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The purpose of this article is to study the effectiveness of the three techniques commonly employed for collecting data to be used in evaluating personality adjustment. The interview technique portrays the personality appraisement approach resorted to by most specialists as psychologists, clinicians, and counselors. This technique endeavors to diagnose personality characteristics on the basis of verbal responses, appearance, individual testing, personal contact, and the like. The interview technique as used in this study consisted of a personalized administration of each test during which time ample opportunity was given the student to discuss his understanding of the test situations and the nature of responses made to them. People frequently question the effectiveness of many of the personality evaluating techniques utilized in guidance programs. Since guidance practice generally relies upon the use of one personality evaluating technique, it is essential to know which technique provides the most effective diagnosis of student adjustment not only in the school situation but in other environments as well.

The article presents information about the journal "Sociological Focus." For the last 32 years the official publication of the Ohio Valley Sociological Society has been the "Ohio Valley Sociologist," which primarily carried news and notes of interest to sociologists in the region. In the last few years the membership has become aware of a need for a modified format for the Sociologist. This has been manifest in the increasing publication of occasional papers including the presidential addresses and the winning papers from the student competition. In 1967 the society's members voted to expand the function of the sociologist so that greater space would be devoted to the publication of scholarly papers while maintaining the usual information service. In line with this new emphasis the title and the format of the journal have been changed. The papers in this issue deal with the sociology of academia and higher education. The winter issue will be a special issue on the sociology of mental health, the spring issue will deal with political sociology, and a future number will be devoted to papers on the sociology of religion.

An earlier paper presented findings which indicated that mentally ill persons described as exhibiting identical behavior were increasingly rejected when they were described as utilizing no help, utilizing a clergyman, a physician, a psychiatrist, or a mental hospital. Controls for age, religion, education, and social class position failed to diminish the relationship between help-source and rejection, but controls for experience with an emotionally disturbed help-seeker and for adherence to the norm of self-reliance tended to specify it. The previous paper was concerned with the stability of the relationship between help-source and rejection within each of the control groups, and not, for the most part, with differences among groups. In this paper, the main focus is on a comparison of the effects of educational attainment on the relation between help-source and rejection. A further focus is on the influence of (a) experience with mentally ill help-seekers, and (b) attitude toward the norm of self-reliance, two variables that serve to interpret the relationship between education and rejection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the information contained in the author's paper "Soviet Psychology and Psychiatry" discussed at a symposium on Soviet Science. It is in the context of Pavlonian principles that psychology as a major discipline in Soviet Union should stand on, a move which abrogated the concepts of psychology contained in Rubenshtein's book "Bases of General Psychology". The Pavlonian session was a step towards institutionalizing the Pavlovian psychology, however, the result of the discussions was not deemed satisfactory to grant it authority and acceptance in the medical field particularly in Soviet psychiatry.

It has been found that smoking is associated with extraversion. The present paper extends this finding by demonstrating that the association holds internationally: in nations where the level of extraversion is high, the consumption of tobacco is also high. It is not certain whether smoking should be regarded as a comparatively superficial manifestation of the extraverted personality, or whether there is some unknown constitutional factor responsible for extra- version, the tendency to smoke, and the predisposition to cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reports that an effective method of test analysis remains in the correlation of group paper and pencil results of two different instruments which purport to evaluate similar personality traits through different subject matter. This procedure emulates a principle very commonly employed in educational appraisement in which instance several tests are used to provide an inventory of achievement in the same subject. A similar comparison offers an additional approach to effective personality and test analysis. While the elements of the human personality are not as readily accessible as are academic attainments, they nevertheless can be identified sufficiently to contribute basic data for counselling, guidance, placement, follow-up, and other sundry school activities. One has but to mention such common traits as dominance, social adjustment, introversion, school adjustment and the like to realize that personality adjustment occupies a conspicuous place in the school and in the home environment of the student, of the parent, and of the teacher. Since the above and similar traits pattern the personality of the student, the correlation of one test schedule with another should contribute an understanding of the relative merits of various instruments along with their degree of effective personality measurement

