civilians of indications whether there is a danger of enemy attack or that the danger has passed. The FCDA has also published a technical bulletin which describes new facilities for rescue training programs.

The article focuses on the activities of the National Security Resources Board (NSRB) Civilian Defense Office. Before June 1951, the office will issue about thirty basic information manuals. A federal civil defense college is planned for the near future for further studies and trainings of the agency's human resources. The agency has also issued the NSRB Document 128/1 to the nation’s governors and mayors discussing the patterns of civil defense activity in typical American cities. In addition, it has created a general committee and five task groups to conduct an air transport mobilization survey.

The article reports on issues and topics related to the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) in the U.S. The atomic power program of the AEC was presented to the Congressional Joint Committee on Atomic Energy. The hearings covered the statutory review of the atomic industry and the commission's authorization for fiscal year 1960 projects. The total fiscal year 1960 budget of $2,768.9 million is less by $139.6 million than the 1959 budget. The downward trend is in the plant and equipment part of the budget. Willard F. Libby, the scientist member of the AEC, will retire to resume research and teaching after five years as commissioner.

The article reports on policies and programs concerning the national security in the U.S. The Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) has reviewed the Classification of Nuclear Weapons. In a report prepared by the AEC, a complete review was being made in classifying the weapons field with the aim of the revising the basic policy. There are several factors prompting the review, including the widespread knowledge today of weapons technology, the information exchange with Britain approved by Congress, and the distribution of atomic weapons within the military forces with the consequent increase in the numbers of persons familiar with them.

The article reports on the effort of Washington Senator Henry M. Jackson to move forward the missile program in the U.S. Jackson has addressed to the Senate the urgency on a strategy for ballistic seapower, which received a little attention in the public. He believes that the federal government has disregarded the program which could give a quantum jump in the military deterrent power. He adds that the missile launching in the country and allied countries would be strategic magnets to draw the aggressor's missiles towards cities, farms, and factories.

The article presents a testimony on thermonuclear research given by writer James G. Beckerley before the Joint Committee on Atomic Energy on March 5, 1956 in the U.S. It stresses the importance of federal government's support on basic research and have noted that the monopoly of an entirely new area of basic study by an agency of the government and the effective denial to scientists and engineers of the right to work in such field is not a proper function of the government except during the extreme situation of war or imminent war. Furthermore, it suggests that government's control on basic research should not be extended to much more than a single, isolated area of science.

The article reflects the views of the city mayors in the U.S. regarding the civil defense plan, penned by the National Security Resources Board. In their meeting in Washington D.C. early in October 1950, they criticize the plan due to the fact that it is vague and lacks clarity or distinctness. San Francisco, California Mayor Elmer Robinson voiced the general opinion of the mayor stressing that civil defense is the step-child of the government. He demanded to know why the government had not determined how much it would spend on civil defense so that local governments could make their supplemental appropriations.

The article examines the civil defense plan in the U.S., prepared by the National Security Resources Board. The plan, which given favorable approval from President Harry Truman, has now been read and considered by the mayors of leading cities and all those directing the local civil defense programs. The mayors, upon examination of the plan, described the plan as a simple reproduction of the Hopley report and that the situation is little advanced beyond that subsisting before the NSRB began its consideration of the problem. Likewise, the director of the Office of Civil Defense in World War II James M. Landis stresses that the defense plan appears to be more like for World War II. Analyses and views of the author are presented.