This article focuses on a comparison of scores made by students of differing racial ancestry in Hawaii on the Thurstone Neurotic Inventory with an analysis of the different items to discover those showing most marked differences according to sex and race. The schedule was administered according to Thurstone's technique with assurance that the scores made would have no bearing on grades and that the results would be confidential. A device to insure anonymity was added. A detachable slip accompanied each paper on which the student wrote his name and a number corresponding to the number written instead of his name on the test paper. The names were separated only to be reunited by use of the corresponding numbers at the student's request should he desire advice concerning his paper or to discuss it in any way. When the questionnaire was applied to the classes in abnormal psychology or mental hygiene, it was always given during the first days of the semester lest the students recognize too readily its purpose and answer accordingly.

This paper seeks to assess the utility of the transactional model of individual stress. According to the logic of the model, whether persons manifest stress is a multiplicative function of both situational and individual characteristics. The paper briefly discusses possible advantages of the perspective over other frames of reference. Then it describes a pilot study designed to determine whether hypotheses based on the transactional model could be supported empirically. Utilizing interview data from a small probability sample of all adults in the state of Missouri, scales were constructed by an improved method of item analysis for use as indicators of variations in stress and the situational and individual factors. Comparing stress scores by situational and individual variables produced results indicative of a multiplicative relationship and thus supportive of theories derived from the transactional perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article informs that sociologist L.J. Cronbach suggested in a recent paper that social perception could be fruitfully studied in terms of the "perceptual space" within which an individual distributes persons he perceives. The present study explores certain measures of the perceptual space with particular emphasis on their reliability and their relation to two external criteria, viz., sex and adjustment. Preliminary studies have shown that the means and standard deviations of his ratings of others are the most promising variables for the purpose of describing his perceptual space. The Mean may be interpreted as the Subject's (S's) conception of the average of personality characteristics in other people. The Standard Deviation may be regarded as indicating S's tendency to differentiate along a particular dimension. Eighty 5s took part in this investigation; of these, 40 were "maladjusted" and 40 were "adjusted." Each group consisted of 20 males and 20 females. The "maladjusted" group consisted of adults who had voluntarily sought professional help for their emotional problems from several outpatient centers, except for three of the 40 S's who came from an "open" ward of a VA Neuropsychiatric Hospital which contained individuals receiving maximum psychotherapeutic treatment.

The theory underlying juvenile delinquency is that emotional or social maladjustments are manifested in overt activities termed "anti-social" by society. The latter include: (a), harm to person, self, or others directly or indirectly involved in the social situation; (b) damage or misappropriation of property; (c) refusal to obey either parental, academic, or legal authority; or (d) acts leading to possible danger to self or others. Activities may be premeditated or spontaneous and are often performed without full knowledge of the social consequences. However, most latent inner tensions are directly traceable to distorted parent-child, teacher-pupil, or peer group relationships. In this paper, a consideration of the behavior of Chinese juveniles is paramount and a controlling hypothesis may be stated; viz, that the overt anti-social activities result from (a) cultural conflicts between parents of foreign-born or mixed nativity and native-born children, (b) broken homes and (c) longings for `self expression. Thus, acculturation on the part of children seeking identification and status in, the society wherein they are born may cause tensions which may be absent where two sets of cultural norms do not simultaneously operate. The length of time a given culture has persisted is not as important as the pressure exerted by parents, or their generation, upon the youth who desire submergence with the immediate and prevailing culture. Parents of foreign-born or mixed parentage often unmeaningly alienate their children from the cultural traits which they imported into the American society. Over-anxiety results in constant and insistent ordering and forbidding. In time, both parents and children express and experience emotional confusion. Foreign-born parents feel "ashamed" of their inadequacy and consider any public knowledge of this as evidence of their unsuccessful rearing and control of offsprings. When new-world traits challenge village mores and customs, parents become genuinely bewildered. Moreover, the nearest kin, as an additional authoritarian figure, may. likewise have failed to reinforce them. Thus, a shattering of ideals and values motivates them to exercise greater constraints which but serves to widen the chasm between them and the children. A major problem confronting native-born juveniles is where to seek guidance, counsel, or sympathetic understanding when they believe their parents fail them. The desire to shield their elders deepens the conflict. Often the absence of the proper explanatory terms in another language. hampers effective interaction and the troublesome situation remains when experiences cannot be mutually and sympathetically shared; An added fact is that the children's social world is vastly different from that of the parents and each may participate in totally dissimilar orbits, with neither meeting. Fortunately, maturity is a steadying influence and the "marginal man" may attain stability through the services of preventive and correctional agencies established by the society. Should the Chinese juvenile delinquency rates increase for the future, it is caused by the greater proportion of native-borns who must perforce undergo the Americanization process, disturbing as this may be for some. The ascendancy of dependent and neglected children will be forthcoming as native-born parents reach another phase of Americanization. They have learned that the larger society will provide care for dependent children when (a) they prove inadequate as parents, (5) they are unable to provide for the financial support of offsprings, or (c) the home situation is untenable. Either or both parents may be at fault but so long as the child's welfare is at stake and our society provides substitute parents or renders financial assistance, more will turn to social agencies for aid. The future generations of Chinese juveniles may experience more overt rejection and exhibit emotional disturbances such as are found in other groups in the population. Divorce is increasing among native-born parents, a phenomenon which has produced more emotional problems for children. Moreover, rising incidents of remarriage brings similar social effects. Whether the parents are foreign-born, of mixed parentage, or native-born, a conclusion embraces all of the group under study. Whatever the nature of the anti-social manifestations by juvenile delinquents may be, they are striving toward more acceptable forms of acculturation through devious routes. Parents may hinder rather than help in the process. Where children are abandoned by parents (mainly native-born), the latter have attained acculturation and have accepted prevailing cultural norms. In both instances, children are the victims. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reports that the Thurstone Personality Schedule, first described in 1929, is too well known to require extensive description at this time. Because of its comprehensiveness and practical value in the identification of neurotic personalities, it has stimulated extensive research into its nature and characteristics. These studies have demonstrated the fact that the questions composing the Schedule are of unequal value in the identification of the neurotic personalities. Indeed, in their original paper the Thurstones showed that the respective questions varied widely in ability to differentiate between the poorest and best adjusted subjects, and published a list of 42 statements which they found most differentiating. In a thorough and painstaking study, R. R. Willoughby treated rather incisively the closely related problems of the relative homogeneity or heterogeneity of the items composing the schedule and the degree to which fairly homogeneous phases or affects of the neurotic personality are over or under-represented in the schedule.

The title of this study is that given to the review of a book in a recent issue of Commentary. It also refers to an important contemporary social movement, namely, mental illness. This is a movement that accords to irrationalism a constantly increasing respectability. An enormous increase in the kinds of conduct classified as irrational has resulted in the past few decades from the work of some of the most highly educated and intellectual students of human behavior. One corollary is a decrease in the kinds of behavior classified as rational. This has been accompanied by a violent attack upon the concepts of reason and individual responsibility, and by attempts to substitute the concepts of irresponsibility and exculpation. These attempts have been successful to a great degree. This paper will concern itself with two problems that mark this social movement. The first problem is that of definition and counting. The second is that of resolving the paradox of irrationalism. It would be tedious to summarize the studies of the past twentyfive years that show that the interest in mental illness is a social movement rather than a scientific development. One of the first, by Kingsley Davis, showed that it possesses a characteristic essential to any social movement. Its proponents conceive it to be a panacea. As a social movement it is in many respects the functional equivalent of religion in the system of traditional middle-class values. The movement is today continuing to propagate middle-class values and ethics under the guise of science. It presents the prototype of the middle-class or upper-class person as being in all important respects equivalent to that of the mentally healthy person. Thus it is not to be wondered at that when psychiatrists and other clinicians (who are professional and upper class ) interview and otherwise "examine" lower-class children, especially delinquent boys, they find that the boys are "emotionally disturbed" or "mentally ill" in some form and to some degree. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents several abstracts on racial discrimination in professional basketball. Many current studies have attempted to apply the so-called labeling school approach to mental illness, including such related conditions as alcoholism and drug misuse. One set of studies, has carried the matter a step further and proposed that mental illness be seen as a social role. The rights and obligations of incumbents of this role are learned, among other ways, through the popular media, and persons made incumbents of such a role are constrained by both positive and negative sanctions to remain in that role and behave according to its expectations.

The California F Scale and a self-rating scale created for this study were given to 93 undergraduates. The self-rating scale consisted of graphic ratings of the 10 underlying ideological components of the authoritarian syndrome as hypothesized by its authors. Subjects who were most authoritarian rated themselves significantly higher on most dimensions and on total score than did the least authoritarian subjects. Both High and Low Authoritarians possessed some self awareness about the extremity of their positions along most of the ideological continua. This finding is in conflict with some previous research and theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents a list of books on sociology. Some of the books listed in the article are: "Child Rorschach Responses: Developmental Trends From Two to Ten Years," by L.B. Ames; "We Take This Child: A Candid Look at Modern Adoption," by C. Berman; "Experiences in Groups: And Other Papers," by W.R. Bion; "Support Systems and Community Mental Health," by G. Caplan; "How to Recognize and Overcome Dyslexia in Your Child," by L. Clarke, etc.

The article clarifies the importance and nature of self-attitude and how to evaluate it and proposes a possible connection between some physical education programs and self-attitude improvement. It is stated that an individual's self-esteem furnish more to his mental health. In measuring self-attitude change, it is stated that the instrument must be created to gauge the self-attitude rather than self-constructs, and only the pre-post test experimental design can separate the effects of a particular program. And in addition to numerous stimuli to which the individual is faced, calculating self-attitude is a limitation to eventual program implementation.

The article presents a speech by Toby Freeman, assistant corporate director of medicine for North American Aviation (NAA) and director of Life Sciences at the Space and Information Systems Division of the NAA, delivered at the Southwest District Association. He focuses on the reasons why the population as a whole fails to measure up to even minimum levels of fitness. He argues that physical fitness is a mental health problem. He also emphasized the importance of physical education, which is physical training, instruction in hygiene, body and character building.

Several characteristics of Fiedler's (8, 9) least preferred co-worker (LPC) scales were investigated. It was found that although the LPC scales reflect two evaluative dimensions, there is a general negative evaluative component common to both dimensions. When asked to evaluate someone they had known in rating their least preferred co-worker, approximately two- thirds of the respondents rated a real person, while the other third rated a stereotyped stimulus object. LPC and its subfactors were found to be substantially unrelated to a large number of personality measures. Theoretical and methodological problems inherent in a bidimensional interpretation of a univariate score were discussed, and an alternative unidimensional approach was suggested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents information about sociologist Lawrence Milton Hepple. Hepple, professor of Sociology of Religion at Methodist National Seminary, Kansas City, Missouri, and formerly associate professor of Rural Sociology at the University of Missouri, died of a heart attack on November 22, 1960, in Kansas. He was born and reared in Missouri, attending high school at Moberly. He received an A.B. degree from Central College in 1932, and M.A. and Ph.D. degrees from the University of Missouri in 1940 and 1946, respectively. His teaching career began in 1942 when he served as instructor in Sociology at the University of Missouri. He became assistant professor of Sociology in 1945, assistant professor of Rural Sociology in 1947, and associate professor of Rural Sociology in 1950. In July 1960, he accepted the position of professor of Sociology of Religion at the new Methodist National Seminary in Kansas City, Missouri. Hepple served as president of the Boone County Mental Health Association, and was chairman of the section on Religion and the Aged in the task force created by the state in preparation for the White House Conference on Aging.

This article reviews pertinent experimental literature on the use of the verbal reinforcement technique to study personality and social variables. Also, two experiments were conducted in which five variables which theoretically relate to behavior under verbal reinforcement were studied: self-esteem, task-involvement, experimenter (role) difference, birth order, and family size. The experiments used 120 male Ss, naive Es, and controlled against informational discrepancy between reinforcement conditions. The results were (a) negative reinforcement produced greater performance increments than did positive reinforcement or nonevaluation, suggesting a psychological distinction between criticism and praise; (b) low self-esteem Ss tended to improve more with criticism than did high self-esteem Ss; (c) persons from small families responded more to evaluation and specifically to praise than did large family Ss. Task-involvement, experimenter, birth order, and social class variables showed no main effects and did not interact with VR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The usefulness of applying the concept of position salience, derived from Sarbin's approach to social self-development, to the social functioning of the psychiatric patient was investigated. The general prediction was that a paucity of position salience is related to poor current and future social functioning. The measure of position salience discriminated between psychiatric patients who were ready for hospital release and those who were not, and between normals and psychiatric patients who were not ready for release (current social functioning). Position salience was related to future rehospitalization of the psychiatric patient (future social functioning). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this experiment, the effects of mental-health communications dealing with the control of delusions on the opinions of college undergraduates were assessed over a period of 44 days. Aside from control communications, there were four experimental messages: two of these messages stated that delusions could be prevented, while the other two stated that delusions could be effectively treated and cured. One of the messages that advocated prevention also discounted the possibility of treatment, while the other omitted any mention of it; similarly, the treatment messages discounted or omitted prevention. One week later, the same subjects were exposed to a control message or to a message that attempted to present a more moderate or realistic assessment of the present status of delusion control, stressing reliance on treatment procedures. Opinions were measured following these messages and again 44 days after the first session. The results of the present experiment satisfactorily replicate those of a previous experiment that had assessed the immediate effects on opinions of treatment and prevention messages that included the dismissal of the other control alternative (4). In line with the communications, differences in opinions were found, and the discounting effect was most pronounced when it involved prevention. The present study also included messages on treatment and prevention that omitted any mention of the other alternative. These messages were found to be just as effective as the others and did not produce discounting effects at the expense of the unmentioned alternative. A good case may be made for the use of these messages in practical applications, especially since their effectiveness persists just as well with the passage of time. In general, the effects of the more moderate treatment message (a message, incidentally, that an audience is likely to be exposed to nowadays) that had been expected to serve as an attack on the previous messages were... [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses approaches in research related to child psychology and parent-child relation. Three major theories have influenced child research: Freudian theory, behavior-social learning theory and more recently, role theory. The 35 sets of parents in the investigation were all parents of five-year olds who were subjects of a larger study dealing with school readiness and first grade adjustment. The socioeconomic status of the families was approximately evenly divided between the upper-lower and lower-middle classes according to Warner's Index of Status Characteristics. Each of the parents completed a form of the Parent Attitude Research Instrument developed at the National Institute for Mental Health. The mother form of the scale consisted of 23 subscales while 25 subscales comprised the father form; each of the subscales consisted of five items on the mother form and eight items on the father form. An aspect of the Q-sort technique employed in the larger study assessed the parents' prescription for child behavior.

By way of summarizing the results of this study, 80 per cent of all the mean scores on the Guilford-Zimmerman Temperament Survey fell in the "most favorable" category, with only one score in the "least favorable" group. All the others were "neutral." From this it is inferred that these politically active people exhibit temperament characteristics which differ from the general population. Furthermore, the Republican men with consistent voting records had significantly higher General Activity and lower Restraint scores than their Democratic counterparts. The total group of Republican men also was significantly higher than the total group of Democratic men in the General Activity score. As for the women, the Democrats with consistent voting records had significantly higher scores on Restraint than their Republican opposites, but the total women's groups showed no significant differences in any of the 10 traits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents information on a study that examines the effect of social/occupational role and age upon the criteria of mental health. It is specifically hypothesized that the criteria of mental health (employed in the characterization of individuals as healthy or not) will differ as a function of the occupational roles of those evaluating the adjustment of others and status' and roles associated with the age of persons evaluated. The data of the present investigation were collected as part of a series in the prediction of adjustment. A variety of criteria were employed in validating predictions of the adjustment of a population of students enrolled four years previously in public and parochial schools of a southern Minnesota county. In comparing the frequency with which specific items and general classes of items are employed by the two teacher groups it is evident that grade school teachers mention social-interpersonal items, as a group, and "bullying" and "cooperation" in particular, to a more significant degree than do high school teachers. The same is true for emotional instability items, particularly "crying" and on the positive side, presenting a "happy disposition." High school teachers employ emotional stability and achievement variables more often as evaluating criteria.

The article focuses on the psychology of criminals. A number of years ago during the first two decades of this century many professional writers of psychological literature were deeply concerned with the possible relationship that might exist between feeblemindedness, or mental deficiency, and crime. Numerous professional people who were directly responsible for, or who had access to, statistics on the intellectual ability of criminals found a tremendous amount of feeblemindedness prevalent in penal institutions. The consensus of opinion then in vogue was that a large proportion of criminals were defective mentally, and the defect was greatly responsible for their becoming criminals. This popular belief remained relatively unchanged for another decade. Recently, a few research publications have emerged postulating a relatively different conception of the intellectual ability of criminals, and other similar groups that are also culturally impoverished. It is to this last group that must be added whatever weight the present project merits.

The purpose of this study was to investigate several approaches to the problem of identifying socially-favored and neglected children in a group situation. This problem is important from a practical as well as from a theoretical point of view in child guidance and mental hygiene. For example, it has been found desirable in a number of research studies (1, 9) to find some method for identifying individuals at the two extremes of social status, so that one may relate social status to such contributing factors as intelligence, socio-economic status, academic achievement, and so forth. Moreover an identification of children at the lower extreme, the socially neglected, has been considered important by classroom teachers because of their desire to change these children's social adjustment in the classroom. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a discussion on the psychiatric and bureaucratic aspects of war. It purposes to summarize the prophylactic efforts of some of the leading psychologists and psychiatrists of the world for the last 15 years to prevent international wars. The authors cite two great examples: one, a letter written in 1935 by European psychiatrists in the main; the other, the consensus of American psychologists in 1945. To what degree have they been able to overcome the biologic, individual-pathologic, and mass-psychologic provincialism? Have they been able to achieve a realistic psychologic view of the factors which became more and more decisive in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, for example, the governmental factors and the bureaucratic forces? The authors attempt to answer these questions. Of the present writers one is a psychiatrist and social psychologist, a member of the American Psychiatric and Psychological Associations, and the other is a psychiatrist and member of the American Psychiatric Association.

The article provides information about a research regarding the relation of family name preferences to their frequency in the culture. The principles that determine the esthetic value of given names are of practical importance to parents because the responsibility for choice and bestowal of such names is recurrent in each generation. The article reveals that an unwise selection may have undesirable effects upon the developing personality of the child and constitute a perpetual source of embarrassment or irritation throughout his life. Family names, in contrast with given names, are relatively stable from generation to generation. There are, however, abrupt changes that some members of the family may have thrust upon them because of the mores or the family as a whole may decide upon a discard or a minor alteration of its old or original name. In a patrilineal society, the woman, upon marriage, takes the family name of the husband. It is doubtful whether this is ever a consideration in the selection of a prospective mate, but unquestionably annoyance or discomposure may later arise as a consequence of repeated unpleasant experiences. The article informs that in some cultures it is the given name, which is impermanent, one name being applied until puberty and, thereafter, another selected according to the rites confirming the adult status of the individual.

A formal course in Industrial Psychology was given to 10 prison inmates of at least above average mentality. During the course the students became interested in learning about their own vocational aptitudes, and they profited from a class discussion of their test results. At the end of the course the entire group had lost their hostile attitudes towards Psychology and the prison classification system. Many of the group wished to continue guidance on an individual basis. Finally, the technique is not only time saving but also makes it easier for inmates to seek help by enabling them to escape ridicule from fellow prisoners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article focuses on the importance of the level of aspiration as a method of studying personality. Previous studies of individual differences in the level of aspiration situation have attempted with little success to relate character traits directly to a single derived score, usually one representing the difference between the subject's stated aspiration and performance. Two hundred and five subjects are included in the present report. Case history material gathered from interviews, case history forms, ratings, or independent reports was available for all subjects. Clinical examination of the results indicated three factors which should be taken into consideration for an understanding of the whole response. Unusual responses, up after failure and down after success, were the most important of these. Forgetting despite instructions to state one's bid before attempting the task also appeared to be clinically important. Thirdly, incidental behavior and comments often revealed the significance of particular aspects of the subject's response.

The article presents an objective test of character temperament. The present test explores a fundamentally new approach among these objective techniques. It sets out to discover how far a personality trait recognizable in everyday life situations can be made to express itself also in miniature situations, despite employing so restricted an analogy in the situation that it becomes a laboratory test, objectively scorable, and requiring no great complexity of apparatus. The article informs that the C.M.S. Test was originally designed to investigate both of these types of traits. Dynamic traits were catered for by parallel test situations under different kinds of motivation. But unexpected complexities were encountered in the first findings regarding dynamic traits whereas the study of stylistic traits yielded immediate promise of a useful test, so that the first subsequent research, here reported, was pressed forward specifically with respect to the measurement of stylistic traits by miniature situations.

The article is an attempt to analyze the social psychology of human play. There is evidence for the belief that average versatility in play may be associated with maximum adjustment of the individual to school life. Non-social children are not known to be inferior to moderately social or extremely social children in their adjustment to life situations. Children rated as "artistically superior" are reported to spend more time with play materials than "artistically inferior" subjects. Mentally defective children are believed to play as responsively as more normal children. However, the games of mental deviates may require in some instances a degree of organization not characteristic of feeblemindedness. A great number of street activities, however, perhaps a majority, are individual in nature, and many children participate in no street games whatsoever. Those playing in streets of the crowded neighborhood exhibit interests in fires and gambling. With groups playing in the streets, the older girls may assume a motherly role with respect to the smaller children.

This article focuses on a study which provides an insight into the interests, attitudes and emotions of Chinese students. The data for this study was collected from 114 boys and 52 girls of the freshman class of the University of Shanghai. And this data was analyzed by using Woodworth-Cady-Matthews test. In this test, one point is given for each unfavorable symptom checked as being possessed by the subject. The higher the score, the less emotionally stable the person is. R.J. Ball holds that in a normal person the total score should not exceed 30, a higher score than 30 being an indication of a nervous disorder of some kind. Means and standard deviations have been used as measures of the central tendency and the variability, respectively. Results show that there is a slightly increasing tendency toward unfavorable responses with advancing age in the case of girls, except for age 13; for boys the tendency is also present, but shows more irregularity. Girls from ages 12 to 17 show a gradual increase, whereas after 17, a sudden increase is noted. As to boys, a decrease appears from 13 to 14. After 14, there is an increase. The score is highest for both sexes at 18 years.

The article reports that an army of young psychologists has grown up with faith in the creed that anything that exists exists in some quantity, and that quantity can be measured. Possibly a few would take issue with the first part of this battlecry, some would deny that all traits are susceptible of quantitative measurement, and many would agree that not all that we attempt to measure exists. With the present diversity in theories of how personality is put together, it is plain that it is very difficult to establish proof that a hypothetical trait does or does not reside in an individual. Part of the difficulty may perhaps be escaped when researchers attend to just those aspects of personality which Mark May has called the person's "social stimulus values," as shown in the reactions of other persons to the individual. However, these social stimulus values represent a very circumscribed area of the total personality; moreover, they would appear to be merely derivatives which cut through aspects of personality which are more basic.

The article presents information on a study which is an effort to measure the comparative degree to which three age groups are susceptible to the influence of two forms of suggestion. The groups selected were 300 high-school seniors, 300 college seniors, and 300 representative adults in the state of Iowa. The materials employed to measure opinion changes in these three groups consisted of controversial problems or situations-topics on which there appeared to be wide differences of opinion in the popular mind and about which there could be but little settled, positive conviction. It will be observed that provision was made for 100 subjects in each group to register their opinions and to repeat this after a lapse of one month. The first was a control group used to find the extent of opinion changes due to chance. Another 100 in each group made the initial registration of opinion, which was followed a month later with another registration made after the result of the group opinion was made known to them. A third 100 in each group made also the initial registration and followed this one month later with a second record made after being informed of the experts' consensus.

The article presents a discussion related to speed as a personality trait. There is a popular theory that some people are of a slow, stolid type and others of a quick, nervous type. The slow type is supposed to plod along persistently with great care for details and accuracy. The quick type, according to this popular theory, works in a more slap-dash fashion, has little regard for details, and is inclined to be inaccurate. These types are considered to be the result of temperament, not of differences in intelligence. In relation to all his actions one person seems to be geared to one level of speed and another to another. If this were true the speed of a person's work would be determined, in part, by this personality trait. His speed would also, of course, be partly determined by his skill in the particular task. For example, a practiced mail clerk will sort letters more quickly than a novice, although the latter may be of a quick, nervous type and the former of a slow type. This research was undertaken to discover if such consistent differences in speed of work actually exist.

The article presents a preliminary statement of a frame of reference for the collection and utilization of ethnographic and documentary data. This framework was developed as part of a six-year study of the Illinois zone center program. The Illinois Department of Mental Health has been decentralized into eight zones, with model comprehensive treatment facilities in some of the zones. Active community planning is emphasized. The overall study collates survey, interview, and records data to portray a comprehensive picture of the total community system for mental health care and control. The design of the study approximates the classic before/after with control model. Two counties are included, one served by one of the new zone mental health centers, and the other not. Baseline observations have been taken at the start of the study and will be repeated in another three years. In very general terms these data include: patient-flow data, mental patient careers, mental patient knowledgeability and attitudes, public attitudes and knowledgeable of services and facilities, referral patterns, and knowledgeable of frontline professionals such as physicians, clergymen, attorneys, peace officers and others.

The article presents a critical analysis of the concepts of residual deviance, labeling, and the mentally sick role. In a recent book entitled "Being Mentally Ill: A Sociological Theory," sociologist Thomas Scheff makes a notable attempt to synthesize sociological thought regarding the role of the mentally ill. He presents a theoretical model in which the behavior of the sick actor is conceptualized as residual deviance. According to Scheff, much deviant behavior may become stabilized by the societal reaction, namely the labeling of it as mental illness. As part of current efforts to rethink the applicability of the illness concept to psychiatric problems, a critical assessment of Scheff's work is in order. It might be granted that there are some assumptive norms which are not often verbalized and are of probable importance in the etiology of mental illness, like the proscription against incest. However, violators of this norm may or may not be labeled as mentally ill and the norm can hardly be considered residual to the social organization of the family since it is usually formalized in society's legal codes.

The article describes the design, implementation, results, and especially the implications of an experimental study which successfully demonstrated the feasibility and effectiveness of home care treatment of schizophrenic patients. This study is unusually timely since recent proposals in the U.S. and abroad have called for the establishment of home and community care programs to prevent hospitalization in certain types of mental illness. These proposals have been generated by the indisputable failure of the traditional mental hospital as a therapeutic institution, by the desire to remove the social stigma inevitably imposed by society on the hospitalized mentally ill, by the need to prevent the total alienation from family and friends often associated with prolonged institutionalization, by the desire to prevent the dulling and decay in intellectual and social functioning inherent in lengthy hospital confinement, and, most importantly, by the advent of the ataractic drugs which make such programs possible. This agitation for home and community care programs resulted in the passage by the 88th Congress of Public Law 88-164 in October 1963, establishing community mental health centers.